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Animals and their Classification
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birds (Paksin ) and apoda-oviparous reptiles (parisarpas ) and ampibia (frog = ma nduka ) and oviparous fishes (matsya ).
Besides these there are the isolated species - man and certain intermediate species. Dvindriya, Trindriya and Caturendriya animals (lower and higher invertebrates) are divided according to the consistency of their inner and outer parts and sense – organs.
Each of these genera has many differentine and they accordingly be grouped in many ways, but the most illuminating of those as suggested by the Jainācāryas is that which depends on the mode of generation-Sammůrcchima and Garbhavyutkrāntika, Andaja, ( oviparous ) Jarāyuja and Potaja (viviparous ). The highest types of animals are the Jarāyujas and Potajas ( vivipara ), i.e. those which have vital force to reproduce sexually offspring qualitatively like the parents. The next type is that in which an egg is produced (andaja ) out of which an issue gets generated.
Lower still come the types of animals which produce asexally (Saṁmürcchima) a slimy fluid from whish they develop; while in others the young simply bud off from the parents. And finally in all lower types and occasionally even as high as the fishes there occurs spontaneous generation (Sammürcchima) from lifeless matter, such as sveda (dirt or sweat).
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