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therefore, necessary to abstain from them in order to keep the vow of nonviolence. 22
2. Wine
According to the Jain scriptures, there are two kinds of wine: 1. that which is directly derived from fruits and flowers (kāṣṭhamadya) and 2. that which is made by bringing about organic decomposition in flour (piṣṭamadya).23 Jain scripturists say that wine is a cause of slackness (pramāda). Delirium is created by taking wine. The following sanskrit verse shows sixteen bad effects of drinking wine:
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वैरूप्यं, व्याधिपिण्डः, स्वजनपरिभवः, कार्यकालातिपातो, । विद्वेषो, ज्ञाननाशः, स्मृति-मतिहरणं, विप्रयोगश्च सद्भिः ।। पारुष्यं, नीचसेवा, कुलबलतुलना, धर्मकामार्थहानिः । कष्टं भो ! षोडशैते निरुपचयकराः मद्यपानस्य दोषाः ।।
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vairūpyam, vyādhipindaḥ, svajanaparibhavaḥ, kāryakālātipātō, . vidvēsō, jñānanāśaḥ, smṛti-matiharanam, viprayōgaśca sadbhiḥ pārūṣyam, nicasēvā, kulabalatulanā, dharmakāmārthahāniḥ. kastam bhō! ṣoḍaśaitē nirupacayakarāḥ madyapānasya dōṣāḥ..
In order to make wine, its component substances are organically decomposed and melted. This is only one sort of bacterial fermentation which causes harm to mind and body. That is why Jain scriptures entirely forbid winedrinking.
3. Butter
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Butter is talked about along with ghee. No repetition is, therefore, made here.
4. Honey
Jain scriptures show that there are three kinds of honey: 1. that which is collected by honey-bees, 2. that which is collected by male and female blackbees and 3. that which is collected by butter flies or moth-insects.26 Honey is only a nectar of flowers but in collecting it, it becomes necessary to kill innumerable insects like bees etc. Therefore, from the point of view of violence, its use is forbidden. The saliva from the mouth of bees etc. gets mixed with honey and therefore, innumerable micro-organisms of its own colour are
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