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JAINA PHILOSOPHY : AN INTRODUCTION
Thus, we can broadly divide substance into three categories : 1. That which is conscious and has no form. Tīva'
alone is such. 2. That which is non-conscious and has some form.
'Pudgala' falls in this category. 3. That which is non-conscious and has no form.
'Dharma', 'adharma', 'ākāśa and 'addhāsamaya' are
of this category.
Another division is also possible. It consists of'astikāya' and 'anastikāya'. 1. That which has more than one 'pradeśa', whether they
are countable, innumerable or infinite, is known as 'astikāya'. 'Tīva', 'dharma', 'adharma', 'ākāśa' and
'pudgala' constitute this variety. 2. That which has only one 'pradeśa' is called
'anastikāya'. Such substance is 'addhāsamaya' or
'kāla' alone. The following tables will clearly show the scheme :
TABLE -I Substance
Conscious
Non-conscious
Jiva
Ajīva
Material
Non-material
Pudgala
Dharma Adharma
Ākāśa Kāla
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