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________________ Tags zrIdhara evaM unakA pAsaNAhacariu DA0 rAjArAma jaina, jaina kAleja, ArA ( bihAra ) srota saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza, hindI evaM anya bhAratIya bhASAoMke kaviyoMmeM bhagavAna pArzvanAthakA jIvana carita bar3A hI lokapriya rahA hai / Agama sAhitya evaM vividha mahApurANoMmeM unake aneka prAsaMgika kathAnaka to upalabdha hote hI haiM, unake atirikta svatantra, sarva prathama evaM mahAkAvya zailImeM likhita jinasena ( prathama ) kRta pAzvabhyudaya kAvya ' ( vi0 saM0 9 vIM sadI) evaM vAdirAjakRta pArzvanAthacaritam ( vi0 saM0 1082 ), saMskRta bhASAmeM, devabhadra kRta pAsaNAhacariya ( vi0 saM0 1968 ) prAkRta bhASAmeM tathA kavi padmakIrti kRta pAsaNAhacariu ( vi0 saM0 1981 ) apabhraMza bhASAmeM upalabdha hai / ina kAvya racanAoMse paravartI kaviyoMko bar3I preraNA milI aura unhoMne bhI vividha kAloM evaM vividha bhASAoMmeM etadviSayaka aneka racanAe~ likhIM, jinameMse mANikyacandra ( 13 vIM sadI), bhAvadevasUri ( vi0 saM0 1355 ), asavAla ( 15 vIM sadI), bhaTTAraka sakalakIrti, ( vi0 saM0 15 vIM sadI), kavi raghU, (vi0 saM0 15-16 vIM sadI), kavi padmasundara evaM hemavijaya", ( 16 vIM sadI ) evaM paNDita bhUdharadAsa 2 (18 vIM sadI ) pramukha haiM / pArzvanAthacarita sambandhI ukta racanAoMkI paramparAmeM harayANAke mahAkavi vibudha zrIdhara kRta 'pAsaNAhacariu' kA bhI vizeSa mahatva hai kintu adyAvadhi vaha aprakAzita rahI hai / prastuta nibandhameM usI para kucha prakAza DAlanekA prayAsa kiyA jA rahA hai| isakA kathAnaka yadyapi paramparA prApta hI hai kintu kathAvastu gaThana, bhASA, zailI, varNana prasaMga, samakAlIna saMskRti evaM itihAsa sambandhI sAmagrIkI dRSTise yaha racanA advitIya siddha hotI hai / ukta 'pAsaNAhacariu' kI eka prati Amera - zAstra bhaNDAra, jayapurameM surakSita hai, jisameM kula 99 patra haiM / ina patroMkI lambAI evaM caur3AI 10' x 43" / usake pratyeka patra meM 12 paktiyoMmeM 35-40 varNa haiM / inakA pratilipi kAla vi0 saM0 1577 hai / yaha prati zuddha evaM spaSTa hai / 13 kavi nAma nirNaya jaina sAhitya meM lagabhaga ATha vibudha zrIdharoMke nAma evaM unakI lagabhaga utanI hI kRtiyA~ upalabdha hotI haiM / yathA : 1. pAsaNAhacariu, 2. vaDhDhamANacariu, 3. sukumAlacariu, 4. bhavisayattakahA, 5. bhavisayattapaMcamI cariu, 6. bhaviSyadatapaMcamIkathA, 7 vizvalocanakoza evaM 8 zrutAvatArakathA / inameM se 1. nirNayasAgara presa, bambaIse prakAzita, 1909 2. mANikacandra di0 jaina granthamAlA, bambaIse prakAzita, 1909 3. bhAratIya saMskRtimeM jaina dharmakA yogadAna, pR0 135 4. prAkRta thaiMksTa sosAyaTI, vArANasIse prakAzita, 1965 5- 12. raidhU sAhityakA AlocanAtmaka parizIlana, vaizAlI, 1974 13. Amera zAstra bhaNDAra, jayapurakI grantha sUciyA~, bhAga 2 227 -
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________________ antima tIna racanAe~ saMskRta bhASAmeM tathA pA~cavIM racanA apabhraMza bhASAmeM nibaddha hai / antarvAhya sAkSyoMke AdhAra para tathA unake racanAkAloMko dhyAnameM rakhate hue yahA~ spaSTa vidita ho jAtA hai ki una cAroM kRtiyoMke lekhaka bhinna-bhinna vibudha zrIdhara hai, kyoMki unakA racanAkAla vi0 saM0 14 vIM sadI se 17 vIM sadIke madhya hai jo ki prastuta pAsaNAhacariuke racanAkAla (vi0 saM0 1189 ) se lagabhaga 200 varSoM ke bAda kI hai / ataH kAlakI dRSTise unake kartRtvakA parasparameM kisI bhI prakArakA mela nahIM baiThatA / avaziSTa prathama cAra racanAe~ apabhraMza kI haiN| unakI prazastiyoMse jJAta hotA hai ki ve cAroM racanAeM eka hI kavi vibudha zrIdhara kI haiM jo vividha AzrayadAtAoMke AzrayameM likhI giiN| kaviparicaya evaM kAlanirNaya sandarbhita 'pAsaNAhacariu' kI prazastimeM vibudha zrIdharane apane pitAkA nAma golha evaM mAtAkA nAma vIlha batAyA hai / isake atirikta, unhoMne apanA anya kisI bhI prakArakA pArivArika paricaya nahIM diyA / pAsaNAhacariu kI samAptike eka varSa bAda praNIta apane vaDhDhamANacariumeM bhI unhoMne apanA mAtra ukta paricaya hI prastuta kiyA hai / vaha gRhastha thA athavA gRha-virata tyAgI, isakI bhI koI carcA unhoMne nahIM kii| kavikI 'vibudha' nAmaka upAdhise yaha to avazya hI anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki apanI kAvya pratibhA ke kAraNa use sarvatra sammAna prApta rahA hogA, kintu isase usake pArivArika jIvana para koI bhI prakAza nahIM pdd'taa| 'pAsaNAhacariu' evaM 'vaDDhamANacariu' kI prazastike ullekhAnusAra kavine caMdrappahacariu evaM saMtijiNesaracariu nAmaka do racanAe~ aura bhI likhI thIM kintu ye donoM abhI taka upalabdha nahIM haiN| ho sakatA hai ki kavine apanI ina prArambhika racanAoMkI prazastiyoMmeM sva-viSayaka kucha vizeSa paricaya diyA ho, kintu yaha to una racanAoMkI prAptike bAda hI kahA jA skegaa| vibudha zrIdharakA janma athavA avasAna sambandhI tithiyA~ bhI ajJAta haiN| unakI jAnakArIke lie sandarbha sAmagrIkA sarvathA abhAva hai| itanA avazya hai ki kavikI adyAvadhi upalabdha cAra racanAoMkI prazastiyoMmeM unakA racanA samApti-kAla aMkita hai| unake anusAra pAsaNAhacariu tathA vaDaDhamANacariukA racanA samApti-kAla kramazaH vi0 saM0 1189 evaM 1190 tathA sukumAlacariu evaM 'bhavisayatta kahA' kA racanA-samApti kAla kramazaH vi0 saM0 1208 aura 1230 hai| jaisA ki pUrva meM batAyA jA cukA hai 'pAsaNAhacariu' evaM vaDDhamANacariumeM jina pUrvokta 'caMdappahacariu' evaM saMtijiNesaracariu nAmaka apanI pUrva racita racanAoMke ullekha kavine kiye haiM ve adyAvadhi anupalabdha hI haiN| unheM chor3akara bAkI upalabdha cAroM racanAoMkA racanAkAla vi0 saM0 1189 se 1230 takakA sunizcita hai| aba yadi yaha mAna liyA jAya ki kaviko ukta prArambhika racanAoMke praNayanameM 10 varSa lage hoM tathA usane 20 varSakI Ayuse sAhitya-lekhanakA kAryArambha kiyA ho, taba anumAnataH kavikI Ayu lagabhaga 71 varSakI siddha hotI hai aura jaba taka anya Thosa sandarbha-sAmagrI prApta nahIM ho jAtI, taba taka mero dRSTise kavikA kula jIvana kAla vi0 saM0 1159 se 1230 taka mAnA jA sakatA hai| nivAsa sthAna evaM samakAlIna nareza pAsaNAhacariukI prazastimeM kavine apaneko harayANA dezakA nivAsI batAyA hai aura kahA hai ki vaha kahAse caMdappahacariukI racanA-samAptike bAda yamunA nadI pAra karake DhillI AyA thaa| usa samaya vahA~ rAjA anaMgapAla tomarakA rAjya thA jisane hammIra jaise vIra rAjAko bhI parAjita kiyA thaa| aThArahavIM sadIke ajJAtakartaka "indraprasthaprabandha' nAmaka granthameM upalabdha tomaravaMzI bIsa rAjAoMmeMse ukta anaMgapAla 1. rAjasthAna purAtattva vidyAmandira, jodhapurase prakAzita, 1963 -228
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________________ antima bIsavA~ rAjA thaa| indraprasthameM anaMgapAla nAmake tIna rAjA hae jinameMse prastuta anaMgapAla tIsarA thaa| isase jisa hammIra vIrako parAjita kiyA thA, pratIta hotA hai ki vaha kAMgar3A nareza hAhulirAva hammIra rahA hogA, jo ekabAra huMkA bharakara aridalameM jA ghusatA thA aura use rauMda DAlatA thaa| isI kAraNa hammIrako hAhulirAvakI saMjJA pradAna kI gayI thI jaisA ki pRthivIrAjarAsomeM eka ullekha milatA hai : "hAM kahate DhIlana kariya halakAriya ari madhya / tAtheM virada hammIrako "hAhulirAva' sukathya / / sambhavataH isI hammIrako rAjA anaMgapAlane harAyA hogA / yuddha meM usake parAjita hote hI usake anya sAthI-rAjA bhI bhAga khar3e hue the jaisA pAsaNAhacariumeM kahA hai : seMdhava soNa kIra hammIra saMgarU melli calliyA ||ch| (pAsa0, 4 / 13 / 2) arthAt sindhu, sona evaM kIra narezoMke sAtha rAjA hammIra bhI saMgrAma chor3akara bhAga gyaa|' DillI-dillI-vibudha zrIdharane pAsaNAhacariumeM jisa "Dhillo" nagarakI carcA kI hai, vaha Adhanika "dillI"kA hI tatkAlIna nAma hai| kavike samayameM vaha harayANA pradezakA eka pramukha nagara thaa| pRthivIrAjarAsomeM pRthivIrAja cauhAnake prasaMgoMmeM dillIke lie 'DhillI' zabdakA hI prayoga huA hai / usameM isa nAmakaraNakI eka manoraMjaka kathA bhI kahI gayI hai, jise tomaravaMzI rAjA anaMgapAlakI putrI / pathavIrAja cauhAnakI mAtAne svayaM pathavIrAjako sunAyI hai| usake anusAra rAjyakI sthiratAke lie eka jyotiSI ke AdezAnusAra jisa sthAnapara kIlI gAr3I gaI thI, vaha sthAna prArambhameM "killI"ke nAmase prasiddha huA, kintu usa kIlako DhIlA kara denese usa sthAnakA nAma DhillI par3a gayA, jo kAlAntarameM dillIke nAmase jAnA jAne lgaa| aThArahavIM sadI taka dillIke gyAraha nAmoMmeMse "DhillI" bhI eka nAma mAnA jAtA rahA, jaisA ki indraprasthaprabandhameM eka ullekha milatA hai : zakrapanthA indraprasthA zubhakRt yoginIpuraH / dillI DhillI mahApuyA jihAnAvAda iSyate // suSeNA mahimAyuktA zubhAzubhakarA iti / ekAdasa mita nAmA dillI purA ca vartate // (padya 14-15) isa prakAra pAsaNAhacariumeM rAjA anaMgapAla, rAjA hammIra vIra evaM DhillIke ullekha aitihAsika dRSTise bar3e mahatvapUrNa haiM / ina sandarbho tathA samakAlIna sAhitya evaM itihAsake tulanAtmaka adhyayanase madhyakAlIna bhAratIya itihAsake kaI pracchanna athavA jaTila rahasyoMkA udghATana sambhava hai| __ harayANA evaM DhillIkI bhaugolika sthiti tathA kavikI sAhU AlhaNa tathA sAhU naTTalake sAtha marmasparzI bheMTa-prastuta racanAkI Adyaprazastike anusAra kavi apanI 'caMdappahacariu'kI racanA samAptike bAda kArya-vyasta asaMkhya grAmoMvAle harayANA pradezako choDakara yamanA nadI pAra kara Dhilla thaa| vahA~ sarvaprathama rAjA anaMgapAlake eka mantrI sAha alhaNase usakI bheMTa hii| sAha usake 'caMdappahacariu'kA pATha sunakara itanA prabhAvita huA ki usane kaviko nagarake mahAna sAhityarasika evaM pramukha sArthavAha sAhU naTTalase bheMTa karanekA Agraha kiyaa| kintu kavi bar3A saMkocI thaa| ataH usane usase bheMTa 1. vizeSake lie dekhiye, bhAratIya jJAnapITha dvArA prakAzita tathA lekhaka dvArA sampAdita vaDaDhamANacariu kI bhUmikA, pR0 70 - 229 -
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________________ karanekI anicchA prakaTa karate hue kahA ki "he sAhU, saMsArameM durjanoMkI kamI nhiiN| ve kUTa kapaTako hI vidvattA mAnate haiM, sajjanoMse IrSyA evaM vidvaSa rakhate haiM tathA unake sadguNoMko asaha mAnakara unase durvyavahAra karate haiN| ve unheM kabhI to mArate haiM aura kabhI Ter3hI-mer3hI, bhauMheM dikhAte haiM athavA kabhI unakA hAtha, paira athavA sira hI tor3a dete haiN| maiM to ThaharA sIdhA-sAdA, sarala svabhAvI, ataH maiM kisIke ghara jAkara usase nahIM milanA caahtaa|" . kintu alhaNa sAhUke pUrNa vizvAsa dilAne evaM bAra-bAra Agraha karanepara kavi sAhU naTTalake ghara pahu~cA, to vaha usake madhura vyavahArase bar3A santuSTa huaa| naTTalane pramudita hokara kaviko svayaM hI Asanapara biThAyA aura sammAna sUcaka tAmbUla pradAna kiyaa| usa samaya nala evaM zrIdhara-donoMke manameM eka sAtha eka hI jaisI bhAvanA udita huI / ve parasparameM socane lage, "jaM punva janmi paviraiu kiMpi / iha vihavasareNa pariNavai taMpi // " arthAt hamane pUrvabhavameM aisA koI sukRta avazya kiyA thA jisakA Aja sAkSAt hI yaha madhura phala hameM mila rahA hai| sAhU naTTa lake dvArA Agamana prayojana pUche jAne para kavine uttara meM kahA "maiM alhaNa sAha ke anurodhase Apake pAsa AyA huuN| unhoMne mujhase Apake guNoMkI carcA kI hai aura batAyA hai ki Apane eka 'AdinAtha mandira'kA nirmANa karAkara usapara 'pacaraMge' jhaNDeko phaharAyA hai / Apane jisa prakAra usa bhavya mandirakI pratiSThA karAI hai, usI prakAra Apa eka pArzvanAthacarita' kI racanA karAkara use bhI pratiSThita karAiye jisase Apako pUrNa sukha-samRddhi prApta ho sake tathA jo kAlAntarameM mokSaprAptikA bhI kAraNa bana sake / isake sAtha-sAtha svAmIkI eka mUrti bhI apane pitAke nAmase usa mandirameM pratiSThita karA diijiye|" kavike kathanako sunakara sAhU naTTalane tatkAla hI apanI svIkRti pradAna kara dii| pracalita itihAsa sambandhI bhrAMntiyoMke nirAkaraNameM pAsaNAhacariukA yogadAna kucha vidvAnoMne 'pAsaNAhacariuke pramANa dete huye naTTala sAhU dvArA dillImeM pArzvanAtha mandirake nirmANa karAe jAnekA ullekha kiyA hai aura vidvajjagatameM aba lagabhaga yahI dhAraNA banatI jA rahI hai ki sAha nadalane dillImeM pArzvanAthakA mandira banavAyA thA jabaki vastusthiti sarvathA usase bhinna hai / yathArthataH naTTalane dillI meM pArzvanAtha mandira nahIM, AdinAtha jina mandirakA nirmANa karAyA thA jaisA ki Adya prazastimeM spaSTa ullekha milatA hai (1 / 9 / 1-2) / ukta vArtAlApa kavi zrIdhara evaM naTTala sAhU ke bIcakA hai| usa kathanameM 'pArzvanAthacaritra' nAmaka granthake nirmANa evaM usake pratiSThita kie jAnekI carcA to avazya AI hai kintu pArzvanAtha mandirake nirmANakI koI carcA nahIM aura kutubuddIna aibakane naTTala sAhU dvArA nirmita jisa vizAla jaina mandirako dhvasta karake usapara 'kunvata-ula-islAma' nAmakI masjidakA nirmANa karAyA thA,2 vaha mandira nizcita hI pArzvanAthakA nahIM, AdinAthakA hI thA / 'pArzvanAtha mandira ke nirmANa karAye jAneke samarthanameM vidvAnoMne jo bhI sandarbha prastuta kiye haiM, unameMse kisI ekase bhI ukta tathyakA samarthana nahIM hotaa| pratIta hotA hai ki ukta pArzvacarita'ko hI bhUlase 'pArzvanAtha mandira' mAna liyA gayA, jo sarvathA bhramAtmaka hai| 1-2. dillI jaina DAyarekTarI, pR0, 4 -230 - :
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________________ isI prakAra, sAhU naTTalako alhaNa sAhUkA putra mAna liyA gayA jo vAstavika tathyake sarvatha viparIta hai| mUla granthakA vidhivat adhyayana na karane athavA usakI bhASAko na samajhane yA AnumAnika AdhAroMpara prAyaH aisI hI bhramapUrNa bAteM kaha dI jAtI haiM jinase yathArtha tathyoMkA kama hI lar3akhar3A jAtA hacariukI prazastike anusAra alhaNa evaM naTTala-donoM ghaniSTa mitra to the, kintu pitA-putra nahIM / alhaNa rAjagantrI thA, jabaki naTTala sAhU DhillI nagarakA eka sarvazreSTha, sArthavAha, sAhityarasika, udAra, dAnI evaM kuzala rAjanItijJa thaa| vaha apane vyApArake kAraNa aMga-vaMga, kaliMga, gor3a, kerala, karnATaka, cola, draviDa, pAMcAla, sindha, khaza, mAlavA, lATa, jaTTa, nepAla, Takka, koMkaNa mahArASTra, bhAdAnaka, harayANA, magadha, gurjara evaM saurASTra jaise dezoMmeM prasiddha thA tathA vahA~ke rAjadarabAroMmeM use sammAna prApta thaa| kavine isI naTTala sAhUke AzrayameM rahakara pAsaNAhacariukI racanA kI thii| isI racanAko Adi evaM antakI prazastiyoM evaM puSpikAoMme sAhU naTTalake kRtitva evaM vyaktitvakA acchA paricaya prastuta kiyA hai| varNya viSaya prastuta 'pAsaNAhacariu' meM kula milAkara 12 sandhiyA~ evaM 247 kaDavaka haiN| kavine ise 2500 granthAna pramANa kahA hai / usake varNyaviSayakA vargIkaraNa nimna prakAra hai : sandhi 1-Adya prazastike bAda vaijayanta vimAnase kanakaprabhadevakA cayakara vAmA devIke garbhameM AnA / sandhi 2-rAjA hayasenake yahA~ pArzvanAthakA janma evaM baalliilaaeN| sandhi 3-hayasenake darabArameM yavana narendrake rAjadUtakA Agamana evaM usake dvArA hayasenake sammukha yavana-narendra kI prazaMsA / sandhi 4-rAjakumAra pArzvakA yavana-narendrase yuddha tathA mAmA ravikIrti dvArA usake parAkramakI prshNsaa| sandhi 5-ravikIrti dvArA pAvase apanI putrIke sAtha vivAha kara lenekA prastAva / isI bIcameM vanameM jAkara jalate huye nAga-nAginIko antima velAmeM mantra pradAna evaM vairAgya / sandhi 6-hayasenakA zoka santapta honA / pAvakI ghora tapasyAkA varNana / sandhi 7-pArzva tapasyA evaM unapara kamaTha dvArA kiyA gayA ghora upasarga / sandhi 8,9-kaivalya prApti, samavazaraNa-racanA evaM dharmopadeza / sandhi 10-ravikIti dvArA dIkSAgrahaNa / sandhi 11-dharmopadeza / sindha 12- pAvake bhavAntara tathA hayasena dvArA dIkSAgrahaNa / antya prazasti / pAsaNAhariumeM samakAlIna rAjanItika ghaTanAoMkI jhalaka 'pAsaNAhacariu' eka paurANika mahAkAvya hai, ataH usameM paurANika itivRtta tathA daivI camatkAra Adi prasaMgoMkI kamI nahIM / isakA mUla kAraNa yaha hai ki kavi vibudha zrIdharakA yuga saMkramaNakAlIna yuga thaa| kAminI evaM kAJcanake lAlacI muhammada gorIke AkramaNa prArambha ho cuke the, usakI vinAzakArI lUTapATane uttara bhAratako tharrA diyA thaa| hindU rAjAoMmeM bhI phUTake kAraNa parasparameM bar3I kalaha macI huI thii| DhillIke tomara rAjA anaGgapAlako apanI surakSA hetu kaI yuddha karane par3e the| kavine jisa hammIra vIrake anaGgapAla dvArA parAjita kie jAnekI carcA kI hai, sambhavataH vaha ghaTanA kavikI A~khoM dekhI rahI hogii| kavine kumAra pAvake abhayarAjake sAtha tathA tripRSThake hayagrIvake sAtha jaise kramabaddha evaM vyavasthita yuddha varNana kiye haiM, ve vastutaH kalpanA prasUta nahIM, kintu hindU-musalamAnoM athavA hindU rAjAoMke pArasparika yuddhoke A~khoM dekhe 1. tIrthakara mahAvIra aura unakI AcArya-paramparA, pR0 41138 - 231 -
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________________ athavA vizvasta guptacaroM dvArA sune gaye yathArtha varNana jaise pratIta hote haiM / usane una yuddhoMmeM prayukta jina zastrAstroMkI carcAkI hai, ve paurANika, aindrajAlika athavA daivI nahIM, apitu khurapA. kRpANa, talavAra, dhanuSabANa jaise ve hI astra-zastra haiM jo kavike samayameM loka pracalita the| Aja bhI ve harayANA evaM dillI pradezoMmeM upalabdha haiM aura unhIM nAmoMse jAne jAte haiN| ye yuddha itane bhayaGkara the ki lAkhoM-lAkhoM vidhavA nAriyoM evaM anAtha baccoMke karuNa krandanako sunakara saMvedanazIla kaviko likhanA par3A thA : dukkara hoI raNaMgaNu / riu vANAvali pihiya jahaMgaNa / saMgaraNAmu ji hoI bhayaMkaru / duraya-duraya raha suhaDa khayaMkaru / / pA0 2 / 14 / 3,5 kucha manovaijJAnika varNana evaM navIna maulika upamAe~ kavi zrIdhara bhAvoMke azruta citere haiM / yAtrA-mArgoMmeM calane vAle cAhe sainika ho athavA aTaviyoMmeM uchala-kUda karane vAle bandara, vana vihAroMmeM krIr3Ae~ karane vAle premI-premikAe~ hoM athavA AzramoMmeM tapasyA karane vAle tApasa, rAja darabAroMke sUra sAmanta hoM athavA sAdhAraNa prajAjana, una sabhIke manovaijJAnika varNanoMmeM kavikI lekhanIne adbhuta camatkAra dikhalAyA hai| isa prakArake varNanoMmeM kavikI bhASA bhAvAnugAminI evaM vividha rasa tathA alaMkAra unakA anukaraNa karate hue dikhAI dete haiM / pArzva prabhu vihAra karate hue tathA karvaTa, kheDa, maMDava Adi pAra karate hue jaba eka bhayAnaka aTavImeM pahu~cate haiM, taba vahA~ unhe madonmatta gajAdhipa, drutagAmI hariNa, bhayAnaka siMha, ghuraghurAte hue mArjAra evaM uchala-kUda karate hue laMgUroMke jhuNDa dikhAI par3ate haiM / isa prasaGgameM kavi dvArA prastuta laMgUroMkA varNana bar3A svAbhAvika bana par3A hai ( 7 / 14 / 4-16) / anya varNana prasaGgoMmeM bhI kavikA kavitva camatkArapUrNa bana par3atA hai| inameM kalpanAoMkI urvaratA, alaGkArakI chaTA evaM rasoMke amRtamaya pravAha darzanIya haiN| isa prakArake varNanoMmeM Rtu-varNana, aTavI, varNana, sandhyA, rAtri evaM prabhAta-varNana tathA Azrama-varNana Adi pramukha haiN| kavikI dRSTi meM sandhyA kisIke jIvana meM harSa utpanna karatI hai, to kisIke jIvanameM viSAda / vastutaH vaha harSa evaM viSAdakA vicitra saGgamakAla hai / jahA~ kAmIjanoM, coroM, ulluoM evaM rAkSasoMke lie vaha zreSTha varadAna hai, vahIM nalinIdalake lie ghora viSAdakA kAla / vaha usI prakAra murajhA jAtA hai jisa prakAra iSTajanake viyogameM bandhubAndhavagaNa / sUryake DUbate hI usakI samasta kiraNeM astAcalameM tirohita ho gaI haiM / isa prasaGgameM kavi utprekSA karate huye kahatA hai ki vipattikAlameM apane karmoMko chor3akara aura kauna kisakA sAtha de sakatA hai ? sUryake asta hote hI astAcala para lAlimA chA rahI hai jo aisI pratIta ho rahI hai mAno andhakArake gupaThA lalAhapara kisIne sindUrakA tilaka hI jar3a diyA ho| andhakArake guphA lalATapara kisIne sindUrakA tilaka jar3a hI diyA ho / yaha kavi-kalpanA sacamuca hI adbhuta evaM navIna hai| kavikA rAtri-varNana prasaGga bhI kama camatkArapUrNa nahIM hai| vaha kahatA hai ki samasta saMsAra ghora andhakArakI gaharAImeM DUbane lagA hai / isa kAraNa vilAsiniyoMke kapola raktAbha ho uThe haiM tathA unake nIvIbandha zithila hone lage haiN| mahAkavi sUra evaM jAyasI para prabhAva kavi zrIdharane zizukI lIlAoMkA bhI bar3A sundara varNana kiyA hai / unakI vAla evaM kizora-lIlAoM tathA unake asAdhAraNa saundarya evaM aGga-pratyaGgakI bhAva-bhaGgimAoMke citraNoMmeM kavikI kavitA mAno -232 -
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________________ saralatAkA srota banakara umar3a rahI hai / vahA~ kavi kahatA hai, "zizu pArzva kabhI to mAtAke amRtamaya dugdhakA pAna karate, kabhI a~gUThA cUsate, kabhI maNi jaTita camacamAtI geMda khelate, to kabhI tutalI bolImeM kucha bolanekA prayAsa karate / kabhI to ve svayaM reMga-reMgakara calate aura kabhI parivArake logoMkI a~gulI pakar3akara clte| jaba ve mAtA-pitAko dekhate, to apaneko chipAne ke lie hatheliyoMse apanI hI A~kheM DhaMka lete| candramAko dekhakara ve ha~sa dete the| unakA jaTAjUTadhArI zarIra nirantara dhUli-dhUsarita rahatA thaa| khelate samaya unakI karadhanIkI zabdAyamAna kikiNiyA~ sabhIko mohatI rahatI thiiN|" kavike isa bAla-lIlA varganane hindIke bhakta kavi sUradAsako sambhavataH sarvAdhika prabhAvita kiyA hai| pAvakI bAla-lIlAoMke varNanoMkA prabhAva kRSNake bAlya varNanameM spaSTa rUpeNa dRSTigocara hotA hai| kahIM-kahIM to ardhAliyoMmeM bhI yatkiJcita hera-pherake sAtha unakA sara dvArA upayoga kara liyA gayA pratIta hotA hai / yathA : zrIdhara-avirala dhUli dhUsariya gatta, 2 / 15 / 5 sUra-dhUri dhUsarita gAta, 10 / 100 / 3 zrIdhara hohallaru (dhvanyAtmaka ), 2 / 14 / 8 sUra-halarAve ( dhvanyAtmaka ), 10 / 128 / 8 zrIdhara-khaliyakkhara vayaNihi vajjarantu, 2 / 14 / 3 sura-bolata zyAma totarI batiyA~, 101147 zrIdhara-parivAraMguli vaggau sarantu , 2 / 14 / 4 sUra-harikauM lAi aMgurI calana sikhAvata, 10 / 1288 isa prakAra donoM kaviyoMke varNanoMkI sadazatAoMko dekhate hae yadi saMkSepameM kahanA cAheM to kaha sakate haiM ki zrIdharakA saMkSipta bAla-varNana sUradAsa kRta kRSNakI bAla-lIlAoMke varNanake rUpameM paryApta pariSkRta evaM vikasita huA hai| madhyakAlIna uttarabhAratIya vanaspati jagat kavi zrIdhara dvArA vaNita vividha vanaspatiyA~ bhI kama Azcaryajanaka nhiiN| aTavI varNanake prasaGgameM vividha prakArake vRkSa, paudhe, latAyeM, jimIkanda Adike varNanoMmeM kavine mAnoM sAre prakRti jagatko hI sAkSAt upasthita kara diyA hai| Ayurveda evaM vanaspatizAstrake madhyakAlIna itihAsakI dRSTise kaviko yaha sAmagrI bar3I mahattvapUrNa hai| kavi dvArA varNita vanaspatiyoMkA vargIkaraNa nimna prakAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| zobhAvRkSa-hiMtAla, tAlUra, sAla, tamAla, mAlUra, dhara, dhammaNa, baMsa, khadira, tilaka, agastya plakSa, candana / phalavRkSa-Amra, kadamba, nIMbU, jambIra, jAmuna, mAtuliMga, nAraMgI, aralU, koraMTaka, aMkolla, phaNisa, priyaMgu, khajUra, tinduka, kaiMtha, Umara, kaThUmara, ciciNI (cilagojA), nArikela, vaTa, seMvala, tAla / puSpavRkSa-campaka, kacanAra, kaNavIra (kanera), Tauha, kauha, babUla, jAsavaNNa (jAti ?) zirISa, palAza, bakUla, mucakunda, arka, madhuvAra / phala evaM puSpa latAe~-lavaMga, pUgaphala, virihilla, bhallu, ketakI, kurava, karNikAra, pATali, sindUrI, dAkSA, punarnavA, vANa, vora, kaccUra / kaMda-jimIkanda, pIlU, madana evaM gaMgerI / -- 233 -
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________________ vibudha zrIdharake ukta vanaspati varNanane paravartI kaviyoMmeM sUphI kavi jAyasIko sambhavataH bahuta adhika prabhAvita kiyA hai| isa prasaMgameM jAyasI kRta padmAvata' (2 / 10-13 evaM 20 / 1-16) ke siMhaladvIpa varNana evaM basantakhaNDake aMza pAsaNAhacariuke ukta aMzase tulanIya hai| donoMke adhyayanase yaha pratIta hotA hai ki jAyasIkA vanaspati-varNana zrIdharake vanaspati-varNanakA pallavita evaM pariSkRta rUpa hai| samakAlIna laukika zikSA-paddhati "pAsaNAhacariu" meM kumAra pAvake lie jina zikSAoMko pradAna kiye jAnekI carcA AI hai, ve prAyaH samakAlIna pracalita evaM kSatriya rAjakumAroM tathA amIra umarAoMko dI jAnevAlI laukika zikSAyeM hI haiN| kavine isa prasaMgameM kisI prakArakA sAmpradAyika vyAmoha na dikhAkara vizuddha yathArtha, laukika evaM rASTrIya rUpako pradarzita kiyA hai / ina zikSAoMkA vibhAjana nimna cAra vargoMmeM kiyA jA sakatA hai : 1. AtmavikAsa evaM jIvanako alaMkRta karanevAlI vidyAyeM (sAhitya) zrutAMga, veda, purANa, AcAra zAstra, vyAkaraNa, saptabhaMgInyAya, lipizAstra, lekhanakriyA (citranirmANavidhi), sAmudrika zAstra, komala kAvyaracanA, dezabhASA kathana, navarasa, chanda, alaMkAra, zabdazAstra evaM nyaaydrshn| 2. rASTrIya surakSA hetu Avazyaka vidyAyeM (kalAe~) __ gaja evaM azva vidyA, zara-zastrAdi saMcAlana, vyUha-saMracanA, asi evaM kunta saMcAlana, muSTi evaM mallayuddha, asi-bandhana, zatranagara-rodhana, raNamukhameM hI zatrarodhana, agni evaM jala bandhana, vajra-zilAvedhana, azva, dhenu evaM gajacakrakA mUla bandhana / 3. vyAvahArika vidyAe~ (kalAe~) aMjana-lepana, nara-nArI-prasAdhana, aMga-mardana, sUra-bhavana (mandira) AdimeM lepana (citrakArI) kA jJAna, nara-nArI vazIkaraNa, pA~ca prakArake ghaNToMkA vAdana, citropala, svarNataruke tAgoMkA nirmANa, kRSi evaM vANijya vidyAyeM, kAla parivaMcaNa (arthAta acUka oSadhi zAstrakA jJAna evaM auSadhi nirmANa vidyA), sarpa vidyAkA jJAna, navarasayukta bhojana nirmANa vidhi evaM rati vistAra (kAmazAstra) 4. saMgIta evaM vAdya sambandhI vidyAe~ (lalita kalAe~) mandala, Tivila, tAla, kaMsAla, bhaMmA, bherI, jhallarI, kATala, karar3a, kaMbu, DamarU, Dakka, huDukka evaM TaTTarIkA jnyaan| uparyakta vidyAoMkI sacI meM eka bhI alaukika vidyAkA ullekha nhiiN| kavine yugAnukUla unhIM samakAlIna lokapracalita vidyAoMkA varNana kiyA hai jo eka uttaradAyitvapUrNa madhyakAlIna rASTrAdhyakSako sAmAjika vikAsake lie atyAvazyaka, unnata, prabhAvapUrNa tathA sarvAMgINa vyaktitvake vikAsake lie anivArya thiiN| isIlie kavikA nAyaka pAzrva jaina hokara bhI cAroM vedoM evaM aSTAdaza purANoMkA adhyetA batAyA gayA hai kyoMki usake rAjyameM vividha dharmAnuyAyiyoMkA nivAsa thaa| saMgItameM bhI jina vAdyoMkI carcA kavine kI hai, ve bhI devakRta athavA paurANika vAdya nahIM, apitu ve vAdya haiM jo harayANA evaM dillI tathA unake AsapAsake pradezoMmeM pracalita the| adhikAMza vAdya paMjAba evaM harayANAmeM Aja bhI unhIM nAmoMse jAne jAte haiM tathA bhAMgar3A yA anya natyoMmeM prAyaH unhIMkA adhika prayoga hotA hai| 1. sAhitya-sadana, ciragA~va, jhA~sIse prakAzita / -234 -
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________________ pracura bhaugolika sAmagrI kavi zrIdhara mAtra bhAvanAoMke hI citere nahIM, apitu unhoMne jisa bhUkhaNDa para janma liyA thA, usake kaNa-kaNake adhyayanakA bhI prayAsa kiyA thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki pAsaNAhacariumeM vividha nagara evaM dezavarNana, nadI, pahAr3a, sarovara, vanaspatiyA~, vividha manuSya jAtiyA~, unake vividha vyApAra, bhArata bhUmikA tatkAlIna rAjanItika vibhAjana, vividha dezoMke pramukha utpAdana tathA unake AyAta-niryAta sambandhI aneka bhaugolika sAmagriyoMke citraNa bhI kavine kiye haiN| udAharaNArtha kucha sAmagrI yahA~ prastuta kI jAtI hai / kumAra pArva jisa samaya kAzI rAjyake yuvarAja padapara pratiSThita kie jAte haiM, usa samaya nimna chabbIsa dezoMke nareza unheM sammAna pradarzana hetu talavAra hAthameM lekara unake rAja darabArameM padhArate haiM / ukta dezoMke vargIkRta nAma isa prakAra haiM : pUrva bhArata-vajrabhUmi, aMga, baMga, kaliMga, magadha, pApA, khaza evaM gaur3a / uttara bhArata-harayANA, Takka, cauhAna, jAlandhara, hANa evaM haNa / pazcima bhArata-gurjara, kaccha aura sindhu / dakSiNa bhArata-karnATaka, mahArASTra, cor3a evaM rASTrakUTa / madhya bhArata-mAlavA, avadha, candilla, bhAdAnaka evaM klcurii| yuvarAja pArzva jaba yavanarAjake sAtha yuddha karane hetu prasthAna karane lagate haiM, taba nimna narezoMne apane-apane dezoMmeM nirmita nimna suprasiddha vastue~ yuvarAja pArzvakI sevAmeM bheMTa svarUpa bhejoM / maNimekhalAe~ evaM hAralatAe~-kIra deza, pAJcAla evaM Takka deza, pAlamba evaM jAlandhara / bANoM dvArA abhedya mukuTa-sona deza / keyUra-sindha deza / kaMkaNa-hammIra rAjA dvArA preSita / kuNDala-mAlava / nivasana vastra-khaza / cUr3Aratna nepaal| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki gyArahavIM-bArahavIM sadImeM ukta dezoMmeM ina vastuoMkA vizeSa rUpase nirmANa kiyA jAtA thA tathA unakA dUsare dezoMmeM niryAta bhI kiyA jAtA rahA hogaa| asambhava nahIM ki ina vyANaroMse kavi zrIdharake AzrayadAtA sAha naTTalakA bhI sambandha rahA ho kyoMki kavine sAha nadralakA jina-jina dezoMse sambandha batalAyA hai, isa sUcImeM ukta dezoMkA bhI nAma AtA hai / madhyakAlIna bhAratakI Arthika evaM vyApArika dRSTise to ye ullekha mahattvapUrNa haiM hI, tatkAlIna kalA, sAmAjika abhiruci evaM vividha nirmANa sAmagrIke upalabdhi-sthaloMkI dRSTise bhI unakA apanA vizeSa mahattva hai| kAzI dezakI orase yavanarAjake sAtha lohA lenevAle rAjyoMse nepAla, jAlandhara, kIraTTha evaM hamIrane hAthiyoMke samAna cighAr3ate hue, sindha, sona evaM pAJcAlane bhImake samAna mukhavAle bANa chor3ate hue tathA mAlava, Takka evaM khazane durdama yavanarAjake sAtha viSama yuddha karake kAzI narezakA sAtha diyaa| pratIta hotA hai ki ukta rAjyoMne apanA mahAsaMgha banAkara kAzI narezakA sAtha diyA hogA, jisameM karnATaka, lATa, koMkaNa, varATa, vikaTa, drAvir3a, bhRgukaccha, kaccha, ati vikaTa vatsa, DiMDIra, atyanta duHsAdhya vindhya, kozala,
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________________ maraTra evaM dhRSTa saurASTrane bhI ukta mahAsaMghakA pUrA pUrA sAtha diyA thA aura inakI sammilita zaktine hI yavanarAjako bAra-bAra pIche haTA diyA thaa| itane dezoMke nAmoMke eka sAtha ullekha apanA vizeSa mahattva rakhate haiN| yavarAja subuktagIna evaM usake uttarAdhikAriyoM tathA muhammada gorIke AkramaNoMse jaba dhana, jana, sAmAjika evaM rASTrIya pratiSThAkI hAmi evaM devAlayoMkA vinAza kiyA jA rahA thA, taba pratIta hotA hai ki rASTrIya surakSA evaM samAna svArthoM ko dhyAnameM rakhate hue par3osI evaM sudUravartI rAjyoMne ukta yavana rAjAoMke AkramaNoMke pratirodhameM sambhavataH tomaravaMzI rAjA anaMgapAla tatIyake sAtha athavA apanA koI svatantra mahAsaMgha banAyA hogaa| kavine sambhavataH usIkI carcA pArzva evaM yavanarAjake mAdhyamase prastuta kI hai| yathArthataH yaha bar3A rocaka evaM gambhIra zodhakA viSaya hai| zodhakartAoM evaM itihAsakAroMko isa dizAmeM tulanAtmaka gambhIra anusandhAna karanekI AvazyakatA hai| - kavine prasaMgavaza harayANA, dillI, kuzasthala, kAlindI, vArANasI evaM magadha Adike bhI sundara varNana kiye hai tathA choTI-choTI bhaugolika ikAiyoM (karvaTa, kheDa, maDamba, ArAma, droNamukha, saMvAhana, gAma, paTTana, pura, nagara Adi) ke bhI ullekha kiye haiN| samakAlIna dillIkA A~khoM dekhA hAla isa kavine jitane prAmANika DhaMgase kiyA hai, itihAsakI dRSTise vaha anUThA hai| pUrvokta varNanoM evaM ina ullekhoMko dekhakara yaha spaSTa hai ki kaviko madhyakAlIna bhAratakA Arthika, vyApArika, prAkRtika, mAnavIya evaM rAjanItika bhUgolakA acchA jJAna thaa| kavi dvArA prastuta sandarbha sAmagrI nizcaya hI tatkAlIna prAmANika itihAsa taiyAra karane meM sahAyaka siddha ho sakatI hai / rasa-saMyojana pAsaNAhacariukA aMgI rasa zAnta hai, kintu zRMgAra, vIra aura raudrarasoMkA bhI usameM samyaka paripAka huA hai| kavine yuddhake lie prasthAna, saMgrAmameM camacamAtI talavAreM, lar3ate hue vIroMkI huMkAroM evaM yoddhAoMke zaurya-vIrya Adike varNanoMmeM vIra-rasakI sundara udbhAvanA kI hai| pArzvakumArako usake pitA azvasena jaba yuddhakI bhayaMkaratA samajhAkara unheM yuddha meM na jAnekI salAha dete haiM, taba pArzva atyanta vIratApUrNa uttara dete haiM (pA0 ca0, 3 / 12) / rAjA aravinda kamaThake durAcArase khinna hokara krodhAtura ho jAtA hai aura use nAnA prakArake durvacanoM dvArA apamAnita karatA hai, taba rAjAke raudra rUpakA kavine citraNa kara raudra-rasakI acchI udbhAvanA kI hai| isI prakAra pAvake vairAgyake samaya parivAra evaM puravAsiyoMke viyogake avasarapara karuNa rasa tathA jaba pArzva vanameM jAkara dIkSita ho jAte haiM, usa sandarbhameM zAnta-rasakA sundara paripAka huA hai| zrRMgAra rasake bhI jahA~-tahA~ udAharaNa milate haiN| kavine nagara, vana, parvata, nara evaM nAriyoMke saundaryakA mohaka citraNa kiyA hai, kintu yaha zrRMgAra ratibhAvako puSTa na kara viraktiko hI puSTa karatA hai| mAtA vAmAdevIke saundaryakA varNana isakA udAharaNa hai| samakAlIna loka-zabdAvalI pAsaNAhacariu eka praur3ha apabhraMza racanA hai, kintu usameM kavine jahA~-tahA~ apabhraMzake sAtha-sAtha tatkAlIna loka-pracalita kucha aise zabdoMke bhI prayoga kiye haiM jo Adhunika boliyoMke samakakSa haiN| inameMse kucha zabda to Aja bhI hUbahU usI rUpameM pracalita haiN| isa prakArakI zabdAvalIse kavikI kavitAmeM prANavattA, varNana prasaMgoMmeM rocakatA evaM gatizIlatA AI hai| udAharaNArtha kucha zabda yahA~ prastuta haiM : vAra-vAra -236 -
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________________ (bArambAra 3 / 8 / 1), hallA (zoragula, 4 / 18 / 4), phAr3anA (4 / 9 / 1), thor3A (10 / 5 / 3), ajjakalla (10 / 14 / 7), Damaru (3 / 10 / 11, 3 / 11 / 5), patalA (1 / 13 / 10), haule-hauleM (dhIre-dhIre, 3 / 17 / 2), cappa (cApanA, 5 / 7 / 8), cAMpanA (7 / 11 / 4), cullI (cUlhA, 4 / 1 / 14), lakkar3a (6 / 8 / 12), paNhI (jUtA, 4 / 9 / 4), kumalAnA (murajhAnA 3 / 18 / 8), khuruppa (khurapA, 4 / 19 / 13, 5 / 11 / 9), dhovana (dhona 3 / 18 / 2), laTTI (lAThI, 3 / 11 / 3), muTThi (3 / 11 / 4), zaTTa (bhIr3a, 3 / 6 / 12), ciMdha, (dhajjI 4 / 9 / 1), toDa (tor3anA, 4 / 9 / 8), dhutta (nazemeM cUra, 3 / 13 / 2), coju (Azcarya 1 / 13 / 9), andhAra (andherA, 3 / 19 / 7), rella (dhakkA, mukkI, 7 / 13 / 14), pella (3 / 8 / 4), bollAviya (bulAnA, 3 / 8 / 4), uTThiu (uThA, 3 / 8 / 1), jhADanta (jhAr3akara, 4 / 9 / 8), Dhukka (dUMkanA, jhAMkanA, 3 / 18 / 11, 4 / 19 / 7), buDa (DUbanA, 3 / 18 / 3), pANData (7 / 9 / 2), TAlanta (TAlanA, 7 / 9 / 9), kaDhDa (nikAlanA, 4 / 20 / 18), cikkAra (dhvanyAtmaka, 5 / 115, 5 / 3 / 14) / zabdAvalImase adhikAMza zabda harayANavI, rAjasthAnI, bundelI evaM baghelImeM Aja bhI usI prakAra athavA yatkicit herapherake sAtha prayukta hote haiM / kavi zrIdhara apabhraMzake sAtha-sAtha saMskRta bhASAke bhI samAnAdhikArI vidvAn the, yaha unakI antya prazastimeM likhita saMskRta zlokoMse spaSTa jJAta hotA hai| kavine zArdUlavikrIDita, vasantatilakA evaM AryA chandoMmeM apane AzrayadAtA naTTala sAhUko AzIrvAda dete hue usakI vaMzAvalI prastuta kI hai / naTTalakA paricaya dete hue kavi likhatA hai : pazcAd babhUva zazimaNDalabhAsamAnaH khyAtaH kSitIzvarajanAdapi labdhamAnaH / saddarzanAmRtarasAyanapAnapuSTaH zrInaTTalaH zubhamanA kSapitAriduSTaH / / ukta sandarbha sAmagriyoMke AdhArapara pAsaNAhacariu apabhraMza sAhityakI eka mahanIya kRti siddha hotI hai| sthAnAbhAvake kAraNa ukta racanAke sarvAMgINa adhyayanase jo sandarbha sAmagrI ekatrita haI, use aneka sImAoMmeM ba~dhe rahaneke kAraNa pUrA vistAra nahIM diyA jA sakA hai| phira bhI, jo saMkSipta adhyayana yahA~ prastuta kiyA gayA, usase spaSTa hai ki vastutaH yaha grantha samakAlIna vividha paristhitiyoMkA eka sundara prAmANika Akara grantha hai jisake vidhivata adhyayanase aneka gUr3ha tathya prakAzita ho sakate haiN| -237