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________________ uccairnAgara zAkhA ke utpatti sthala evaM umAsvAti ke janma sthAna kI pahacAna tattvArthasUtra ke praNetA umAsvAti ne tattvArtha bhASya kI antima prazasti meM apane ko uccairnAgara zAkhA kA kahA hai tathA apanA janma sthAna nyagrodhikA batAyA hai| prastuta Alekha kA mukhya uddezya uccairnAgara zAkhA ke utpatti sthala evaM umAsvAti ke janma sthala kA abhijJAna (pahacAna) karAnA hai| uccairnAgara zAkhA kA ullekha na kevala tattvArthabhASya meM upalabdha hotA hai, apitu zvetAmbara paramparA meM mAnya kalpasUtra kI sthavirAvalI 2 tathA mathurA ke bIsa abhilekhoM meM upalabdha hotA hai| kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI ke anusAra uccainAMgara zAkhA koTikagaNa kI eka zAkhA thI, mathurA 'ke abhilekhoM meM koTikagaNa kA tathA nau abhilekhoM meM uccairnAgara zAkhA kA ullekha milatA hai| koTikagaNa koTivarSa ke nivAsI Arya susthita se nikalA thaa| koTivarSa kI pahacAna purAtattvavidoM ne uttara baMgAla ke dinAjapura se kI hai| isI koTikagaNa se Arya zAnti zreNika se uccairnAgara zAkhA ke nikalane kA ullekha hai| kalpasUtra ke gaNa, kula aura zAkhAoM ke adhyayana karane para eka bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai| ki gaNoM kA aura zAkhAoM kA sambandha vyaktiyoM kI apekSA mukhyatayA sthAnoM yA nagaroM se adhika rahA hai| jaise- vAraNa gaNa vAraNAvarta se sambandhita thA, koTikagaNa koTivarSa se sambandhita thaa| yadyapi kucha gaNa vyaktiyoM se bhI sambandhita the| zAkhAoM meM kauzambiyA, koDambAnI, candranAgarI, mAdhyamikA, saurASTrikA uccairnAgara Adi zAkhAeM mukhyatayA nagaroM se sambandhita rahI haiN| kuloM kA sambandha mukhya rUpa se vyaktiyoM se rahA hai| unake dvArA bulandazahara kA U~cA nagara ke rUpa meM ullekha hone se muni kalyANavijayajI aura kApar3iyAjI ne tathA bAda meM paM0 sukhalAlajI ne uccairnAgara zAkhA ko bulandazahara se jor3ane kA prayAsa kiyaa| yadyapi pro0 kApar3iyA ne apanA koI spaSTa abhimata nahIM diyA hai| ve likhate haiM ki "isa zAkhA kA nAmakaraNa kisI nagara ke AdhAra para hI huA hogA kintu isakI pahacAna apekSAkRta kaThina hai kyoMki bahuta sAre aise grAma aura zahara haiM jinake anta meM 'nagara' nAma pAyA jAtA hai| ve Age bhI likhate haiM ki kaniMghama kA vizvAsa hai ki yaha U~cAnagara se sambandhita hogii|7 cU~ki kaniMghama ne ArkiyolAjikala sarve Apha iNDiyA ke 14veM khaNDa meM bulandazahara kA samIkaraNa UMcA nagara se kiyA thaa| isI AdhAra para muni kalyANavijayajI ne yaha likha diyA ki "U~cA nagarI zAkhA prAcIna U~cA nagarI se prasiddha huI thii| U~cA nagarI ko Ajakala bulandazahara kahate haiN|"" isa sambandha meM paM0 sukhalAlajI kA kathana hai ki "uccairnAgara' zAkhA kA prAkRta nAma 'uccAnAgara' milatA haiN| yaha zAkhA kisI grAma yA zahara ke nAma para prasiddha huI hogI, yaha to spaSTa dikhatA hai / parantu yaha grAma kauna sA thA, yaha nizcita karanA kaThina hai| bhArata ke aneka bhAgoM meM 'nagara' nAma ke yA anta meM 'nagara' zabda vAle aneka zahara tathA grAma haiN| 'bar3anagara' gujarAta kA purAnA tathA prasiddha nagara hai| bar3a kA artha moTA (vizAla) aura moTA kA artha kadAcit U~cA bhI hotA hai| lekina gujarAta meM bar3anagara nAma bhI pUrvadeza ke usa athavA usa jaise nAma ke zahara se liyA gayA hogA, aisI bhI vidvAnoM kI kalpanA hai| isase ucca nAgara zAkhA kA bar3anagara ke sAtha hI sambandha hai, yaha jora dekara nahIM kahA jA sktaa| isake atirikta jaba uccanAgara zAkhA utpanna huI, usa kAla meM bar3anagara thA yA nahIM aura thA to use usake sAtha jainoM kA kitanA sambandha thA, yaha bhI vicAraNIya hai| uccanAgara zAkhA ke udbhava ke samaya jainAcAryoM kA mukhya vihAra gaMgA-yamunA kI tarapha hone ke pramANa milate haiN| ataH bar3anagara ke sAtha uccanAgara zAkhA ke sambandha kI kalpanA sabala nahIM rahatI / isa viSaya meM kaniMghama kA kahanA hai ki yaha bhaugolika nAma uttara-pazcima prAnta ke Adhunika bulandazahara ke antargata 'uccanagara' nAma ke kile ke sAtha mela khAtA hai|9 uccairnAgara zAkhA kA utpatti sthala UMbeharA ( ma0pra) prastuta Alekha meM mAtra hama uccairnAgara zAkhA ke sandarbha meM hI carcA kreNge| vicAraNIya prazna yaha hai ki vaha ucairnAgara kahA~ sthita thA jisase yaha zAkhA nikalI thii| muni zrI kalyANavijayajI aura hIrAlAla kApar3iyA ne kaniMghama ko AdhAra batAte hue isa uccairnAgara zAkhA kA sambandha vartamAna bulandazahara se jor3ane kA prayatna kiyA hai| paM0 sukhalAlajI ne bhI tattvArtha kI bhUmikA meM isI kA anusaraNa kiyA hai| kaniMghama likhate haiM ki "varaNa yA bAraNa yaha nAma hindU itihAsa meM ajJAta hai| 'baraNa' ke cAra sikke bulandazahara se prApta hue haiN| musalamAna lekhakoM ne ise baraNa kahA hai| maiM samajhatA hU~ ki yaha vahI jagaha hogI aura isakA nAmakaraNa rAjA ahibaraNa ke nAma ke AdhAra para huA hogA jo ki tomara vaMza se sambandhita thA aura jisane yaha kilA banAvAyA thA kintu usakI tithi jJAta nahIM hai| yaha kilA bahuta purAnA hai aura eka UMce TIle para banA huA hai jisake AdhAra para hinduoM dvArA yaha U~cA gA~va yA U~cA nagara kahA gayA hai aura musalamAnoM ne use bulandazahara kahA hai|"6 yadyapi kaniMghama ne kahIM bhI isakA sambandha uccairnAgara zAkhA se nahIM batAyA kintu kintu hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki U~cAnagara zAkhA kA sambandha bulandazahara se tabhI jor3A jA sakatA hai jaba usakA astitva I0pU0 ke prathama zatAbdI ke lagabhaga rahA ho / mAtra yahI nahIM usa kAla meM vaha U~cAnagara kahalAtA bhI ho| isa zatAbdI ke prAcIna 'baraNa' nAma kA ullekha to milatA hai, kintu yaha bhI 9vIM - 10vIM zatAbdI se pUrva kA jJAta nahIM hotA hai cAraNa (varaNa) nAma se kaba isakA nAma bulandazahara huA, isake sambandha meM unhoMne apanI asamarthatA vyakta kI hai| yaha hinduoM ke dvArA U~cAgA~va yA U~cAnagara kahA jAtA thA mujhe to yaha bhI unakI .
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________________ 628 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 kalpanA hI pratIta hotI hai| isa sambandha meM ve koI bhI pramANa prastuta nahIM yaha stUpa I0pU0 dUsarI rI yA prathama zatI kA hai| itihAsakAroM ne ise zuMga kara sake haiN| baraNa nAma kA ullekha bhI muslima itihAsakAroM ne dasavIM kAla kA mAnA hai| bharahuta ke stUpa ke pUrvI toraNa para 'vAcchiputa dhanabhUti sadI ke bAda hI kiyA hai| itihAsakAroM ne isa U~cAgAMva kile kA kA' ullekha hai|16 puna: abhilekhoM meM 'suganaMraje' aisA ullekha hone se sambandha tomara vaMza ke rAjA ahivaraNa se jor3A hai ata: isakI avasthiti zuMga kAla meM isakA honA sunizcita hai|17 ata: uccairnAgara zAkhA kA IsA ke pAMcavI-chaThI zatI se pUrva to siddha hI nahIM hotI hai| yahA~ se sthApanA kAla (lagabhaga I0pU0 prAthama zatI) aura isa nagara kA sattA kAla mile sikkoM para 'govitasabArANaye' aisA ullekha hai|11 svayaM kaniMghama ne samAna hI hai| ata: ise uccairnAgara zAkhA kA utpatti sthala mAnane meM kAla bhI yaha sambhAvanA vyakta kI hai ki ina sikkoM kA sambandha vAraNAva yA kI dRSTi se koI bAdhA nahIM hai| ata: U~ceharA (uccakalpanagara) eka prAcIna bAraNAvata se rahA hogaa|12 vAraNAvarta kA ullekha mahAbhArata meM bhI hai jahA~ nagara thA isameM aba koI sandeha nahIM raha jAtA hai| yaha nagara vaizAlI yA pANDavoM ne hastinApura se nikalakara vizrAma kiyA thA tathA jahA~ unheM jindA pATaliputra se vArANasI hokara bharUkaccha ko jAne vAle athavA zrAvastI jalAne ke lie kauravoM dvArA lAkSAgRha kA nirmANa karavAyA gayA thaa|13 se kauzAmbI hokara vidizA, ujjainI aura bharUkaccha jAne vAle mArga para bAraNAvA (bAraNAvata) meraTha se16 mIla aura bulandazahara (prAcIna nAma sthita thaa| isI prakAra vaizAlI-pATaliputra se padmAvatI (pavAyA), gopAdrI barana) se 50 mIla kI dUrI para hiMDonA aura kRSNA nadI ke saMgama para (gvAliyara) hotA huA mathurA jAne vAle mArga para bhI isakI avasthiti sthita hai| merI dRSTi meM bAraNAvata vahIM hai jahA~ se jainoM kA 'bAraNagaNa thii| usa samaya gaMgA aura yamunA ke dakSiNa se hokara jAne vAlA mArga hI nikalA thaa| bAraNagaNa kA ullekha bhI kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI evaM mathurA adhika pracalita thA kyoMki isameM bar3I nadiyA~ nahIM AtI thIM, mArga pahAr3I ke abhilekhoM meM upalabdha hotA hai|14 ata: bulandazahara (barana) yA hone se kIcar3a Adi bhI adhika nahIM hotA thaa| jaina sAdhu prAya: yahI bAraNAvata (bAraNAvarta) kA sambandha bAraNagaNa se ho sakatA hai, na ki mArga apanAte the| uccai garI zAkhA se jo ki koTikagaNa kI zAkhA thii| ata: hameM isa prAcIna yAtrA mArgoM ke AdhAra para aisA pratIta hotA hai ki bhrAnti kA nirAkaraNa kara lenA caahie| uccai gara zAkhA kA sambandha kisI U~cAnagara kI avasthiti eka pramukha kendra ke rUpa meM thii| yahA~ se kauzAmbI, bhI sthiti meM bulandazahara se nahIM ho sakatA hai| prayAga, vArANasI, pATaliputra, vidizA, mathurA Adi sabhI ora mArga jAte yaha satya hai ki uccai gara zAkhA kA sambandha kisI U~cAnagara the| pATaliputra se gaMgA-yamunA Adi bar3I nadiyoM ko binA pAra kiye jo se hI ho sakatA hai| isa sandarbha meM hamane isase milate-julate nAmoM kI prAcIna sthala mArga thA usake kendra nagara ke rUpa meM uccakalpanagara khoja prArambha kii| hameM U~cAhAra, U~caDIha, U~cIbastI, UcauliyA, (U~cAnagara) kI sthiti siddha hotI hai| yaha eka aisA mArga thA jisameM kahIM U~cAnA, U~ceharA Adi kucha nAma prApta hue|15 hameM isa nAmoM meM U~cAhArA bhI koI bar3I nadI nahIM AtI thI ata: sArtha nirApada samajhakara ise hI (u0pra0) aura U~ceharA (ma0pra0) ye do nAma adhika nikaTa pratIta hue| apanAte the| prAcIna kAla se Aja taka yaha nagara dhAtuoM ke mizraNa ke U~cAhAra kI sambhAvanA bhI isalie hameM ucita nahIM lagI ki usakI bartana hetu prasiddha rahA hai| Aja bhI vahA~ kA~se ke bartana sarvAdhika mAtrA prAcInatA ke sandarbha meM vizeSa jAnakArI upalabdha nahIM hai| ata: hamane meM banate haiN| U~ceharA kA uccaira zabda se jo dhvani sAmya hai vaha bhI hameM U~ceharA ko hI apanI gaveSaNA kA viSaya banAnA ucita smjhaa| U~ceharA isI niSkarSa ke lie bAdhya karatA hai ki uccai gara zAkhA kI utpatti madhya pradeza ke satanA jile meM satanA sTezana se 11 ki0mI0 dakSiNa usI kSetra se huI thii| kI ora sthita hai| U~ceharA se 7 ki0mI0 uttara pUrva kI ora bharahuta kA prasiddha stUpa sthita hai, isase isa sthAna kI prAcInatA kA bhI patA umAsvAti kA janma sthAna nAgoda (ma0pra0) laga jAtA hai| vartamAna U~ceharA se lagabhaga do ki0mI0 kI dUrI para pahAr3a umAsvAti ne apanA janma sthAna nyagrodhikA batAyA hai| isa ke paThAra para yaha prAcIna nagara sthita thA, isI se isakA U~cAnagara sambandha meM bhI vidvAnoM ne aneka prakAra ke anumAna kiye haiN| cU~ki nAmakaraNa bhI siddha hotA hai| yahA~ ke nagara nivAsiyoM ne mujhe bhI batAyA umAsvAti ne tattvArthabhASya kI racanA kusumapura (paTanA) meM kI thii|18 ata: ki pahale yaha uccakalpanagarI kahA jAtA thA aura yahA~ se bahuta sI adhikAMza logoM ne umAsvAti ke janmasthala kI pahacAna usI kSetra meM karane purAtAttvika sAmagrI bhI milatI thii| yahA~ se guptakAla arthAt IsA kI kA prayAsa kiyA hai| nyagrodha ko vaTa bhI kahA jAtA hai| isa AdhAra para pAMcavIM zatI ke kaI mahArAjAoM ke kaI dAnapatra prApta hue| ina tAmra pahAr3apura ke nikaTa baTagohalI jahA~ se paMcastUpAnvaya kA eka tAmra lekha dAnapatroM meM uccakalpa (ucchakalpa) kA spaSTa ullekha hai, ye dAnapatra gupta milA hai, se bhI isakA samIkaraNa karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| merI dRSTi saM0156 se gupta saM0209 ke bIca ke haiN| (vistRta vivaraNa ke lie meM yaha dhAraNAeM samucita nahIM hai| uccairnAgara zAkhA jo U~ceharA se dekheM aitihAsika sthAnAvalI-vijendra kumAra mAthura, pR0 260-261) sambandhita thI, usameM umAsvAti ke dIkSita hone kA artha yahI hai ki ve isase isa nagara kI guptakAla meM to avasthiti spaSTa ho jAtI hai| punaH usake utpatti sthala ke nikaTa hI kahIM janme hoNge| uccainagara yA U~ceharA jisa prakAra vidizA ke samIpa sA~cI kA stUpa nirmita huA thA usI prakAra se mathurA jahA~ uccanAgarI zAkhA ke adhikatama ullekha prApta hue haiM, tathA isa uccainagara (U~ceharA) ke samIpa bharahuta kA stUpa nirmita huA thA aura paTanA jahA~ unhoMne tattvArthabhASya kI racanA kI, vahAM se donoM lagabhaga 450
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________________ uccai gara zAkhA ke utpatti sthala evaM umAsvAti ke janma sthAna kI pahacAna 629 ki0mI0 kI samAna dUrI para avasthita haiM aura kisI jaina sAdhu ke dvArA kA janmasthala nAgoda (nyagrodha) hai aura usakI UcairnAgara zAkhA kA utpatti vahA~ se eka mAha kI padayAtrA kara donoM sthaloM para AsAnI se pahu~cA jA sthala U~ceharA hI hai| sakatA hai| svayaM umAsvAti ne hI likhA hai ki ve vihAra (padayAtrA) karate saMdarbhahue kusumapura (paTanA) pahu~ce the-viharatApurave kusumanAmni 19 isase yahI 1. tattvArthabhASya, antima prazasti, zloka 3,5 lagatA thA ki nyagrodha (nAgoda) kusumapura (paTanA) ke samIpa nahIM thaa| DaoN0 2. kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI, 218 hIrAlAla jaina ne saMgha vibhAjana sthala-rahavIrapura kI kalpanA dakSiNa meM 3. jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga 2, lekha kramAMka, 19, 20, 22, mahArASTra ke ahamadanagara jile ke rAhurI grAma se kI aura usI ke samIpa 23, 31, 35, 36, 50, 64, 71 sthita 'nidhoja' se kI kintu yaha ThIka nahIM hai|20 prathama to vyAkaraNa 4. kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI, 216 kI dRSTi se nyagrodha kA prAkRta rUpa nAgoda hotA hai, nidhoja nhiiN| dUsare 5. aitihAsika sthAnAvalI (le0 vijayendra kumAra mAthura), pR0 231 umAsvAti jisa uccai gara zAkhA ke the vaha zAkhA uttara bhArata kI thI, 6. Archaeological Survey of India, Vol. 14, p. 147 ata: unakA sambandha uttara bhArata se hI hai| ata: unakA janma sthala bhI 7. tattvArthAdhigamasUtram (dvitIyovibhAga), iNTroDaksana, hIrAlAla uttara bhArata meM hI hogaa| uccanAgarI zAkhA ke utpatti sthala U~ceharA se kApar3iyA, pR06 lagabhaga 30 ki0mI0 pazcima kI ora 'nigoda' nAmaka kasbA Aja bhI 8. paTTAvalI parAga saMgraha (muni kalyANa vijaya), pR0 37 hai| AjAdI ke pUrva yaha eka svatantra rAjya thA aura U~ceharA isI rAjya 9. tattvArthasUtra, (vivecaka paM0 sukhalAla saMghavI), prakAzaka pArzvanAtha ke adhIna AtA thaa| nAgoda ke AsapAsa bhI jo prAcIna sAmagrI milI vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, pR0 4 . hai usase yahI siddha hotA hai ki yaha bhI eka prAcIna nagara thaa| pro0 ke0DI0 10. aitihAsika sthAnAvalI, pR0608, 640 bAjapeyI ne nAgoda se 24 ki0mI0 dUra nacanA kuThAra ke purAtAttvika 11. Archaeological Survey of India, Vol. 14, p. 147 mahattva para vistAra se prakAza DAlA hai|21 nAgoda kI avasthiti pannA 12. vahI (ma0pra0), nacanA kuThAra aura U~ceharA ke madhya hai| ina kSetroM meM guptakAla 13. aitihAsika sthAnAvalI, pR0 843-44 ke pUrva zuMgakAla se pUrva 9vIM-10vIM zatI taka kI purAtAttvika sAmagrI 14. kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI, 212 milatI hai| ata: isakI prAcInatA meM sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| 15. U~ccha nAmaka anya nagaroM ke lie dekhie-The Ancient nAgoda nyagrodha kA hI prAkRta rUpa hai| ata: sambhAvanA yahI hai ki umAsvAti Geography of India, p. 204-205 kA janmasthala yahI nAgoda thA aura jisa uccanAgarI zAkhA meM ve dIkSita 16. bharahuta (DaoN0 ramAnAtha mizra), bhUmikA, pR0 18 hue ho, vaha bhI usI ke samIpa sthita U~ceharA (uccakalpa nagara) se utpanna 17. vahI, pR0 18-19 huI thii| tattvArthabhASya kI prazasti meM umAsvAti kI mAtA ko vAtsI kahA 18. tattvArthasUtra, pR0 5 gayA hai| hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki vartamAna nAgoda aura U~ceharA 19. tattvArthAdhigamasUtra, svopajJa bhASya, antima prazasti, zloka 3 donoM hI prAcIna vatsa deza ke adhIna hI the| bharahata aura isa kSetra ke 20. digambara jaina siddhAnta darzana, prakA0 digambara jaina paMcAyata, bambaI, AsapAsa jo kalA kA vikAsa dekhA jAtA hai vaha kauzambI arthAt disambara 1944 meM mudrita 'jaina itihAsa kA eka vilupta adhyAya' vatsadeza ke rAjAoM ke dvArA kiyA gayA thaa| U~ceharA vatsadeza ke dakSiNa nAmaka pro0 hIrAlAla jaina kA lekha, pR0 7 kA eka prasiddha nagara thaa| bharahuta ke stUpa ke nirmANa meM bhI vAtsI gotra 21. saMskRti sandhAna (sampA0 DaoN0 jhinakU yAdava) vAlyUma 3, 1990 ke logoM kA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna thA, aisA vahA~ se prApta abhilekhoM se . meM mudrita 'bundelakhaNDa kI sAMskRtika dharohara: nacanA' nAmaka pro0 pramANita hotA hai| bharahuta ke stUpa ke pUrvI toraNa dvAra bAcchIputta dhanabhUti kRSNadatta bAjapeyI kA lekha pR0 31 kA ullekha hai| 22 ataH hama isI niSkarSa para paha~cate haiM ki umAsvAti 22. bharahuta, bhUmikA, pR0 18.