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JAINISM AND DEMOCRACY
12. The twelfth Anga is lost. Its contents are given in the Nandi and Samavaya.
Twelve Upāngas Corresponding to the twelve Angas there are twelve Upārgas. One Upānga is ascribed to every Anga. As a matter of fact the term Upānga has no connection with the Anga. Upāngas are rather independent works treating of independent subjects. The Nandi terms them as Angavairitta (extra-limbs) in places of Upānga (sublimbs).
The first Upānga is Uvavai and deals with the various types of births into the regions of heaven and hell, the theme which was so dominant in Indian religion at that time. - The second Upānga Rayapaseniya is important. It begins with a long story of the pilgrimage of the God Suryabha to Mahāvīra. The dramatic performance of the God in honour of Lord Mahāvira is a valuable document in the history of ancient drama. The nucleus of the work is really in the dialogue between King Paesi and the monk Kesi. This is a splendid lively dialogue, in which Kesi endeavours to prove to Paesi that there is a soul independent of the body, while Paesi narrates his experiments leading to the contrary.
The third Upānga, Jivābhigama is a treatise in 20 sections describing in detail the varieties of living beings and their habitations.
The fourth Upānga Pannavana is a work by Syāmacārya. In its 36 chapters it describes almost all the fundamental notions of Jainism. Discussing the species
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