________________
Name
Jiva
2. Upanisad Jiva, Ātmā
Parmatma,
Brahma
Puruşa
confusion among scholars and votaries. The current description will presume the worldly or impure living as Jiva and pure living one as Atmā or soul.
Table 1: Denotations of Living Entity in some Indian Systems.
System
Nature
Definition
1. Cārvāka
3. Sānkhya
4. Vedāntins Jiva, Ātmā (V)
5. Nyāya-Vai- Atmā, śeṣika (NV) Jivātmā
6. Jainas (J) Jiva, Ātmā
7. Buddhas Pudgala
(B)
Definition of Living
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Material, Non- Spontaneous pemanent Consciousness Non-material, Knowledge,
permanent energy
Non-material, Consciousness,
permanent Unchangeable Non-material, Consciousness permanent
Non-material, Adventitious permanent Consciousness,
Happiness etc.
Material, non- Consciousness material, Perma
nent-cum-non
permanent
Material, non- Mind activity permanent
Ācārya Umasvāti is an isolated aphorist who does not use the term 'Atma' in his Tattvärtha-sūtra and Prasamarati Prakaraṇa. He has written them for the upliftment of poor Jiva to free himself from worldly or karmic clutches. In the canons also, we have the term Jiva though 'Appā, Āyā, Ādā, Atta' and other terms (meant for pure living ) are seen in countable places. Kundakunda has defined the two terms interchangeably in terms of pragmatic (worldly impure) and idealistic (karmically freed) aspects. He might have taken clue from adopting NV and V systems who pointed out the realistic and synthetic approach for extremist ideas about the living. It
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