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________________ umAsvAti kA kAla umAsvAti ke kAla nirNaya ke sandarbha meM jo bhI prayAsa hue haiM ve sabhI unheM prathama se cauthI zatAbdI ke madhya siddha karate haiN| umAsvAti ke granthoM meM hameM saptabhaMgI aura guNasthAna siddhAnta kA sunizcita svarUpa upalabdha nahIM hotaa| yadyapi guNasthAna siddhAnta se sambandhita kucha pAribhASika zabdoM kI upasthiti se itanA saMketa avazya milatA hai ki ye avadhAraNAyeM apane svarUpa ke nirdhAraNa kI dizA meM gatizIla thiiN| isase hama isa niSkarSa para to paha~ca hI sakate haiM ki umAsvAti ina avadhAraNAoM ke sunirdhArita evaM sunizcita hone ke pUrva hI hue haiN| tattvArthasUtra kI jo prAcIna TIkAe~ upalabdha haiM unameM zvetAmbara paramparA meM tattvArtha-bhASya ko aura digambara paramparA meM sarvArthasiddhi ko prAcInatama mAnA jAtA hai| inameM se tattvArtha-bhASya meM guNasthAna aura saptabhaMgI kI spaSTa avadhAraNA upalabdha nahIM hai jabaki sarvArthasiddhi meM guNasthAna kA spaSTa evaM vistRta vivaraNa hai| tattvArthasUtra ke paravartI TIkAkAroM meM sarvaprathama akalaMka apane tattvArtharAjavArtika ke cauthe adhyAya ke anta meM saptabhaMgI kA tathA naveM adhyAya ke prArambha meM guNasthAna siddhAnta kA pUrNa vivaraNa prastuta karate haiN| tattvArtha kI TIkAoM ke atirikta anya granthoM meM vizeSa rUpa se zvetAmbara AgamoM meM samavAyAMga meM 'jIvaThANa' ke nAma se, yApanIya grantha SaTkhaNDAgama meM 'jIvasamAsa' ke nAma se aura digambara paramparA meM kundakunda ke granthoM meM 'guNaThANa' ke nAma se isa siddhAnta kA ullekha milatA hai| ye sabhI grantha lagabhaga pAMcavIM zatI ke AsapAsa ke haiN| isalie itanA to nizcita hai ki tattvArtha kI racanA cauthI-pAMcavIM zatAbdI ke pUrva kI hai| yaha sahI hai ki IsA kI dUsarI zatAbdI se vastra-pAtra ke prazna para vivAda prArambha ho gayA, phira bhI yaha nizcita hai ki pAMcavIM zatAbdI ke pUrva zvetAmbara, digambara aura yApanIya jaise sampradAya astitva meM nahIM A pAye the| nirgranthasaMgha (digambara), zvetapaTTamahAzramaNasaMgha aura yApanIya saMgha kA sarvaprathama ullekha halsI ke pAMcavIM zatI ke abhilekhoM meM hI milatA hai| mUlasaMgha kA ullekha usase kucha pahale I. san 370 evaM 421 kA hai| tattvArtha ke mUlapAThoM kI kahIM digambara paramparA se, kahIM zvetAmbara paramparA se aura kahIM yApanIya paramparA se saMgati honA aura kahIM visaMgati honA yahI sUcita karatA
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________________ umAsvAti kA kAla : 83 hai ki vaha saMghabheda ke pUrva kI racanA hai| mujhe jo saMketa sUtra mile haiM usase aisA lagatA hai ki tattvArthaM usa kAla kI racanA hai jaba zvetAmbara, digambara aura yApanIya saMgha spaSTa rUpa se vibhAjita hokara astitva meM nahIM Aye the| zrI kApar3iyA jI ne tattvArtha ko prathama zatAbdI ke pazcAt cauthI zatAbdI ke pUrva kI racanA mAnA hai| tattvArthasUtra aura usake bhASya meM aise bhI aneka tathya haiM jo na to sarvathA vartamAna zvetAmbara paramparA se aura na hI digambara paramparA se mela khAte haiN| 'hisTrI oNpha miDila skUla oNpha iNDiyana lAjika' meM tattvArthasUtra kI tithi 18SAD svIkAra kI gaI hai| pro. viMTaranitja mAnate haiM ki umAsvAti usa yuga meM hue jaba uttara bhArata meM zvetAmbara aura digambara sampradAya eka dUsare se pUrNata: pRthaka nahIM hue the| unakA grantha tattvArtha spaSTata: sampradAya bheda ke pUrva kA hai| sampradAya bheda ke sambandha meM sarvaprathama hameM jo sAhityika sUcanA upalabdha hotI hai, vaha Avazyaka mUlabhASya kI hai, jo Avazyakaniyukti aura vizeSAvazyaka ke madhya nirmita huA thaa| usameM vIra nirvANa ke 609 varSa pazcAt hI boTikoM kI utpatti kA arthAt uttara bhArata meM acela aura sacela paramparAoM ke vibhAjana kA ullekha hai| sAtha hI usameM yaha bhI ullekha hai ki muni ke sacela yA acela hone kA vivAda to AryakRSNa aura Arya ziva ke bIca vIra ni. saM. 609 meM huA thA, kintu paramparA bheda unake ziSya kauDiNya yA koTTavIra se huaa| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki spaSTa rUpa se paramparA bheda vIra ni. saM. 609 ke pazcAt huA hai| sAmAnyatayA vIra nirvANa vikrama saMvat se 470 varSa pUrva mAnA jAtA hai kintu isameM 60 varSa kA vivAda hai, jisakI carcA AcArya hemacandra se lekara samakAlIna aneka vidvAna bhI kara rahe haiM / itihAsakAroM ne candragupta, azoka aura samprati Adi kA jo kAla nirdhArita kiyA hai usameM candragupta aura bhadrabAhu kI tathA samprati aura suhasti kI samakAlikatA vIra nirvANa ko vikrama saMvat 410 varSa pUrva mAnane para hI adhika baiThatI hai / yadi vIra nirvANa vikrama saMvat ke 410 varSa pUrva huA hai to yaha mAnanA hogA ki saMghabheda 609-410 arthAt vikrama saMvat 199 meM huaa| yadi isameM bhI hama kauDiNya aura koTTavIra kA kAla 60 varSa jor3eM to yaha saMghabheda lagabhagaM vikrama saMvat 259 arthAt vikrama kI tIsarI zatAbdI ke uttarArdha meM huA hogaa| isa saMghabheda ke phalasvarUpa zvetAmbara aura yApanIya paramparA kA spaSTa vikAsa to isake bhI lagabhaga sau varSa pazcAt hI huA hogaa| kyoMki, pAMcavIM zatI ke pUrva ina nAmoM kA kahIM koI ullekha nahIM miltaa| tIsarI-cauthI zatAbdI ke samavAyAMga jaise zvetAmbara mAnya AgamoM aura yApanIya paramparA ke kasAyapAhuDa evaM SaTkhaNDAgasa jaise granthoM se tattvArthasUtra kI kucha nikaTatA aura virodha yahI siddha karatA hai ki usakI racanA inake pUrva huI hai|
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________________ 84 tattvArthabhASya kI prazasti tattvArthasUtra ke kartA ke kAla kA nirNaya karane kA Aja ekamAtra mahattvapUrNa sAdhana hai| usa prazasti ke anusAra tattvArtha ke kartA uccai gara zAkhA meM hue| uccai gara zAkhA kA uccanAgarI zAkhA ke rUpa meM kalpasUtra meM ullekha hai| usameM yaha bhI ullekha hai ki yaha zAkhA Arya zAntizreNika se prArambha huii| kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI ke anusAra zAntizreNika Aryavajra ke guru siMhagiri ke gurubhrAtA the| zvetAmbara paTTAvaliyoM meM Aryavajra kA svargavAsa kAla vIra nirvANa saM. 584 mAnA jAtA hai| ata: Arya zAntizreNika kA jIvana kAla vIra nirvANa 470 se 550 ke bIca mAnanA hogaa| phalataH Arya zAntizreNika se uccanAgarI kI utpatti vikrama kI prathama zatAbdI ke uttarArdha aura dvitIya zatAbdI ke pUrvArdha meM kisI samaya huii| isakI saMgati mathurA ke abhilekhoM se bhI hotI hai| ucdai gara zAkhA kA prathama abhilekha zaka saM. 5 arthAt vikrama saMvat 140 kA hai, ata: umAsvAti kA kAla vikrama kI dvitIya zatAbdI yA usake pazcAt hI hogaa| umAsvAti ke tattvArthabhASya meM unheM uccai gara zAkhA kA batAyA gayA hai| isa zAkhA ke nau abhilekha hameM mathurA se upalabdha hote haiN| jinapara kaniSka, haviSka aura vAsudeva kA ullekha bhI hai| yadi inapara aMkita samvat zaka saMvat ho to yaha kAla zaka saMvat 5 se 87 ke bIca AtA hai, itihAsakAroM ke anusAra kaniSka, huviSka aura vAsudeva I. san 78 se 176 ke bIca hue haiN| vikrama saMvat kI dRSTi se unakA yaha kAla saM. 135 se 233 ke bIca AtA hai arthAt vikrama saMvat kI dvitIya zatAbdI kA uttarArdha aura tRtIya zatAbdI kA puurvaardh| abhilekhoM ke kAla kI saMgati Arya zAntizreNika aura unase utpanna uccanAgarI zAkhA ke kAla se ThIka baiThatI hai| umAsvAti isake pazcAt hI kabhI hue haiN| tattvArthabhASya meM umAsvAti ne apane praguru ghoSanandI zramaNa aura guru zivazrI kA ullekha kiyA hai| mujhe mathurA ke abhilekhoM meM khoja karane para sthAnika kula ke gaNi uggahiNI ke ziSya vAcaka ghoSaka kA ullekha upalabdha huA hai| sthAnikakula bhI usI koTikagaNa kA kula hai, jisakI eka zAkhA uccAnAgarI hai| kucha abhilekhoM meM sthAnika kula ke sAtha vajrI zAkhA kA bhI ullekha huA hai| yadyapi uccanAgarI aura vajrI donoM hI zAkhAe~ koTikagaNa kI haiN| mathurA ke eka anya abhilekha meM 'nivatanAsIvada' aisA ullekha bhI milatA hai| nivartanA sambhavata: samAdhi sthala kA sUcaka hai, yadyapi isase ye AryaghoSaka aura Arya ziva nizcita rUpa se umAsvAti ke guru evaM praguru haiM, isa niSkarSa para pahu~canA kaThina hai, phira bhI sambhAvanA to vyakta kI hI jA sakatI hai| Arya kRSNa aura Arya ziva jinake bIca vastra-pAtra sambandhI vivAda vIra ni. saM. 609 meM huA thA, ke ullekha hameM mathurA ke kuSANakAlIna abhilekhoM
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________________ umAsvAti kA kAla meM upalabdha hote haiN| yadyapi Arya ziva ke sambandha meM jo abhilekha upalabdha haiM, unake khaNDita hone se saMvat kA nirdeza to spaSTa nahIM hai, kintu 'nivatanAsIvada' aisA ullekha hai jo isa tathya kA sUcaka hai ki unake samAdhi sthala para koI nirmANa kArya kiyA gayA thaa| Arya kRSNa kA ullekha karane vAlA anya lekha spaSTa hai aura usameM zaka saMvat 15 nirdiSTa hai| isa abhilekha meM koTIyagaNa, sthAnIyakula aura vairI zAkhA kA ullekha bhI hai / isa AdhAra para Arya ziva aura Arya kRSNa kA kAla vi.saM. 230 ke lagabhaga AtA hai| vastra pAtra vivAda kA kAla vIra ni. saM. 609 tadanusAra 609 410 arthAt vi.saM. 199 mAnane para isakI saMgati uparyukta abhilekha se ho jAtI hai kyoMki Arya kRSNa kI yaha pratimA unake svargavAsa ke 30-40 varSa bAda hI kabhI banI hogI / usase yaha bAta bhI puSTa hotI hai ki Arya ziva Arya kRSNa se jyeSTha the| kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI meM bhI unheM jyeSTha kahA gayA hai| sambhAvanA yaha bhI ho sakatI hai ki ye donoM gurubhAI hoM aura unameM Arya ziva jyeSTha aura Arya kRSNa kaniSTha hoM yA Arya ziva Arya kRSNa ke guru hoN| yadyapi vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM sAmpradAyika abhiniveza ke kAraNa yaha krama ulaTa diyA gayA hai| Arya ziva ko umAsvAti kA praguru mAnane para unakA kAla tIsarI zatAbdI kA pUrvArdha mAnanA hogA, kintu tIsarI zatI ke uttarArdha se cauthI zatAbdI pUrvArdha taka ke jo bhI jaina zilAlekha upalabdha haiM, unameM kahIM bhI zvetAmbara, digambara yA yApanIya aisA ullekha upalabdha nahIM hotA / vastra, pAtra Adi ke upayoga ko lekara vikrama saMvat kI tIsarI zatAbdI ke pUrvArdha se vivAda prArambha ho gayA thA, kintu zvetAmbara, digambara yA yApanIya paramparAoM ke bheda sthApita nahIM hue the| vi. saM. kI chaThIM zatAbdI ke pUrvArdha arthAt I. san 475 se 490 ke abhilekhoM meM sarvaprathama zvetapaTTa mahAzramaNasaMgha (zvetAmbara), nirgranthamahAzramaNasaMgha (digambara) aura yApanIya saMgha ke ullekha milate haiN| pro. madhusUdana DhAkI ne umAsvAti kA kAla caturtha zatI nirdhArita kiyA hai| uparyukta carcA ke AdhAra para maiM ise tIsarI zatAbdI ke uttarArdha se cauthI zatI ke pUrvArddha ke bIca mAnanA cAhU~gA / cAhe hama umAsvAti kA kAla prathama se caturtha zatI ke bIca kucha bhI mAneM, itanA nizcita hai ki ve saMgha bheda ke pUrva ke haiN| yadi hama umAsvAti ke praguru ziva kA samIkaraNa Arya ziva, jinakA ullekha kalpUsatra sthavirAvalI meM bhI hai aura jo uttara bhArata meM vastra - pAtra sambandhI vivAda ke janaka the, se karate haiM to samasyA kA samAdhAna milane meM suvidhA hotI hai| Arya ziva vIra nirvANa saM. 609 arthAt vikrama kI tIsarI zatAbdI ke pUrvArddha meM upasthita the| isa AdhAra para umAsvAti tIsarI zatI : 85
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________________ ke uttarArdha aura cauthI zatI ke pUrvArdha meM hue hoMge, aisA mAnA jA sakatA hai| yaha bhI saMbhava hai ki ve isa paramparA bheda meM kauDiNya aura koTTavIra ke sAtha saMgha se alaga na hokara mUladhArA se jur3e rahe hoN| phalata: unakI vicAradhArA meM yApanIya aura zvetAmbara donoM hI paramparA kI mAnyatAoM kI upasthiti dekhI jAtI hai| vastra-pAtra ko lekara ve zvetAmbaroM aura anya mAnyatAoM ke sandarbha meM yApanIyoM ke nikaTa rahe haiN| ina samasta carcAoM se hama isa niSkarSa para pahuMcate haiM ki umAsvAti kA kAla vikrama saMvat kI tIsarI aura cauthI zatAbdI ke madhya kA hai aura isa kAla taka vastra-pAtra sambandhI vivAdoM ke bAvajUda bhI zvetAmbara, digambara aura yApanIyoM kA alaga-alaga sAmpradAyika astitva nahIM bana pAyA thaa| spaSTa sampradAya bheda, saiddhAntika mAnyatAoM kA nirdhAraNa aura zvetAmbara, digambara aura yApanIya jaise nAmakaraNa pA~cavIM zatAbdI meM yA usake bAda hI astitva meM Aye haiN| umAsvAti nizcita hI sampradAya bheda aura sAmpradAyika mAnyatAoM ke nirdhAraNa ke pUrva ke AcArya haiN| ve usa saMkramaNa kAla meM hue haiM, jaba zvetAmbara, digambara aura yApanIya sampradAya aura unakI sAmpradAyika mAnyatAe~ sthira ho rahI thiiN|