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Sila and its Allied Problems
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A detailed account of these yamas and their allied niyamas will be given in the subsequent chapters.
Jainism : In Jaina system the means to liberation are enumerated as four. These are jõāna, darśana, câritra and tapas? (knowledge, faith, conduct and asceticism). These four means to liberation can roughly be assimilated to Pātañjala-yoga as a means in so far as the end of liberation is concerned. This four-fold scheme of means is reduced to a threefold scheme? by Umāsvāti in Tattvārthasūtra, where tapas are included in cāritra. The prefix (samyak' or 'right is also his contribution. Right faith, right knowledge and right conduct are the three means of liberation according to him.
Right faith is the starting point; with it begins all spiritual endeavour. No spiritual enhancement is possible without the basic element of right faith; its existence is not quite concrete and apprehensible, nor does it correspond to any external action. It is only the inner attitude of faith towards the essence of ultimate reality (tattvārtha). The ultimate reality, according to Jainas, is constituted of the seven tattvas (which are sometimes enumerated as nine and sometimes reduced to five). A belief or faith in this existence of reality is 'samyakdarsana,"4
Right knowledge can be said to be the application of right faith. But they are so close to each other that one cannot exist without the other, and therefore it is held that they exist
1. Aro 7 deui ha aferi AT DET I _Uttarā. 28.2,3. 2. H eianna featfor tearT: 1 -Tattvā. I. 1. 3. Haritartaarrafa cisterTFFall I -Ibid. 1.4. 4. Teatri F inal - Ibid. 1.2.
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