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________________ - . -. -. -. -. - . - . -. -. - . - . -. -. -. - . -. -. -. -. -. vaizAlI-gaNatantra kA itihAsa 0 zrI rAjamala jaina ___ sahAyaka nidezaka, kendrIya hindI nidezAlaya, (vesTa blAka 7, rAmakRSNapuram, naI dillI 110022) vaizAlI-gaNatantra ke varNana ke binA jaina rAjazAstra kA itihAsa apUrNa hI rhegaa| vaizAlI-gaNatantra ke nirvAcita rASTrapati ('rAjA' zabda se prasiddha) ceTaka kI putrI trizalA bhagavAn mahAvIra kI pUjya mAtA thii| (zvetAmbaraparamparA ke anusAra trizalA ceTaka kI bahana thii)| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pitA siddhArtha vaizAlI ke eka upanagara 'kuNDagrAma' ke zAsaka the / ataH mahAvIra bhI 'vaizAlika' athavA 'vaizAlIya' ke nAma se prasiddha the| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne saMsAratyAga ke pazcAt 42 cAturmAsoM meM se cha: cAturmAsa vaizAlI meM kiye the| kalpasUtra (122) ke anusAra mahAvIra ne bAraha cAturmAsa vaizAlI meM vyatIta kiye the|' mahAtmA buddha evaM vaizAlI / isakA yaha tAtparya nahIM ki kevala mahAvIra ko hI vaizAlI priya thii| isa gaNatantra tathA nagara ke prati mahAtmA buddha kA bhI adhika sneha thaa| unhoMne kaI bAra vaizAlI meM bihAra kiyA thA tathA cAturmAsa bitaae| nirvANa se pUrva vaizAlI para dRSTipAta kiyA aura apane ziSya Ananda se kahA, "Ananda ! isa nagara meM yaha merI antima yAtrA hogii|" yahIM para unhoMne sarvaprathama bhikSaNI-saMgha kI sthApanA kI tathA Ananda ke anurodha para gautamI ko apane saMgha meM praviSTa kiyaa| eka avasara para jaba buddha ko licchaviyoM dvArA nimantraNa diyA gayA to unhoMne kahA- "he bhikSuo ! deva-sabhA ke samAna sundara isa licchavi pariSad ko dekho|"3 ___ mahAtmA buddha ne vaizAlI-gaNatantra ke Adarza para bhikSu-saMgha kI sthApanA kii| "bhikSu-saMgha ke chanda (mata-dAna) tathA dUsare prabandha ke DhaMgoM meM licchavi (vaizAlI) gaNatantra kA anukaraNa kiyA gayA hai|' (rAhula sAMkRtyAyanapurAtattva-nibandhAvalI, pR0 12) / yadyapi buddha zAkya-gaNatantra se sambaddha the (jisake adhyakSa buddha ke pitA zuddhodana the), 1. muni nathamala (yuvAcArya mahAprajJa), zramaNa mahAvIra, pR0 303. 2. idaM pacchimakaM Ananda ! tathAgatassa besAlidassanaM bhavissati / upAdhyAya zrI muni vidyAnanda-kRta 'tIrthakara vardhamAna' se uddhatayaM sa bhikkhave ! bhikkhanaM devA tAvanisA adiTThA, alokeya bhikkhave ! licchavanI parisaM, apaloketha / bhikkhave ! licchavI parisaraM ! upasaMharatha bhikkhve| licchave ! licchavI parisaraM tAvanisA sadasanti / /
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________________ karmayogI zrI kesarImalajI surANA abhinandana grantha : SaSTha khaNDa tathApi unhoMne vaizAlI-gaNatantra kI paddhati ko apanAyA / hindU rAjazAstra ke vizeSajJa zrI kAzIprasAda jAyasavAla ke zabdoM meM "bauddha saMgha ne rAjanaitika saMghoM se aneka bAteM grahaNa kii| buddha kA janma gaNatantra meM huA thaa| unake par3ausI gaNatantra saMgha the aura ve unhIM logoM meM bar3e hue| unhoMne apane saMgha kA nAmakaraNa bhikSusaMgha arthAt bhikSuoM kA gaNatantra kiyA / apane samakAlIna guruoM kA anukaraNa karake unhoMne apane dharma-saMgha kI sthApanA meM gaNatantra saMghoM ke nAma tathA saMvidhAna ko grahaNa kiyA / pAli-sUtroM meM uddhRta buddha ke zabdoM ke dvArA rAjanaitika tathA dhArmika saMghavyavasthA kA sambandha siddha kiyA jA sakatA hai| vidvAn lekhaka ne una sAta niyamoM kA varNana kiyA hai jinakA pUrNa pAlana hone para vajji-gaNa (licchavi evaM videha) nirantara unnati karatA rhegaa| ina niyamoM kA varNana mahAtmA buddha ne magadharAja ajAtazatru (jo vajjigaNa ke vinAza kA icchuka thA) ke mantrI ke sammukha kiyA thaa| buddha ne bhikSu-saMgha ko bhI ina niyamoM ke pAlana kI preraNA dI thii| bauddha grantha evaM vaizAlI isa prakAra yaha spaSTa hai ki vaizAlI-gaNatantra ke itihAsa tathA kAryapraNAlI ke jJAna ke lie hama bauddha granthoM ke RNI haiM / vivaraNoM kI upalabdhi ke viSaya meM ye vivaraNa nirAle haiN| sambhavata: isI kAraNa zrI jAyasavAla ne isa gaNatantra ko 'vivaraNayukta gaNarAjya' (Recorded republic) zabda se sambodhita kiyA hai| kyoMki adhikAMza gaNarAjyoM kA anumAna kucha sikkoM yA mudrAoM se yA pANinIya vyAkaraNa ke kucha sUtroM se athavA kucha granthoM meM yatra-tatra upalabdha saMketoM se kiyA gayA hai| isI kAraNa vidvAn lekhaka ne ise 'prAcInatama gaNatantra' ghoSita kiyA hai, jisake likhita sAkSya hameM prApta haiM aura jisakI kArya-praNAlI kI jhAMkI hameM mahAtmA buddha ke aneka saMvAdoM meM milatI hai / vaizAlI gaNatantra kA astitva kama ne kana 2600 varSa pUrva rahA hai| 2500 varSa pUrva bhagavAn mahAvIra ne 72 varSa kI Ayu meM nirvANa prApta kiyA thA / yaha spaSTa hI hai ki mahAvIra vaizAlI ke adhyakSa ceTaka ke dauhitra the| mahAtmA buddha mahAvIra ke samakAlIna the| buddha ke nirvANa ke zIghra pazcAt buddha ke upadezoM ko lekha-baddha kara liyA gayA thaa| vaizAlI meM hI bauddha bhikSuoM kI dUsarI saMgIti kA Ayojana (buddha ke upadezoM ke saMgraha ke lie) huA thaa| vaizAlI gaNatantra se pUrva (chaThI zatAbdI I0 pU0) kyA koI gaNarAjya thA ? vastuta: isa viSaya meM hama andhakAra meM haiN| vidvAnoM ne granthoM meM yatra-tatra prApta zabdoM se isakA anumAna lagAne kA prayatna kiyA hai| vaizAlI se pUrva kisI anya gaNatantra kA vistRta vivaraNa hameM upalabdha nahIM hai| bauddha-grantha 'aMguttara nikAya' se hameM jJAta hotA hai ki IsA pUrva chaThI zatAbdI se pahale nimnalikhita solaha 'mahAjana pada' the--1. kAzI, 2. kosala, 3. aMga, 4 magadha, 5. vajji (bRji), 6. malla, 7. cettiya (cedi), 8. vaMsa (vatsa) 6. kuru, 10. paMcAla, 11. maccha (matsya), 12. zUrasena, 13. assaka (azmaka), 14. avanti, 15. gandhAra, 16. kamboja / inameM se vajji kA udaya videha-sAmrAjya ke patana ke bAda huaa| jaina grantha bhagavatI sUtra meM ina janapadoM kI sUcI bhinna rUpa meM hai jo nimnalikhita hai---1. aMga, 2. vaMga, 3. magaha (magadha), 4. malaya, 5. mAlava (ka), 6. accha, 7. vaccha (vatsa), 8. koccha (kaccha ?) 6. pADha (pANDya yA paur3a) 10. lADha (lATa yA rATa), 11. vajji (vajji), 12. moli (malla), 13. kAzI, 14. kosala, 15. avAha, 1. zrI kAzIprasAda jAyasavAla----'hindU poliTI0 ----pRSTha 40 (caturtha sNskrnn)| 2. purAtattva-nibandhAvalI-20. 3. rAya caudhurI, poliTikala hisTrI oNpha aiMziyeMTa iNDiyA, kalakattA vizvavidyAlaya, chaThA saMskaraNa, 1653, pR. 65.
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________________ vaizAlI-gaNatantra kA itihAsa 3 .......................................... . . ..... . .............. 16. sammuttara (sumbhottr?)| aneka vidvAn isa sUcI ko uttarakAlIna mAnate haiM parantu yaha satya hai ki uparyukta solaha janapadoM meM kAzI, kozala magadha, avanti tathA vajji sarvAdhika zaktizAlI the| vaizAlI gaNatantra kI racanA 'bajji' nAma hai eka mahAsaMgha kA, jisake mukhya aMga the--jJAtRka, licchavi evaM vRji| jJAtRkoM se mahAvIra ke pitA siddhArtha kA sambandha thA (raajdhaanii-kunndd-graam)| licchaviyoM kI rAjadhAnI vaizAlI kI pahacAna bihAra ke mujaphpharapura jile meM sthita basAr3ha-grAma se kI gaI hai| vRji ko eka kula mAnA gayA hai jisakA sambandha vaizAlI se thaa| isa mahAsaMgha kI rAjadhAnI bhI vaizAlI thii| licchaviyoM ke adhika zaktizAlI hone ke kAraNa isa mahAsaMgha kA nAma 'licchavi-saMgha' pdd'aa| bAda meM rAjadhAnI vaizAlI kI lokapriyatA se isakA bhI nAma vaizAlI gaNatantra ho gyaa| vajji evaM licchavi bauddha sAhitya se yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki vajji-mahAsaMgha meM aSTa kula (videha, jJAtRka, licchavi, vRji, ugra, bhoga, kaurava tathA aikSvAku) the| inameM bhI mukhya the-vRji tathA licchavi / bauddha-darzana tathA prAcIna bhAratIya bhUgola ke adhikArI vidvAn zrI bharatasiMha upAdhyAya ne apane grantha (buddhakAlIna bhAratIya bhUgola, pRSTha 383-84, hindI-sAhitya sammelana, prayAga, saMvat 2018) meM nimnalikhita mata prakaTa kiyA hai-"vastutaH licchaviyoM aura vajjiyoM meM bheda karanA kaThina hai, kyoMki vajji na kevala eka alaga jAti ke the, balki licchavi Adi gaNatantroM ko milakara unakA sAmAnya abhidhAna vajji (saM0 vRji) thA aura isI prakAra vaizAlI na kevala vajji saMgha kI hI rAjadhAnI thI balki vajjiyoM, licchaviyoM tathA anya sadasya gaNatantroM kI sAmAnya rAjadhAnI bhI thii| eka alaga jAti ke rUpa meM vajjiyoM kA ullekha pANini ne kiyA hai aura kauTilya ne bhI unheM licchaviyoM se pRthak batAyA hai / yUAna cuAG ne bhI vajji (phu-li-ciha) deza aura vaizAlI (phI-ze-lI) ke bIca bheda kiyA hai| parantu pAli tripiTaka ke AdhAra para aisA vibheda karanA sambhava nahIM hai| mahAparinirvANa-sUtra meM bhagavAn buddha kahate haiM,-"jaba taka vajji loga sAta aparihANIya dharmoM kA pAlana karate raheMge, unakA patana nahIM hogaa|" parantu saMyutta nikAya ke kaliMgara sutta meM kahate haiM, "java taka licchavi loga lakar3I ke bane takhtoM para soyege aura udyogI bane raheMge ; taba taka ajAtazatru unakA kucha nahIM bigAr3a sktaa|" isase prakaTa hotA hai ki bhagavAn buddha vajji aura licchavi zabdoM kA prayoga paryAyavAcI artha meM hI karate the| isI prakAra vinaya-piTaka ke prathama pArAjika meM pahale to vajji pradeza meM durbhikSa par3ane kI bAta kahI gaI hai (pArAjika pAli, pRSTha 16, zrI nAlandA-saMskaraNa) aura Age calakara vahIM (pRSTha 22 meM) eka putrahIna vyakti ko yaha cintA karate dikhAyA gayA hai ki kahIM licchavi unake dhana ko na le leN| isase bhI vajjiyoM aura licchaviyoM kI abhinnatA pratIta hotI hai| vidvAn lekhaka dvArA pradarzita isa abhinnatA se maiM sahamata huuN| isa prasaMga meM 'vajji' se buddha kA tAtparya licchaviyoM se hI thA aura isI AdhAra para vajji-sambandhI buddha-vacanoM kI vyAkhyA honI caahie| anya granthoM meM ullekha pANini (500 I0 pU0) aura kauTilya (300 I0 pU0) ke ullekhoM se bhI vajji (vaizAlI, licchavi) gaNatantra kI mahattA tathA khyAti kA anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai| pANinIya 'aSTAdhyAyI' meM eka sUtra hai-'madravRjjayoH kan' 4 / 2 / 31 / isI prakAra, kauTilya ne 'arthazAstra' meM do prakAra ke saMghoM kA antara batAte hue likhA hai-"kAmboja, surASTra Adi kSatriya zreNiyA~ kRSi, vyApAra tathA zAstroM dvArA jIvana
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________________ 4 karmayogI zrI kesarImalajI surANA abhinandana grantha : SaSTha khaNDa -.0.0.0.0..... .......................................................... yApana karatI haiM aura licchavika, vRjika, mallaka, madraka, kukura, kuru, paMcAla Adi zreNiyA~ rAjA ke samAna jIvana bitAtI haiN| rAmAyaNa tathA viSNu purANa ke anusAra, vaizAlInagarI kI sthApanA ikSvAku-putra vizAla dvArA kI gaI hai| vizAla nagarI hone ke kAraNa yaha 'vizAlA' nAma se bhI prasiddha huii| buddha kAla meM isakA vistAra nau mIla taka thaa| isake atirikta, "vaizAlI dhana-dhAnya-samRddha tathA jana-saMkula nagarI thii| isameM bahuta se ucca bhavana, zikharayukta prAsAda, upavana tathA kamala-sarovara the (vinayapiTaka evaM llitvistr)| bauddha evaM jaina-daunoM dharmoM ke prArambhika itihAsa se vaizAlI kA ghaniSTha sambandha rahA hai| "I0 pU0 pAMca sau varSa pUrva bhArata ke uttara-pUrva bhAga meM do mahAn dharmoM ke mahApuruSoM kI pavitra smRtiyA~ vaizAlI meM nihita haiN|"3 bar3hatI huI janasaMkhyA ke dabAva se tIna bAra isakA vistAra huaa| tIna dIvAreM ise gheratI thiiN| tibbatI vivaraNa bhI isakI samRddhi kI puSTi karate haiN| tibbatI vivaraNa (sulva 380) ke anusAra, vaizAlI meM tIna jile the| pahale meM svarNa-zikharoM se yukta 7000 ghara the, dUsare jile meM cA~dI ke zikharoM se yukta 14000 ghara the tathA tIsare jile meM tA~be ke zikharoM se yukta 21000 ghara the / ina jiloM meM uttama, madhyama tathA nimna-varga ke loga apanI-apanI sthiti ke anusAra rahate the| (rAkahila : lAipha Apha buddha-pRSTha 62) / prApta vivaraNoM ke anusAra vaizAlI kI janasaMkhyA 168000 thii| kSetra evaM nivAsI? jahA~ taka isakI sImA kA sambandha hai, gaMgA nadI ise magadha sAmrAjya se pRthak karatI thI / zrI rAya caudhurI ke zabdoM meM, "uttara dizA meM licchavi-pradeza nepAla taka vistRta thaa|" zrI rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ke anusAra, vajji-pradeza meM Adhunika campArana tathA mujapapharapura jiloM ke kucha bhAga, darabhaMgA jile kA adhikAMza bhAga, chaparA jile ke mirjApura evaM parasA, sonapura pulisa-kSetra tathA kucha anya sthAna sammilita the| basAr3ha meM hue purAtattva-vibhAga ke utkhanana se isa sthAnIya vizvAsa kI puSTi hotI hai ki vahA~ rAjA vizAla kA gar3ha thA / eka mudrA para aMkita thA-'vezAli ina Ta-kAre sayAnaka / ' jisakA artha kiyA gayA, "vaizAlI kA eka bhramaNakArI adhikaarii|" isa khudAI meM jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI madhyakAlIna mUtiyA~ bhI prApta huI haiN| vaizAlI kI janasaMkhyA ke mukhya aMga the--kSatriya / zrI rAya caudhurI ke zabdoM meM, "kaTTara hindU-dharma ke prati unakA maitrIbhAva prakaTa nahIM hotaa| isake viparIta, ye kSatriya jaina, bauddha jaise abrAhmaNa sampradAyoM ke prabala poSaka the|" manusmRti ke anusAra, "jhalla, malla, dravir3a, khasa Adi ke samAna ve vrAtya rAjanya the|" yaha suvidita hai ki vrAtya kA artha yahA~ jaina hai, kyoMki jaina sAdhu evaM zrAvaka ahiMsA, satya, acaurya, brahmacarya aura aparigrahaina pA~ca vratoM kA pAlana karate haiN| manusmRti ke uparyukta zloka meM licchaviyoM ko 'nicchavi' kahA gayA hai| kucha vidvAnoM ne licchaviyoM kA 'tibbatI udgama' siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA hai parantu yaha mata svIkArya nahIM hai| anya vidvAn ke anusAra licchavi bhAratIya kSatriya haiM, yadyapi yaha eka tathya hai ki licchavi-gaNatantra ke patana ke bAda ve nepAla cale gaye aura vahA~ unhoMne rAjavaMza sthApita kiyA / 1. kAmboja-surASTra kSatriya zreNyAdayo vArtAzAstropajIvina: licchavika-vRjika-mallaka-kukura-pAMcAlAdayo rAjazabdopa jI vinH| 2. bI0e0 sAletora-ainziyeMTa iNDiyana poliTikala thauTa eNDa insTITyUzaMsa, 1963, pR0 506. 3. bI0sI0 lA: 'hisTorikala jyogre phI Apha eziyeTa iNDiyA, phAineMsa' meM prakAzita (1954), pU0 266. 4. vahI, pR0 266-67. 5. jhallo mallAzca rAjanyAH vrAtyAnicchavireva ca / naTazca karaNazcokhaso draviDa eva ca // 10.22. 6. bharatasiMha upAdhyAya, vahI, 331.
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________________ vaizAlI-gaNatantra kA itihAsa 5. 'licchavi' zabda kI vyutpatti jaina-granthoM meM licchaviyoM ko 'licchaI' athavA 'licchavi' kahA gayA hai| vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se, 'licchavi' zabda kI vyutpatti 'licchu' zabda se huI hai| yaha kisI vaMza kA nAma rahA hogaa| bauddha-grantha 'khuddakapATha' (buddhaghoSakRta) kI aTThakathA meM nimnalikhita rocaka kathA hai--kAzI kI rAnI ne do jur3e hue mAMsa-piNDoM ko janma diyA aura unako gaMgA nadI meM phikavA diyaa| kisI sAdhu ne unako uThA liyA aura unakA svayaM pAlana-poSaNa kiyaa| ve nicchavi (tvacArahita) the / kAlakrama se unake aMgoM kA vikAsa huA aura ve bAlaka-bAlikA bana gye| bar3e hone para ve dUsare baccoM ko pIr3ita karane lage, ataH unheM dUsare bAlakoM se alaga kara diyA gayA (vajjitavva-vajitavya) / isa prakAra ye 'vajji' nAma se prasiddha hue| sAdhu ne una donoM kA paraspara vivAha kara diyA aura rAjA se 300 yojana bhUmi unake lie prApta kI / isa prakAra unake dvArA zAsita pradeza 'vajji-pradeza' khlaayaa| sAta dharma magadharAja ajAtazatru sAmrAjya-vistAra ke lie licchaviyoM para AkramaNa karanA cAhatA thaa| usane apane mantrI vassakAra (varSakAra) ko buddha ke pAsa bhejate hue kahA- "he brAhmaga ! bhagavAn buddha ke pAsa jAo aura merI ora se unake caraNoM meM praNAma kro| merI ora se unake Arogya tathA kuzalatA ke viSaya meM pUchakara unase nivedana karo ki vaidehI-putra magadharAja ajAtazatru ne vajjiyoM para AkramaNa kA nizcaya kiyA hai aura mere ye zabda kaho-'bajjigaNa cAhe kitane zaktizAlI hoM, maiM unakA unmUlana karake pUrNa vinAza kara duuNgaa|' isake bAda sAvadhAna hokara bhagavAn tathAgata ke vacana suno|' aura Akara mujhe batAo / tathAgata kA vacana mithyA nahIM hotaa|" ajAtazatru ke mantrI ke vacana sunakara buddha ne mantrI ko uttara nahIM diyA balki apane ziSya Ananda se kucha prazna pUche aura taba nimnalikhita sAta aparihAnIya dharmoM (dhamma) kA varNana kiyA 1. abhiNhaM sannipAtA sannipAtA bahulA bhvissNti| ---he Ananda ! jaba taka vajji pUrNa rUpa se nirantara pariSadoM ke Ayojana karate raheMge; 2. samaggA sannipAtissati samaggA buTTha-hissaMti samaggA saMghakaraNIyAni karissaMti / .--jaba taka vajji saMgaThita hokara milate raheMge, saMgaThita hokara unnati karate raheMge tathA saMgaThita hokara kartavya karma karate raheMge; 3. appaJcata na patrApessaMti, paJjataM na samucchindissaMti yayA, paJcateSu sikkhApadesu samAdAya vattissaMti / ....-jaba taka ve aprajJapta (asthApita) vidhAnoM ko sthApita na kareMge, sthApita vidhAnoM kA ullaMghana na kareMge tathA pUrva kAla meM sthApita prAcIna vajji-vidhAnoM kA anusaraNa karate raheMge ; 4. ye te saMvapitaro saMghapariNAyakA te takakarissaMti guru karissaMti mAnessaMti pUjessaMti tesa ca sottanvaM maJissaMti / -jaba taka ve vajji-pUrvajoM tathA nAyakoM kA satkAra, sammAna, pUjA tathA samarthana karate raheMge tathA unake vacanoM ko dhyAna se sunakara mAnate raheMge ; 1. rI DebiDsa (anuvAda) buddha-sutta (sekriDa-buksa Apha IsTa, bhAga 11-motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dehalI), pRSTha 2-3-4. 2. pAli-pATha rAdhAkumuda mukharjI ke grantha 'hindU sabhyatA' (anuvAdaka-DaoN. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla) dvitIya saMskaraNa, 1958, pR0 166-200 se uddha ta / niyama-saMkhyA maiMne dI hai| 0
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________________ 6 karmayogI zrI kesarImalajI surANA abhinandana grantha : SaSTha khaNDa 5. ye te vajjInaM vajjimahallakA te sakka rissaMti, guru karissanti mAnessaMti pUjessaMti, yA tA kulithiyo kulakumAriyo tA na Akkassa pasahya vAssenti / / -jaba taka ve vajji-kula kI mahilAoM kA sammAna karate raheMge aura koI bhI kula-strI yA kula-kumArI unake dvArA balapUrvaka apahRta yA niruddha nahIM kI jaayegii| 6. vajji cetiyAni inbhaMtarAni ceva bAhirAni ca tAni sakkarissaMti, guru karissaMti, mAnessaMti, pUjessaMti, tesa ca dinnapubbaM, katapubbaM dhAmmikaM bali no parihAssaMti no parihApessaMti / ---jaba taka ve nagara yA nagara se bAhara sthita caityoM (pUjA-sthAnoM) kA Adara evaM sammAna karate raheMge aura pahale dI gaI dhArmika bali tathA pahale kie gae dhArmika anuSThAnoM kI avamAnanA na kareMge ; 7. vajjInaM arahatesu dhammikA rakkhAvaraNa-gutti susaMvihitA bhavissaMti / -jaba taka vajjiyoM dvArA arahantoM ko rakSA, surakSA evaM samarthana pradAna kiyA jAyegA; taba taka vajjiyoM kA patana nahIM hogA, apitu utthAna hotA rhegaa| Ananda ko isa prakAra batAne ke bAda buddha ne vassakAra se kahA, "maiMne ye kalyANakArI sAta dharma vajjiyoM ko vaizAlI meM batAye the|" isa para vassakAra ne buddha se kahA, "he gautama ! isa prakAra magadharAja vajjiyoM ko yuddha meM taba taka nahIM jIta sakate, jaba taka vaha kUTanIti dvArA unake saMgaThana ko na tor3a deN|" buddha ne uttara diyA, "tumhArA vicAra ThIka hai|" isake bAda vaha mantrI calA gyaa| vassakAra ke jAne para buddha ne Ananda se kahA-'rAjagRha ke nikaTa rahane vAle saba bhikSuoM ko ikaTThA kro|" taba unhoMne bhikSu-saMgha ke lie nimnalikhita sAta dharmoM kA vidhAna kiyA 1. he bhikSuo ! jaba taka bhikSugaNa pUrNa rUpa se nirantara pariSadoM meM milate raheMge ; 2. jaba taka ve saMgaThita hokara milate raheMge, unnati karate raheMge tathA saMgha ke kartavyoM kA pAlana karate raheMge ; 3. jaba taka ve kisI aise vidhAna ko sthApita nahIM kareMge jisakI sthApanA pahale na huI ho, sthApita vidhAnoM kA ullaMghana nahIM kareMge tathA saMgha ke vidhAnoM kA anusaraNa kreNge| 4. jaba taka ve saMgha ke anubhavI guruoM, pitA tathA nAyakoM kA sammAna tathA samarthana karate raheMge tathA unake vacanoM ko dhyAna se sunakara mAnate raheMge ; 5. jaba taka ve usa lobha ke vazIbhUta na hoMge jo unameM utpanna hokara duHkha kA kAraNa banatA hai ; 6. jaba taka ve saMyamita jIvana meM Ananda kA anubhava kareMge ; 7. jaba taka ve apane mana ko isa prakAra saMyamita kareMge jisase pavitra evaM uttama puruSa unake pAsa AyeM aura Akara sukha-zAnti prApta kareM ; ___ taba taka bhikSu-saMgha kA patana nahIM hogA, utthAna hI hogaa| jaba taka bhikSuoM meM ye sAta dharma vidyamAna haiM, jaba taka ve ina dharmoM meM bhalI-bhA~ti dIkSita haiM, taba taka unakI unnati hotI rhegii| mahAparinibbAna sutta ke uparyukta uddharaNa se vaizAlI-gaNatantra kI uttama vyavasthA evaM anuzAsana kI puSTi hotI hai / vaizAlI ke lie vihita sAta dharmoM ko (kucha parivartita karake) buddha ne apane saMgha ke lie bhI apanAyA, isase spaSTa hai ki 2600 varSa pUrva ke prAcIna gaNatantroM meM vaizAlI gaNatantra zreSTha tathA yogyatama thaa| licchaviyoM ke kucha anya guNoM ne unheM mahAn bnaayaa| unake jIvana meM Atma-saMyama kI bhAvanA thii| 00
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________________ lakar3I ke takhta para sote the, sadaiva karttavyaniSTha rahate the| jaba taka unameM ye guNa rahe, ajAtazatru unakA bAlabA bhI na kara sakA / ' zAsana praNAlI licchaviyoM ke mukhya adhikArI the - rAjA, uparAjA, senApati tathA bhaannddaagaarik| inameM se hI sambhavataH mantrimaNDala kI racanA hotI thI / kendrIya saMsada kA adhivezana nagara ke madhya sthita santhAgAra ( sabhA bhavana) meM hotA thaa| zAsana-zakti saMsada ke 7707 sadasyoM (rAjA nAma se yukta ) meM nihita thI / sambhavataH inameM se kucha rAjA umra the aura eka dUsare kI bAta nahIM sunate the| isI kAraNa jitavistara-kAvya meM aise rAjAoM kI mAno bhartsanA kI gaI hai - "ina vaizAlikoM meM ucca, madhya, vRddha evaM jyeSThajanoM ke sammAna ke niyama kA pAlana nahIM hotA / pratyeka svayaM ko 'rAjA' samajhatA hai / 'maiM rAjA hU~ ! maiM rAjA hU~ !' koI kisI kA anuyAyI nahIM banatA / "3 isa uddharaNa se spaSTa hai ki kucha mahattvAkAMkSI sadasya gaNarAjA (adhyakSa) banane ke icchuka the / vaizAlI gaNatantra kA itihAsa satsadasyoM kI itanI bar3I saMkhyA se kucha vidvAnoM kA anumAna hai ki vaizAlI kI sattA kucha kuloM (7707) meM nihita thI aura ise kevala 'kula tantra' kahA jA sakatA hai| isa mAnyatA kA AdhAra yaha tathya hai ki 7707, rAjAoM kA abhiSeka eka vizeSatayA surakSita sarovara (puSkariNI) meM hotA thA / svargIya pro0 Ara0 DI0 bhaNDArakara kA niSkarSa thA yaha nizcita hai ki vaizAlI saMgha ke aMgIbhUta kucha kula kA mahAsaMgha hI yaha gaNarAjya thaa|" zrI jAyasavAla tathA zrI altekara jaise rAjazAstravida isa niSkarSa se sahamata nahIM haiN| zrI jAyasavAla ne 'hindU rAjazAstra' ( pR0 44) meM likhA hai isa sAya se unheM 'kula' zabda se sambodhita karanA Avazyaka nahIM chaThI zatAbdI I0 pU0 ke bhAratIya gaNatantra bahuta pahale samAja ke jana-jAtIya stara se gujara cuke the| ye rAjya, gaNa aura saMgha the, yadyapi inameM se kucha kA AdhAra rASTra yA janajAti thA jaisAki pratyeka rAjya prAcIna yA Adhunika kA hotA hai / " ; DaoN0 e0 eDa0 astekara kA yaha uddharaNa vizeSataH STa hai yaha svIkArya hai ki baudhe, jJAnaya, mAlava tathA licchavi gaNarAjya Aja ke arthoM meM lokatantra nahIM the| adhikAMza Adhunika vikasita lokatantroM ke samAna sarvocca evaM sArvabhauma zakti samasta vayaska nAgarikoM kI saMsthA meM nihita nahIM thii| phira bhI ina rAjyoM ko hama gaNarAjya kaha sakate haiN| pArTI, ailensa, roma, madhyayugIna venisa, saMyukta nIdaralaiNDa aura polaiNDa ko gaNarAjya' kahA jAtA hai| yadyapi inameM se kisI meM pUrNa lokatantra nahIM thaa| isa taiddhAntika pRSThabhUmi tathA aitihAsika sAkSya ke AdhAra para nizcaya hI prAcIna bhAratIya gaNarAjyoM ko unhIM arthoM meM gaNarAjya kahA jA sakatA hai jisa artha meM yUnAna tathA roma 1. dekhie zrI bharatasiMha upAdhyAya kRta buddha kAlIna bhAratIya bhUgola ( pR0 385-86 ) kA nimnalikhita uddharaNa (saMyuttanikAya pR0 308 se uddhRta ) - "bhikSuo ! licchavi lakar3I ke bane takhte para sote haiM / apramatta ho, utsAha ke sAtha apane kartavya ko pUrA karate haiM magadharAja vaidehI-putra ajAtazatru unake viruddha koI dAva-peMca nahIM pA rahA hai| bhikSuoM! bhaviSya meM licchavi loga bar3e sukumAra aura komala hAthI vAle ho jAyeMge gaddedAra bichAvana para gulagule takie lagAkara dina car3he taka soye rheNge| taba magadharAja vaidehI- putra ajAtazatru ko unake viruddha dA~va-peMca mila jAyegA / tasya nicakA raj kArelyA vasaMmAnaM meva rAjana sahassAni satatAni tapa va rAjAno hoti tattakA, ye va uparAjAoM tattakA, senApatino tattakA, tattakA bhaMDAgArikA / J. I. S. O. 4. 2. 2. nocca-madhya-apeSThAnupAlitA, ekaika evaM manyate ahaM rAjA, ahaM rAjeti na ca kasyaSyatvamupagacchati / 4. vaizAlI nagare gaNarAjakulAnAM abhiSekamaMgalapokhariNI / -- jAtaka, 41148. .0 .
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________________ karmayogI zrI kesarImalajI surANA abhinandana grantha : SaSTha khaNDa ke prAcIna rAjyoM ko gaNarAjya kahA jAtA hai / ina rAjyoM meM sArvabhauma sattA kisI eka vyakti yA alpasaMkhyaka ko na milakara bahusaMkhyaka varga ko prApta thii|"" mahAbhArata meM bhI 'pratyeka ghara meM rAjA' hone kA varNana hai / " uparyukta vidvAn ke matAnusAra, isa varNana meM choTe gaNarAjyoM kI tathA una kSatriya kuloM kI carcA hai jinhoMne upaniveza sthApita karake rAjapada prApta kiyA thA / saMyukta rAjya amarIkA meM mUla upaniveza sthApakoM ko navAgantukoM kI apekSA kucha vizeSAdhikAra prApta the| / 1 'malAbAra gajaTiyara' ke AdhAra para zrI ambikAprasAda bAjapeyI ne nayyaroM ke eka saMgha' kI ora dhyAna AkarSita kiyA hai jisameM 6000 pratinidhi the ve kerala kI saMsada ke samAna the| bauddha sAhitya se jJAta hotA hai ki rAjA bimbisAra zreNika ke assI hajAra gAmika (grAmika) the| isI sAdRzya para anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki 7707, rAjA vibhinna kSetroM (yA nirvAcana kSetroM) ke usI rUpa meM svatantra saMcAlaka the jisa prakAra dezI riyAsatoM ke jAgIradAra rAjA ke AdhIna hokara bhI apanI nijI pulisa kI tathA anya vyavasthAeM karate the| vaidezika sambandha licchaviyoM ke vaidezika sambandhoM kA niyantraNa nau sadasyoM kI pariSad dvArA hotA thA / inakA varNana bauddha evaM jaina sAhitya meM jaba chavi ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| ajAtazatru ke AkramaNa ke mukAbale ke lie inheM par3osI rAjyoM navamalla tathA aSTAdaza kAzI kauzala ke sAtha milakara mahAsaMgha banAnA pdd'aa| unhoMne apane sandeza ke lie dUta niyukta kie ( vezAlikAnAM licchavinAM vacanena ) / nyAya vyavasthA 1 nyAyavyavasthA aSTakula sabhA ke hAtha meM dI thI jAyasavAla ne 'hindU rAjazAstra' ( pR0 43-47) meM inakI nyAya prakriyA kA nimnalikhita varNana kiyA hai-- vibhinna prakaraNoM (pave- paThakAna) para gaNarAjA ke nirNayoM kA vivaraNa sAvadhAnIpUrvaka rakhA jAtA thA jinameM aparAdhI nAgarikoM ke aparAdhoM tathA unake die gae daNDoM kA vivaraNa aMkita hotA thA / vinizcaya mahAmAtra ( nyAyAlayoM) dvArA prArambhika jA~ca kI jAtI thI (ye sAdhAraNa aparAdhoM tathA dIvAnI prakaraNoM ke lie niyamita nyAyAlaya the ) / apIla- nyAyAlayoM ke adhyakSa the - vohArika ( vyavahArika) / ucca nyAyAlaya ke nyAyAdhIza sUtradhAra kahalAte haiN| antima apIla ke lie 'aSTa-kulaka' hote the| inameM se kisI bhI nyAyAlaya dvArA nAgarikoM ko niraparAdha ghoSita karake mukta kiyA jA sakatA thA / yadi sabhI nyAyAlaya kisI ko aparAdhI ThaharAte to mantrimaNDala kA nirNaya antima hotA thA / vidhAyikA licchaviyoM ke saMsadIya vicAra-vimarza kA koI pratyakSa pramANa prApta nahIM hotA, parantu vidvAnoM ne cullavagga evaM vinaya-piTaka ke vivaraNoM se isa viSaya meM anumAna lagAe haiN| jaba kauzalarAja ne zAkya - rAjadhAnI para AkramaNa kiyA aura unase Atma samarpaNa ke lie kahA to zAkyoM dvArA isa viSaya para matadAna kiyA gayA / mata patra ko 'chandas' evaM korama ko 'gaNapUraka' tathA AsanoM ke vyavasthApaka ko 'Asana- prajJApana' kahA jAtA thaa| gaNapUraka ke abhAva meM adhivezana aniyamita samajhA jAtA thA / vicArArtha prastAva kI prastuti ko 'jJapti' kahA jAtA thaa| saMgha se tInacAra bAra pUchA jAtA thA ki kyA saMgha prastAva se sahamata hai| saMgha ke mauna kA artha sahamati yA svIkRti samajhA jAtA 1. DaoN0 e0 esa0 altekara -- prAcIna bhArata meM rAjya evaM zAsana (1958), pR0 112-13. 2. gRhe gRhe tu rAjAna:- mahAbhArata, 201542. 3. ambikAprasAda vAjapeyI hindU rAjyazAstra, pR0 104. . .
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________________ +0+0+0 thA / bahumata dvArA svIkRta nirNaya ko ye bhuyyasikam ' ( bahuta kI tathA mata patra gaNaka ko 'zalAkA grAhaka' kahA jAtA thA / kI jAtI thI / zrI jAyasavAla ke matAnusAra sudUra atIta (chaThI uccata: ' vikasita avasthA kI vizeSatAe~ dRSTigocara hotI haiN| vidhi evaM saMvidhAna kI antarnihita dhAraNAe~ ucca stara kI pratIta bhI siddha hotA hai / jJapti, pratijJA, gaNapUraka, zalAkA, bahumata praNAlI Adi paribhASA ke binA kiyA gayA hai, jisase inakA pUrva pracalana siddha hotA hai|" vaMzAlI gaNatantra kA itihAsa icchAnusAra ) kahA jAtA thaa| mata patroM ko 'zalAkA' aprAsaMgika tathA anarthaka bhASaNoM kI zikAyata bhI zatAbdI I0 pU0) se gRhIta isa vicAradhArA se eka isameM bhASA kI pAribhASikatA evaM aupacArikatA hotI haiN| isameM zatAbdiyoM se prApta pUrva anubhava zabdoM kA ullekha, kisI prakAra kI vaizAlI - gaNatantra kA anta vaizAlI- gaNatantra para magadharAja ajAtazatru kA AkramaNa isa para ghAtaka prahAra thaa| ajAtazatru kI mAtA calanA vaizAlI ke gaNarAjA ceTaka kI putrI thI, tathApi sAmrAjya vistAra kI usakI AkAMkSA ne vaizAlI kA anta kara diyaa| buddha se bheMTa ke bAda mantrI vassakAra ko ajAtazatru dvArA vaizAlI meM bhejA gyaa| vaha mantrI vaizAlI ke logoM meM milakara rahA aura usane usameM phUTa ke bIja bo diye| vyaktigata mahatvAkAMkSAoM tathA phUTa se itane mahAn gaNarAjya kA vinAza huaa| 'mahAbhArata' meM bhI gaNatantroM ke vinAza ke lie aise hI kAraNa batAe haiN| bhISma pitAmaha ne yudhiSThira se kahA, "he rAjan ! he bharatarSabha ! gaNoM evaM rAjakuloM meM zatrutA kI utpatti ke mUla kAraNa haiM---lobha evaM IrSyA-dveSa | koI (gaNa yA kula) lobha ke vazIbhUta hotA hai, taba IrSyA kA janma hotA hai aura donoM ke kAraNa pAra sparika vinAza hotA hai|" / ne vaizAlI para AkramaNa ke aneka kAraNa batAye gaye haiM nAmaka hAthI dvArA pahanA gayA 18 zRMkhalAoM kA hAra isakA behalla ko diyA thA parantu ajAtazatru ise har3apanA cAhatA thA ke pAsa bhAga gayA / kucha logoM ke anusAra, ratnoM kI eka khAni kahA jAtA hai ki magadha sAmrAjya tathA vaizAlI gaNarAjya kI sImA ho gyaa| astu, jo bhI kAraNa ho, itanA nizcita hai ki ajAta ne isake lie bahuta samaya se bar3I taiyAriyAM kI thii| sarvaprathama usane gaMgA taTa para pATaliputra ( Adhunika paTanA ) kI sthApanA kii| jaina vivaraNoM ke anusAra, yaha yuddha solaha varSoM taka calA, anta meM vaizAlI - gaNatantra magadha sAmrAjya kA aMga bana gayA / d kyA vaizAlI gaNarAjya ke patana ke bAda licchaviyoM kA prabhAva samApta ho gayA ? isa prazna kA uttara nakArAtmaka ho sakatA hai, parantu zrI sAletora (vahI, pR0 508 ) ke anusAra "bauddha sAhitya meM inakA sabase adhika ullekha huA hai, kyoMki itihAsa meM eka hajAra varSoM se adhika samaya taka inakI bhUmikA mahattvapUrNa rahI / " zrI re caudhurI ke anusAra, "ye nepAla meM 7vIM zatAbdI meM kriyAzIla rahe / gupta samrATa samudragupta, 'licchavi-dohitra' kahalAne meM gaurava kA anubhava karate the|" eka jaina kathAnaka ke anusAra, seyAgama ( secAnaka ) mUla kAraNa thA / bimbasAra ne ise apane eka putra behala hAthI aura hAra ke sAtha apane nAnA peTaka ajAtazatru ko AkramaNa ke lie lalacAyA / yaha bhI gaMgA taTa para cuMgI ke vibhAjana ke prazna para jhagar3A 2500 varSa pUrva mahAvIra - nirvANa ke anantara, navamalloM evaM siNDaviyoM ne prakAzotsava tathA dIpamAlikA kA Ayojana kiyA aura tabhI se zatAbdiyoM se jaina isa punIta parva ko 'dIpAvalI' ke rUpa meM mAnate haiM / kalpa-sUtra ke zabdoM meM, "jisa rAta bhagavAn mahAvIra ne mokSa prApta kiyA, sabhI prANI duHkhoM se mukta ho gaye / kAzI kauzala ke aThAraha saMghIya rAjAoM, nava mattroM tathA nava licchaviyoM ne candrodaya ( dvitIyA) ke dina prakAzotsava Ayojita kiyA kyoMki unhoMne kahA- jJAna kI jyoti bujha gaI hai, hama bhautika prakAza se saMsAra ko Alokita kreN|" ;
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________________ 1. karmayogI zrI kesarImalajI surANA abhinandana grantha : SaSTha khaNDa 2500veM mahAvIra-nirvANotsava ke sandarbha meM Adhunika bhArata vaizAlI se preraNA prApta kara sakatA hai / aneka sAMskRtika kArya-kalApa vaizAlI para kendrita haiN| isI ko dRSTigata karake rASTrakavi sva. zrI rAmadhArIsiMha dinakara ne vaizAlI ke prati zraddhAMjali nimnalikhita rUpa meM prastuta kI hai vaizAlI jana kA pratipAlaka, gaNa kA Adi vidhAtA / jise DhaMr3hatA deza Aja, usa prajAtantra kI mAtA / / ruko eka kSaNa, pathika ! yahA~ miTTI ko sIsa nvaao| rAja-siddhiyoM kI sampatti para, phUla car3hAte jaao| X X X X X X X X X X X X X X evaM lobhaH kSobhadaH spaSTameva, nAnArUpaH prANinAM vartate'va / kiM tatpApaM yanna jAyeta lobhAd, dustyAjyo'yaM sarvathAnarthakArI // -varddhamAna zikSA saptazatI (zrI candana muni viracita) lobha saMsAra meM prANiyoM ko kSubdha karatA rahatA hai| vaha kaunasA pApa hai, jo lobha se utpanna nahIM hotA? arthAt sabhI pApa lobha utpanna hote haiN| lobha sadA hI anartha karatA hai / kintu ise chor3anA bahuta hI kaThina hai| xxxxxx X X X X X X X X