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________________ umAsvAti evaM unakI uccainagira zAkhA kA utpatti sthala evaM vicaraNakSetra tattvArthasUtra ke praNetA umAsvAti ne tattvArthabhASya kI antima prazasti meM apane ko uccai gara zAkhA kA kahA hai tathA apanA janma-sthAna nyagrodhikA batAyA hai| ata: uccai gara zAkhA ke utpatti-sthala evaM umAsvAti ke janma-sthala kA abhijJAna (pahacAna) karanA Avazyaka hai| uccai gara zAkhA kA ullekha na kevala tattvArthabhASya meM upalabdha hotA hai, apitu zvetAmbara paramparA meM mAnya kalpasUtra kI sthavirAvalI meM tathA mathurA ke abhilekhoM meM bhI upalabdha hotA hai| kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI ke anusAra uccai gara zAkhA koTikagaNa kI eka zAkhA thii| mathurA ke 20 abhilekhoM meM koTikagaNa tathA nau abhilekhoM meM uccai gara zAkhA kA ullekha milatA hai| koTikagaNa koTivarSa nagara ke nivAsI Arya sasthita se nikalA thaa| zvetAmbara paramparA meM koTikagaNa kI utpatti kA kAraNa sUrimaMtra kA eka karor3a bAra japa karanA mAnA jAtA hai kintu yaha bAta mAtra anuzruti rUpa hI hai| koTivarSa kI pahacAna purAtattvavidoM ne uttara baMgAla ke pharIdapura se kI hai| isI koTikagaNa ke Arya zAntizreNika se uccairnAgara zAkhA ke nikalane kA ullekha hai| kalpasUtra ke gaNa, kula aura zAkhAoM kA sambandha vyaktiyoM yA sthAnoM (nagaroM) se rahA hai jaise - vAraNagaNa vAraNAvarta se tathA koTikagaNa koTivarSa se sambandhita thA, yadyapi kucha gaNa vyaktiyoM se bhI sambandhita the| zAkhAoM meM kauzambiyA, koDambAnI, candranAgarI, mAdhyamikA, saurASTrikA, uccairnAgara Adi zAkhAe~ mukhyatayA nagaroM se sambandhita rahI haiN| umAsvAti kI uccai gara zAkhA kA utpatti sthala U~ceharA (ma.pra.) yahA~ hama uccairnAgara zAkhA ke sandarbha meM hI carcA kreNge| vicAraNIya prazna yaha hai ki vaha uccairnAgara kahA~ sthita thA, jisase yaha zAkhA nikalI thii| muni zrI kalyANavijaya jI aura hIrAlAla kApar3iyA ne kaniMghama ko AdhAra banAte hue, isa uccai gara zAkhA kA sambandha vartamAna bulanda zahara pUrvanAma varaNa se jor3ane kA prayatna kiyA hai| paM. sukhalAla jI ne bhI tattvArtha kI 'bhUmikA' meM isI kA anusaraNa kiyA hai| kaniMghama likhate haiM ki "varaNa yA bAraNa yaha nAma hindU itihAsa meM ajJAta hai| 'baraNa' ke cAra sikke bulandazahara se prApta hue haiN|
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________________ umAsvAti evaM unakI uccairnAgara zAkhA kA utpatti sthala... : 77 musalamAna lekhakoM ne ise baraNa kahA hai| maiM samajhatA hU~ ki yaha vahI jagaha hogI aura isakA nAmakaraNa rAjA ahibaraNa ke nAma ke AdhAra para huA hogA jo tomara vaMza se sambandhita thA aura jisane yaha kilA banavAyA thaa| yaha kilA bahuta purAnA hai aura eka U~ce TIle para banA huA hai| isake AdhAra para hI hinduoM dvArA ise U~cA gA~va yA U~cA nagara kahA gayA hai aura musalamAnoM ne bulandazahara kahA hai|" yadyapi kaniMghama ne kahIM bhI isakA sambandha uccai gara zAkhA se nahIM batAyA, kintu unake dvArA bulandazahara kA U~cAnagara ke rUpa meM ullekha hone se muni kalyANavijayajI aura kApar3iyAjI tathA bAda meM paM. sukhalAla jI ne uccai gara zAkhA ko bulandazahara se jor3ane kA prayAsa kiyaa| pro. kApar3iyA ne yadyapi apanA koI spaSTa abhimata nahIM diyA hai| ve likhate haiM "isa zAkhA kA nAmakaraNa kisI nagara ke AdhAra para hI huA hogA, kintu isakI pahacAna apekSAkRta kaThina hai, kyoMki bahuta sAre aise grAma aura zahara haiM jinake aMta meM 'nagara' nAma pAyA jAtA hai| ve Age bhI likhate haiM ki kaniMghama kA vizvAsa hai ki yaha U~cAnagara se sambandhita hogaa|" cUMki kaniMghama ne ArkiyolAjikala sarve oNpha iNDiyA ke 14veM khaNDa meM bulandazahara kA samIkaraNa U~cAnagara se kiyA thA, isI AdhAra para muni kalyANavijaya jI ne yaha likha diyA ki "U~cA nagarI zAkhA prAcIna U~cAnagarI se prasiddha haI thii| U~cA nagarI ko Ajakala bulandazahara kahate haiN|" isa sambandha meM paM. sukhalAla jI kA kathana hai- 'uccai gara' zAkhA kA prAkRta nAma 'uccAnagara' milatA hai| yaha zAkhA kisI grAma yA zahara ke nAma para prasiddha huI hogI, yaha to pratIta hotA hai; parantu yaha grAma kaunasA thA, yaha nizcita karanA kaThina hai| bhArata ke aneka bhAgoM meM 'nagara' nAma se yA anta meM 'nagara' zabdavAle aneka zahara tathA grAma haiN| 'bar3anagara gujarAta kA purAnA tathA prasiddha nagara hai| bar3a kA artha moTA (vizAla) aura moTA kA artha kadAcit U~cA bhI hotA hai| lekina gujarAta meM bar3anagara nAma bhI pUrvadeza ke usa athavA usa jaise nAma ke zahara se liyA gayA hogA, aisI bhI vidvAnoM kI kalpanA hai| isase uccanAgara zAkhA kA bar3anagara ke sAtha hI sambandha hai, yaha jora dekara nahIM kahA jA sktaa| isake atirikta jaba uccanAgara zAkhA utpanna huI, usa kAla meM bar3anagara thA yA nahIM yaha bhI vicAraNIya hai| uccanAgara zAkhA ke udbhava ke samaya jainAcAryoM kA mukhya vihAra gaMgA-yamunA kI tarapha hone ke pramANa milate haiM / ata: bar3anagara ke sAtha uccanAgara zAkhA ke sambandha kI kalpanA sabala nahIM rahatI / isa viSaya meM kaniMghama kA kahanA hai "yaha bhaugolika nAma uttara-pazcima prAnta ke Adhunika bulandazahara ke antargata 'uccanagara' nAma ke kile ke sAtha
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________________ 78 mela khAtA hai| kintu hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhiye ki U~cAnagara zAkhA kA sambandha bulandazahara se tabhI jor3A jA sakatA hai jaba usakA astitva I.pU. prathama zatAbdI ke lagabhaga rahA ho yA kama se kama usa kAla meM U~cAnagara kahalAtA bhI ho| isa nagara ke prAcIna 'baraNa' nAma kA ullekha to hai, kintu yaha bhI 9-10vIM zatAbdI se pUrva kA jJAta nahIM hotaa| bAraNa (baraNa) nAma se kaba isakA nAma bulandazahara huA, isake sambandha meM kisI natIje para pahuMcane meM unhoMne apanI asamarthatA vyakta kI hai| yaha hinduoM dvArA U~cAgaoNva yA U~cAnagara kahA jAtA thA- mujhe to yaha bhI unakI kalpanA sI pratIta hotI hai| isa sambandha meM ve koI bhI pramANa prastuta nahIM kara sake haiN| barana nAma kA ullekha bhI muslima itihAsakAroM ne dasavIM sadI ke bAda hI kiyA hai| itihAsakAroM ne isa U~cAgA~va kile kA sambandha tomara vaMza ke rAjA ahivaraNa se jor3A hai, ataH isakI avasthiti IsA ke pA~cavI-chaThI zatI se pUrva to siddha hI nahIM hotii| yahA~ se mile sikkoM para 'govitasabArANaye' aisA ullekha hai| svayaM kaniMghama ne bhI sambhAvanA vyakta kI hai ki ina sikkoM kA sambandha vAraNAva yA vAraNAvata se rahA hogaa| vAraNAvarta kA ullekha mahAbhArata meM bhI hai jahA~ pANDavoM ne hastinApura se nikalakara vizrAma kiyA thA tathA jahA~ unheM jindA jalAne ke liye kauravoM dvArA lAkSAgRha kA nirmANa karavAyA gayA thaa| bAraNAvA (bAraNAvata) meraTha se 16 mIla aura bulandazahara (prAcIna nAma barana) se 50 mIla kI dUrI para hiMDona aura kRSNA nadI ke saMgama para sthita hai| merI dRSTi meM vaha vAraNAvata vahI hai jahA~ se jainoM kA 'vAraNagaNa' nikalA thaa| 'vAraNamaNa' kA ullekha bhI kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI evaM mathurA ke abhilekhoM meM upalabdha hotA hai| ata: bAraNAbata (vAraNAvarta) kA sambandha vAraNagaNa se ho sakatA hai na ki uccai garI zAkhA se, jo ki koTikagaNa kI zAkhA thii| ata: aba hameM isa bhrAnti kA nirAkaraNa kara lenA caahie| uccai gara zAkhA kA sambandha kisI bhI sthiti meM bulandazahara se nahIM ho sktaa| yaha satya hai ki uccairnAgara zAkhA kA sambandha kisI U~cAnagara se hI ho sakatA hai| isa sandarbha meM hamane isase milate-julate nAmoM kI khoja prArambha ko hai| hameM U~cAhAra, U~caDIha, U~cIbastI, U~cauliyA, U~cAnA, U~cceharA Adi kucha nAma prApta hue| hameM ina nAmoM meM U~cAhAra (u.pra.) aura U~ceharA (ma.pra.) ye do nAma adhika nikaTa pratIta hue| U~cAhAra kI sambhAvanA bhI isa lie hameM ucita nahIM lagI ki usakI prAcInatA ke sandarbha meM vizeSa jAnakArI upalabdha nahIM haiN| ataH hamane U~ceharA ko hI apanI gaveSaNA kA viSaya banAnA ucita smjhaa| U~ceharA madhyapradeza ke satanA jile meM satanA reDiyo sTezana se 10 ki.mI.
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________________ umAsvAti evaM unakI uccairnAgara zAkhA kA utpatti sthala... : 79 dakSiNa kI ora sthita hai| U~ceharA se 7 ki.mI. uttara-pUrva kI ora bharahuta kA prasiddha stUpa sthita hai| isase isa sthAna kI prAcInatA kA bhI patA laga jAtA hai| vartamAna U~ceharA se lagabhaga 2 ki.mI. kI dUrI para pahAr3a ke paThAra para yaha prAcIna nagara sthita thA, isI se isakA U~cAnagara nAmakaraNa bhI sArthaka siddha hotA hai| vartamAna meM yaha vIrAna sthala 'khoha' kahA jAtA hai| vahA~ ke nagara nivAsiyoM ne mujhe yaha bhI batAyA ki pahale yaha uccakalpanagarI kahA jAtA thA aura yahA~ se bahuta sI purAtAttvika sAmagrI bhI nikalI thii| yahA~ se gupta kAla arthAt IsA kI pA~cavIM zatI ke rAjAoM ke kaI dAnapatra prApta hue haiN| ina tAmra- dAnapatroM meM uccakalpa (ucchakalpa) kA spaSTa ullekha hai, ye dAnapatra gupta saM. 156 se gupta saM. 209 ke bIca ke haiN| (vistRta vivaraNa ke liye dekheM- aitihAsika sthAnAvalIvijayendra kumAra mAthura, pR. 260 - 261) / isase isa nagara kI guptakAla meM to avasthiti spaSTa ho jAtI hai / punaH jisa prakAra vidizA ke samIpa sAMcI kA stUpa nirmita huA hai usI prakAra isa uccairnagara (U~caherA) ke samIpa bharahuta kA stUpa nirmita huA thA aura yaha stUpa I. pU. dUsarI yA prathama zatI kA hai / itihAsakAroM ne ise zuMga kAla kA mAnA hai| bharahuta ke stUpa ke pUrvI toraNa para 'vAcchiputa dhanabhUti' kA ullekha hai / punaH abhilekhoM meM 'suganaM raje' aisA ullekha hone se zuMga kAla meM isakA honA sunizcita hai| ataH uccairnAgara zAkhA kA sthApanA kAla ( lagabhaga I. pU. prathama zatI) aura isa nagara kA sattAkAla samAna hI hai| ise uccairnAgara zAkhA kA utpatti sthala mAnane meM kAla dRSTi se koI bAdhA nahIM hai| U~ceharA (uccakalpanagara) eka prAcIna nagara thA, isameM aba koI sandeha nahIM raha jaataa| yaha nagara vaizAlI yA pATalIputra se vArANasI hokara bharukaccha ko jAne vAle athavA zrAvastI se kauzAmbI hokara vidizA, ujjayinI aura bharukaccha jAne vAle mArga meM sthita hai| isI prakAra vaizAlI pATaliputra se padmAvatI (paeNvAyA), gopAdri (gvAliyara) hote hue mathurA jAne vAle mArga para bhI isakI avasthiti thI / usa samaya pATalIputra se gaMgA aura yamunA ke dakSiNa se hokara jAne vAlA mArga hI adhika pracalita thA, kyoMki isameM bar3I nadiyAM nahIM AtI thIM, mArga pahAr3I hone se kIcar3a Adi bhI adhika nahIM hotA thaa| jaina sAdhu prAyaH yahI mArga apanAte the| prAcIna yAtrA mArgoM ke AdhAra para aisA pratIta hotA hai ki U~cAnagara kI avasthiti eka pramukha kendra ke rUpa meM thI / yahA~ se kauzAmbI, prayAga, vArANasI Adi ke liye mArga the| pATalIputra ko gaMgA-yamunA Adi bar3I nadiyoM ko binA pAra kiye jo prAcIna sthala mArga thA, usake kendra nagara ke rUpa meM uccakalpa nagara ( U~cAnagara) kI sthiti siddha hotI hai| yaha eka aisA mArga thA, jisameM kahIM bhI
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________________ koI bar3I nadI nahIM AtI thii| ata: sArtha nirApada samajhakara ise hI apanAte the| prAcIna kAla se Aja taka yaha nagara dhAtuoM ke mizraNa ke bartanoM hetu prasiddha rahA hai| Aja bhI vahAM kAMse ke bartana sarvAdhika mAtrA meM banate haiN| U~ceharA kA 'uccaira' zabda se jo dhvani-sAmya hai vaha bhI hameM isI niSkarSa ke lie bAdhya karatA hai ki uccai gara zAkhA kI utpatti isI kSetra se huI thii| umAsvAti kA janma sthAna nAgoda (ma.pra.) umAsvAti ne apanA janma sthAnA 'nyagrodhikA' batAyA hai| isa sambandha meM bhI vidvAnoM ne aneka prakAra ke anumAna kiye haiN| cUMki umAsvAti ne tattvArthabhASya kI racanA kasamapura (paTanA) meM kI thI ata: adhikAMza logoM ne umAsvAti ke janmasthala kI pahacAna usI kSetra meM karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| nyagrodha ko vaTa bhI kahA jAtA hai| isa AdhAra para pahAr3apura ke nikaTa baTagohalI, jahA~ se paMcastUpAnvaya kA eka tAmra-lekha milA hai, se bhI isakA samIkaraNa karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| merI dRSTi meM ye dhAraNAe~ samucita nahIM haiN| uccairnAgara zAkhA, U~ceharA se sambandhita thI, usameM umAsvAti ke dIkSita hone kA artha yahI hai ki ve usake utpatti sthala ke nikaTa hI kahIM janmeM hoNge| uccai gara yA U~ceharA se mathurA jahA~ uccanAgarI zAkhA ke adhikatama lekha prApta hue haiM tathA paTanA jahA~ unhoMne tattvArthabhASya kI racanA kI, donoM hI lagabhaga samAna dUrI para avasthita rahe haiN| vahA~ se donoM sthAnoM kI dUrI lagabhaga 350 ki.mI. hai aura kisI jaina sAdhu ke dvArA yahA~ se eka mAha kI padayAtrA kara donoM sthaloM para AsAnI se pahuMcA jA sakatA thaa| svayaM umAsvAti ne hI likhA hai ki vihAra (padayAtrA) karate hue ve kusumapura (paTanA) pahu~ce the (vihrtaapurvrekusumnaamsti)| isase yahI lagatA hai ki nyagrodha, (nAgoda) kusumapura (paTanA) ke bahuta samIpa nahIM thaa| DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina ne saMgha vibhAjana sthala rahavIrapura kI pahacAna dakSiNa meM mahArASTra ke ahamadanagara jile ke rAhurI grAma se aura umAsvAti ke janmasthala kI pahacAna usI ke samIpa sthita 'nidhoja' se kI, kintu yaha ThIka nahIM hai| prathama to vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se nyagrodha kA prAkRta rUpa nAgoda hotA hai, nidhoja nhiiN| dUsare umAsvAti jisa uccairnAgara zAkhA ke the, vaha zAkhA uttara bhArata kI thI, ata: unakA sambandha uttara bhArata se hI rahA hogA aura isaliye unakA janma sthala bhI uttara bhArata meM hI hogaa| uccanAgarI zAkhA ke utpatti sthala U~ceharA se lagabhaga 30 ki.mI. pazcima kI ora 'nAgoda' nAma kA kasbA Aja bhI haiM / AjAdI ke pUrva yaha eka svataMtra rAjya thA aura U~ceharA isI rAjya ke adhIna AtA thaa| nAgoda ke Asa-pAsa bhI jo prAcIna sAmagrI milI hai usase yahI siddha hotA hai ki yaha bhI prAcIna nagara thaa|
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________________ umAsvAti evaM unakI uccai gara zAkhA kA utpatti sthala... : 81 pro. ke.DI. bAjapeyI ne nAgoda se 24 ki.mI. dUra nacanA ke purAtAttvika mahattva para vistAra se prakAza DAlA hai| nAgoda kI avasthiti pannA (ma.pra.), nacanA aura U~ceharA ke madhya hai| ina kSetroM meM zuMgakAla se lekara 9vIM-10vIM zatI taka kI purAtAttvika sAmagrI milatI hai, ata: isakI prAcInatA meM sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| nAgoda nyagrodha kA hI prAkRta rUpa hai, ata: sambhAvanA yahI hai ki umAsvAti kA janma sthala yahI nAgoda thA aura jisa uccanAgarI zAkhA meM ve dIkSita hue the, vaha bhI usI ke samIpa sthita U~ceharA (uccakalpa nagara) se utpanna huI thii| tattvArthabhASya kI prazasti meM umAsvAti kI mAtA ko vAtsI kahA gayA hai| hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki vartamAna nAgoda aura U~ceharA donoM hI prAcIna vatsa deza ke adhIna hI the| bharahuta aura isa kSetra ke Asa-pAsa jo kalA kA vikAsa dekhA jAtA hai, vaha kauzAmbI arthAt vatsadeza ke rAjAoM ke dvArA hI kiyA gayA thaa| U~ceharA vatsadeza ke dakSiNa kA eka prasiddha nagara thaa| bharahuta ke stapa ke nirmANa meM bhI vAtsI gotra ke logoM kA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna thA, aisA vahA~ se prApta abhilekhoM se pramANita hotA hai| bharahuta ke stUpa ke pUrvI toraNadvAra para vAcchIputta dhanabhUti kA ullekha hai| vatsagotra ke logoM kI bahalatA ke kAraNa hI yaha kSetra vatsa deza kahalAtA hogA aura umAsvAti kI mAtA isI gotra kI thiiN| ata: hama isI niSkarSa para pahuMcate haiM ki umAsvAti kA janmasthala nAgoda madhyapradeza (nyagrodha) aura unakI uccai gara zAkhA kA utpatti sthala U~ceharA (ma.pra.) hai| puna: unhoMne vartamAna paTanA (kusumapura) meM apanA tattvArthabhASya likhA thA ata: ve uttara bhArata ke nigraMtha saMgha meM hue haiN| unakA vicaraNa kSetra paTanA se mathurA taka arthAt vartamAna bihAra, uttarapradeza, uttara-pUrvI madhyapradeza aura pazcimI rAjasthAna taka mAnA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra prastuta Alekha meM maiMne umAsvAti ke janmasthala aura vicaraNa kSetra kA vicAra kiyA, jo mukhyata: abhilekhIya aura sAhityika sAkSyoM para AdhArita hai| vidvAnoM se maiM inakI samyak samIkSA kI apekSA rakhatA hU~, tAki isa mahAna jaina dArzanika ke itivRtta ko anuzrutiyoM kI dhuMdha se nikAla kara aitihAsika pariprekSya meM samyakarUpeNa dekhA jA ske|