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Soul
as it foreshadows the celebrated theory of Sir J. C. Bose, which is rapidly gaining ground, that the operations of life-consciousness are traceable even in plants. We shall come to these in a later section.
Çetana or consciousness culminates in pure and perfect knowledge. It seems that the Jaina psychologists were able to discover that knowledge itself has grades and modes. This will appear from their description and classification of Upayoga, the other distinguishing characteristic of a soul. Kunda-kuṇḍācāryya observes:--
"Understanding is of two modes, Cognition and Sensation". According to Nemi-çandra also, Upayoga or understanding is divided into two species viz:-Darśana or sensation and Jñāna or cognition. Of these, cognition is of eight kinds and sensation, of four. Uma-Svāti-says:
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"Understanding is the distinguishing characteristic of the soul. It is of two sorts (viz: Jñana or Cognition and Darśana or Sensation. The first is of eight kinds and the second, of four".
-8 and 9, Chapter II. Tattvärthādhigama-Sūtra
ASPECTS OF SENSATION
Darśana or sensation is the first determination of the psychic mass. The knowledge given by sensation is wanting in details and definiteness, yet, it is a distinct advance from the merely vital or organic state, towards the psychical. The four modes of sensation are thus described.
"Sensation is of four kinds,-Visual, Non-visual, Clairvoyant and Pure,-in the purivew of the last of which, come all the phenomena in their variety and infinity". -48, Pañçastikāya-samaya-sāra
Nemi-çandra also says,"Understanding is of two modes viz: Sensation and Cognition. Sensation is of four kinds, Visual, Non-visual, Clairvoyant and Pure".
-4, Dravya Samgraha
Darśana does not give anything definite. "Darśana is said to consist in the sensation of the (vaguest)
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