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social classes and the pattern of agriculture and industry go a long way to prove affinity and brotherhood of the people of all the three countries. The development of republican political institutions further prove the homogeneity and similarity of cultures. The best and the last proof comes from the common basic standards of ethics, philosophy and conduct. The basic way of life of the people in this vast region was strikingly founded on a great spiritual ideology. The whole fabric of society was constructed on the basic Śramanic Way. If the new peaceful settlers of Sumer and Egypt came from some other land ; that land could not but be the land of Bhārata. Paņis took the Bhāratīya culture and civilization to West Asia, Egypt and the Mediterranean, and even to further lands.
References. 1. Sir Leonard Woolley ; Excavations at Ur; 1955; pages 30-31,
33 ; Plate 2 facing page 37; pages 37-39, 252. 2. S. Moscati ; The Face of the Ancient Orient; 1960; Pages 20-21
Foot Note 2. 3. H. R. Hall; The Ancient History of the Near Eaet; 1960; P.
173-174. 4. Herodotus; The Histories ; 1955 ; Page 138. 5. M. A. Murray; The Splendour that was Egypt; 1959 ; Plate
LXVIII on page 196. 6. H. Frankfort ; The Birth of Civilization in the Near East ; 1954
Pages 110-111. 7. M. A. Murray; Op. cit.; Page XXI. 8. M. A. Murray; Op. Cit. ; Page 330
Breasted places Menes Circa 3400 B. C. Frankfort places Sumerian contacts with Egypt Circa 3000 B.C. as the JamdatNasr art objects have affinities with Slate Palette of Narmer. If Narmer is identified with Menes, his time comes to Circa 3000 B. C. Frankfort does not appear to identify Narmer with Menes as his theory is plausible only if both
are two persons. 9. H. Heras; Studies in Proto-Indo-Mediterraean Culture ; 1953;
Chapters II and III.
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