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________________ jaina dharma aura darzana zabda hai jaisA bauddha piTakoM meM bhI hai| isa taraha bauddha piTakoM ke ullekhoM aura jaina zrAgamoM ke varNanoM kA milAna karate haiM to yaha mAnanA hI par3atA hai ki piTakaM aura AgamoM kA varNana sacamuca aitihAsika hai| yadyapi bha0 mahAvIra ke bAda uttarottara sacelatA kI aura nirgranthoM kI pravRtti bar3hatI gaI hai to bhI usameM acelatva rahA hai aura usI kI pratiSThA mukhya rahI hai / itanI aitihAsika carcA se hama nimnalikhita natIje para nirvivAda rUpa se pahu~cate haiM 1-bha0 mahAvIra ke pahale itihAsayuga meM nirgrantha-paraMparA sacela hI thii| . . 2-bha0 mahAvIra ne apane jIvana ke dvArA hI nirgrantha-paraMparA meM acelatva dAkhila kiyaa| aura vahI nirgranthoM kA Adarza svarUpa mAnA jAne lagA to bhI pAzvopatyika-paraMparA ke nirgranthoM ko apanI naI paraMparA meM milAne kI dRSTi se nigranthoM ke maryAdita sacelatva ko bhI sthAna diyA gayA, jisase bha0 mahAvIra ke samaya meM nirgrantha-paraMparA ke sacela aura acela donoM rUpa sthira hue aura sacela meM bhI ekazATaka hI utkRSTa prAcAra mAnA gayA / 3-bha0 mahAvIra ke samaya meM yA kucha samaya bAda sacelatva aura acelatva ke pakSapAtiyoM meM kucha khIMcAtAnI yA prAcInatA-arvAcInatA ko lekara vAda-vivAda hone lagA, taba bha0 mahAvIra ne yA unake samakAlIna ziSyoM ne samAdhAna kiyA ki adhikAra bheda se donoM AcAra ThIka haiM, yadyapi prAcInatA kI dRSTi se to sacelatA hI mukhya hai, para acelatA navIna hone para bhI guNadRSTi se mukhya hai / sacelatA aura acelatA ke bIca jo sAmaMjasya huA thA vaha bhI mahAvIra ke bAda karIba do sau DhAI sau sAla taka barAbara calatA rahA / Age donoM pakSoM ke abhiniveza aura khIMcAtAnI ke kAraNa nirgrantha-paraMparA meM aisI vikRtiyA~ zrAI ki jinake kAraNa uttarakAlIna nirgrantha vAGmaya bhI usa mudde para vikRta-sA ho gayA hai| tapa bauddha-piTakoM meM aneka jagaha 'nigaMTha' ke sAtha 'tapassI', 'dI tapassI' aise vizeSaNa Ate haiM, isa taraha kaI bauddha suttoM meM rAjagRhI Adi jaise sthAnoM meM tapasyA karate hue nigranthoM kA varNana hai, aura khuda tathAgata buddha ke dvArA kI gaI 1. dekho pR0 88, Ti0 2
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________________ 61 tapa nirgranthoM kI tapasyA kI samAlocanA bhI AtI hai ? / isI taraha jahA~ buddha ne apanI pUrva-jIvanI ziSyoM se kahI vahA~ bhI unhoMne apane sAdhanA kAla meM kI gaI kucha aisI tapasyAtroM kA varNana kiyA hai jo eka mAtra nirgrantha-paraMparAM kI hI kahI jA sakatI haiM aura jo isa samaya upalabdha jaina AgamoM meM varNana kI gaI nirgrantha-tapasyAoM ke sAtha akSarazaH milatI haiN| aba hameM dekhanA yaha hai ki bauddha piTakoM meM AnevAlA nirgrantha-tapasyA kA varNana kahA~ taka aitihAsika hai / 4 4 khuda jJAtaputra mahAvIra kA jIvana hI kevala ugra tapasyA kA mUrta svarUpa hai, jo AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskaMdha meM milatA hai| isake sivAya AgamoM ke sabhI purAne staroM meM jahA~ kahIM kisI ke pratrajyA lene kA varNana AtA hai vahA~ zurU maiM hI hama dekhate haiM ki vaha dIkSita nirgrantha tapaHkarma kA AcaraNa karatA hai / eka taraha se mahAvIra ke sAdhusaMgha kI sArI caryA hI tapomaya milatI hai / anuttarovavAI Adi AgamoM meM aneka aise muniyoM kA varNana hai jinhoMne utkaTa tapa se apane deha ko kevala paMjara banA diyA hai / isake sivAya Aja taka kI jaina paraMparA kA zAstra tathA sAdhu - gRhasthoM kA AcAra dekhane se bhI hama yahI kaha sakate haiM ki mahAvIra ke zAsana meM tapa kI mahimA adhika rahI hai aura unake utkaTa tapa kA asara saMgha para aisA par3A hai ki jainatva tapa kA dUsarA paryAya hI bana gayA hai / mahAvIra ke vihAra ke sthAnoM meM aMga-magadha, kAzI - kozala sthAna mukhya haiM / jisa rAjagRhI Adi sthAna meM tapasyA karanevAle nirgranthoM kA nirdeza bauddha granthoM meM trAtA hai vaha rAjagRhI Adi sthAna to mahAvIra ke sAdhanA aura upadeza- samaya ke mukhya dhAma rahe haiM aura una sthAnoM meM mahAvIra kA nirgrantha-saMgha pradhAna rUpa se rahA hai / isa taraha hama bauddhapiTakoM aura AgamoM ke milAna se nIce likhe pariNAma para pahu~cate haiM 1 -- khuda mahAvIra aura unakA nirgrantha-saMgha tapomaya jIvana ke Upara adhika bhAra dete the / 2- - magadha ke rAjagRhI Adi aura kAzI- kozala ke zrAvastI Adi zaharoM meM tapasyA karanevAle nirgrantha bahutAyata se vicarate aura pAe jAte the / 1. majjhima su0 56 aura 14 / 2 dekho 50 58, Ti0 12. 3. bhagavatI 6. 33 / 2.1. / 6.6 / 4. bhagavatI 2. 1 /
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________________ 62 jaina dharma aura darzana Upara ke kathana se mahAvIra ke samakAlIna aura uttarakAlIna nirgrantha-paraMparA kI tapasyA pradhAna vRtti meM to koI saMdeha rahatA hI nahIM, para aba vicAranA yaha hai ki mahAvIra ke pahale bhI nigrantha-paraMparA tapasyA-pradhAna thI yA nahIM? isakA uttara hameM 'hA~' meM hI mila jAtA hai / kyoMki bha* mahAvIra ne pArvApatyika nigrantha-paraMparA meM hI dIkSA lI thI / aura dIkSA ke prArambha se hI tapa kI ora jhuke the| isase pAzcApatyika-paraMparA kA tapa kI ora kaisA jhukAva thA isakA hameM patA cala jAtA hai / bha0 pArzvanAtha kA jo jIvana jaina granthoM meM varNita hai usako dekhane se bhI hama yahI kaha sakate haiM ki pArzvanAtha ko nirgrantha-paraMparA tapazcaryA-pradhAna rhiiN| usa paraMparA meM bha0 mahAvIra ne zuddhi yA vikAsa kA tattva apane jIvana ke dvArA bhale hI dAkhila kiyA ho para unhoMne pahale se calI Ane vAlI NApatyika nirgrantha-paraMparA meM tapomArga kA nayA praveza to nahIM kiyA / isakA sabUta hameM dUsarI taraha se bhI mila jAtA hai| jahA~ buddha ne apanI pUrvajIvanI kA varNana karate hue anekavidha tapasyAoM kI niHsAratA' apane ziSyoM ke sAmane kahI hai vahA~ nintha tapasyA kA bhI nirdeza kiyA hai| buddha ne zAtaputra mahAvIra ke pahale hI janma liyA thA aura gRhatyAga karake tapasvI-mArga svIkAra kiyA thaa| usa samaya meM pracalita anyAnya paMthoM kI taraha buddha ne nigrantha paMtha ko bhI thor3e samaya ke lie svIkAra kiyA thA aura apane samaya meM pracalita nigrantha-tapasyA kA AcaraNa bhI kiyA thaa| isIlie jaba buddha apanI pUrvAcarita tapasyAoM kA varNana karate haiM, taba usameM hUbahU nigranya-tapasyAoM kA svarUpa bhI AtA hai jo abhI jaina granthoM aura jaina-paraMparA ke sivAya anyatra kahIM dekhane ko nahIM milatA / mahAvIra ke pahale jisa nirgrantha-tapasyA kA buddha ne anuSThAna kiyA vaha tapasyA pAApatyika nirgantha-paraMparA ke sivAya anya kisI ninya-paraMparA kI sambhava nahIM hai / kyoMki mahAvIra to abhI maujUda hI nahIM the aura buddha ke janmasthAna kapilavastu se lekara unake sAdhanAsthala rAjagRhI, gayA, kAzI Adi meM pApityika nirgrantha-paraMparA kA nirvivAda astitva aura prAdhAnya thaa| jahA~ buddha ne sarva prathama dharmacakra pravartana kiyA vaha sAranAtha bhI kAzI kA hI eka bhAga hai, aura vaha kAzI pArzvanAtha kI janmabhUmi tathA tapasyAbhUmi rahI hai| apanI sAdhanA ke samaya jo buddha ke sAtha pA~ca dUsare bhikSu the ve buddha ko chor3akara sAranAthaisipattana meM hI zrAkara apanA tapa karate the| Azcarya nahIM ki ve pA~ca bhikSu nimrantha-paraparA ke hI anugAmI hoN| kucha bhI ho, para buddha ne nirgrantha tapasyA kA, 1. dekho pR0 58, Ti0 12
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________________ tapa 63 bhale hI thor3e samaya ke lie, AcaraNa kiyA thA isameM koI saMdeha hI nahIM hai| aura vaha tapasyA pAvApatyika nirmantha-paraMparA kI hI ho sakatI hai| isase hama yaha mAna sakate haiM ki jJAtaputra mahAvIra ke pahale bhI nirgrantha-paraMparA kA svarUpa tapasyA pradhAna hI thaa| Upara kI carcA se nirgrantha-paraMparA kI tapasyA saMbaMdhI aitihAsika sthiti yaha phalita hotI hai ki kama se kama pArzvanAtha se lekara nimrantha-paraMparA tapaHpradhAna rahI hai aura usake tapa ke jhukAva ko mahAvIra ne aura bhI vega diyA hai| yahA~ hamAre sAmane aitihAsika dRSTi se do prazna haiN| eka to yaha ki buddha ne bAra-bAra nimrantha tapasyAoM kA jo prativAda yA khaMDana kiyA hai vaha kahA~ taka sahI hai aura usake khaMDana kA AdhAra kyA hai ? aura dUsarA yaha hai ki mahAvIra ne pUrva pracalita nimrantha-tapasyA meM koI vizeSatA lAne kA prayatna kiyA hai yA nahIM aura kiyA hai to kyA ? 1-nimrantha tapasyA ke khaMDana karane ke pIche buddha kI dRSTi mukhya yahI rahI hai ki tapa yaha kAyakleza hai, dehadamana mAtra hai / usake dvArA duHkhasahana kA to abhyAsa bar3hatA hai lekina usase koI AdhyAtmika sukha yA cittazuddhi prApta nhiiN| hotI / buddha kI usa dRSTi kA hama nirgrantha dRSTi ke sAtha milAna kareM to kahanA hogA ki nirgrantha-paraMparA kI dRSTi aura buddha kI dRSTi meM tAttvika aMtara koI nahIM hai| kyoMki khuda mahAvIra aura unake upadeza ko mAnanevAlI sArI nirgrantha-paraMparA kA vAGmaya donoM eka svara se yahI kahate haiM ki kitanA hI dehadamana yA kAyakleza ugra kyoM na ho para yadi usakA upayoga AdhyAtmika zuddhi aura cittakleza ke nivAraNa meM nahIM hotA to vaha dehadamana yA kAyakleza mithyA hai / isakA matalaba to yahI huA ki nirgrantha-paraMparA bhI dehadamana yA kAyakleza ko tabhI taka sArthaka mAnatI hai jaba taka usakA saMbandha AdhyAtmika zuddhi ke sAtha ho / taba buddha ne prativAda kyoM kiyA ? yaha prazna sahaja hI hotA hai| isakA khulAsA buddha ke jIvana ke jhukAva se tathA unake upadezoM se milatA hai| buddha kI prakRti vizeSa parivatanazIla aura vizeSa tarkazIla rahI hai| unakI prakRti ko jaba ugra dehadamana se saMtoSa nahIM huA taba unhoMne use eka anta kaha kara chor3a diyA aura dhyAnamArga, naitika jIvana tathA prajJA para hI mukhya bhAra diyA / unako isI ke 1. dekho pR0 58, Ti0 12 2. dazava06. 4-4; bhaga03-1
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________________ jaina dharma aura darzana dvArA AdhyAtmika sukha prApta huyA aura usI tattva para apanA nayA saMgha sthApita kiyaa| nae sagha ko sthApita karanevAle ke lie yaha anivArya rUpa se jarUrI ho jAtA hai ki vaha apane AcAra-vicAra saMbandhI nae jhukAva ko adhika se adhika lokagrAhya banAne ke lie prayatna kare aura pUrvakAlIna tathA samakAlIna anya sampradAyoM ke mantavyoM kI ugra AlocanA kare / aisA kie binA koI apane nae saMgha meM anuyAyiyoM ko na to ekatra kara sakatA hai aura na ekatra hue anuyAyiyoM ko sthira rakha sakatA hai| buddha ke nae saMgha kI pratispardhI aneka paraMparAe~ maujUda thIM jinameM nimrantha-paraMparA kA prAdhAnya jaisA-taisA na thA / sAmAnya janatA sthUladarzI hone ke kAraNa bAhya ugra tapa aura dehadamana se saralatA se tapasviyoM kI zrora AkRSTa hotI hai, yaha anubhava sanAtana hai| eka to, pApityika nirgrantha-paraMparA ke anuyAyiyoM ko tapasyA-saMskAra janmasiddha thA aura dUsare, mahAvIra ke tathA unake nirgrantha-saMgha ke ugra tapazcaraNa ke dvArA sAdhAraNa janatA anAyAsa hI nirgranthoM ke prati muktI hI thI aura taponuSThAna ke prati buddha kA zithila rUkha dekhakara unake sAmane prazna kara baiThatI thI ki Apa tapa ko kyoM nahIM mAnate' jana ki saba zramaNa tapa para bhAra dete haiM ? taba buddha ko apane pakSa kI saphAI bhI karanI thI aura sAdhAraNa janatA tathA adhikArI evaM rAjA-mahArAjAoM ko apane maMtavyoM kI ora khIMcanA bhI thA / isalie unake lie yaha anivArya ho jAtA thA ki vaha tapa kI ugra samAlocanA kreN| unhoMne kiyA bhI aisA hii| ve tapa kI samAlocanA meM saphala tabhI ho sakate the jaba ve yaha batalAe~ ki tapa kevala kaSTa mAtra hai / usa samaya aneka tapasvI-mArga aise bhI the jo kevala bAhya vividha klezoM meM hI tapa kI itizrI samajhate the| una bAhya tapomArgoM kI niHsAratA kA jahA~ taka saMbandha hai vahA~ taka to buddha kA tapasyA kA khaMDana yathArtha hai, para jaba AdhyAtmika zuddhi ke sAtha saMbandha rakhanevAlI tapasyAoM ke prativAda kA savAla AtA hai taba vaha prativAda nyAyapUta nahIM mAlUma hotA / phira bhI buddha ne nirgrantha tapasyAoM kA khullamakhullA aneka bAra virodha kiyA hai to isakA artha itanA hI samajhanA cAhie ki buddha ne nirgrantha-paramparA ke dRSTikoNa ko pUrNatayA lakSya meM na lekara kevala unake bAhya tapa kI ora dhyAna diyA aura dUsarI paraMparAoM ke khaMDana ke sAtha nirgranthaparamparA ke tapa ko bhI ghasITA / nirgrantha-paramparA kA tAttvika dRSTikoNa kucha bhI * kyoM na rahA ho para manuSya-svabhAva ko dekhate hue tathA jaina granthoM meM AnevAle 1 aMguttara Vol. I. P. 220 2 uttarA0 a0 17
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________________ katipaya varNanoM ke AdhAra para hama yaha bhI kaha sakate haiM ki sabhI nirgrantha-tapasvI aise nahIM the jo apane tapa yA dehadamana ko kevala AdhyAtmika zuddhi meM hI caritArtha karate hoM / aisI sthiti meM yadi buddha ne tathA unake ziSyoM ne nirgrantha-tapasyA kA prativAda kiyA to vaha aMzataH satya bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| 2--dUsare prazna kA javAba hameM jaina zrAgamoM se hI mila jAtA hai| buddha kI taraha mahAvIra bhI kevala dehadamana ko jIvana kA lakSya samajhate na the / kyoMki aise aneka-vidha ghora dehadamana karanevAloM ko bha0 mahAvIra ne tApasa yA mithyA tapa karanevAlA kahA hai / tapasyA ke viSaya meM bhI pArzvanAtha kI dRSTi mAtra dehadamana yA kAyakleza pradhAna na hokara AdhyAtmika zuddhilakSI thii| para isameM to saMdeha hI nahIM hai ki nigrantha-paramparA bhI kAla ke pravAha meM par3akara aura mAnava svabhAva kI nirbalatA ke adhIna hokara Aja kI mahAvIra kI paraMparA kI taraha mukhyatayA dehadamana kI ora hI jhuka gaI thI aura AdhyAtmika lakSya eka ora raha gayA thA / bha0 mahAvIra ne kiyA so to itanA hI hai ki usa paraMparAgata sthUla tapa kA saMbaMdha AdhyAtmika zuddhi ke sAtha anivArya rUpa se jor3a diyA aura kaha diyA ki saba prakAra ke kAyakleza, upavAsa Adi zarIrendriyadamana tapa hai para ve bAhya tapa haiM, zrAMtarika tapa nahIM / Antarika va AdhyAtmika tapa to anya hI haiM, jo Atmazuddhi se anivArya saMbandha rakhate haiM aura dhyAna-jJAna Adi rUpa haiM / mahAvIra ne pApa tyika nigrantha-paraMparA meM cale pAnevAle bAhya tapa ko svIkAra to kiyA para use jyoM kA tyoM svIkAra nahIM kiyA balki kucha aMza meM apane jIvana ke dvArA usameM ugratA lA karake bhI usa dehadamana kA saMbandha aAbhyantara tapa ke sAtha jor3A aura spaSTa rUpa se kaha diyA ki tapa kI pUrNatA to AdhyAtmika zuddhi kI prApti se hI ho sakatI hai / khuda AcaraNa se apane kathana ko siddha karake jahA~ eka ora mahAvIra ne nimrantha-paraMparA ke pUrva pracalita zuSka dehadamana meM sudhAra kiyA vahA~ dUsarI aura anya zramaNa-paraMparAoM meM pracalita vividha dehadamanoM ko bhI apUrNa tae aura mithyA tapa batalAyA / isalie yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki tapomArga meM mahAvIra kI dena khAsa hai aura vaha yaha ki kevala zarIra aura indriyadamana meM samA jAnevAle tapa zabda ke artha ko AdhyAtmika zuddhi meM upayogI aise sabhI upAyoM taka vistRta kiyA / yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina AgamoM meM pada-pada para Abhyantara aura bAhya donoM prakAra ke tapoM kA sAtha-sAtha nirdeza AtA hai / 1. bhagavatI 3.1 / 11. 6 / 2 uttarA0 30
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________________ 66 jaina dharma aura darzana buddha ko tapa kI pUrva paraMparA chor3akara dhyAna-samAdhi kI paraMparA para hI adhika bhAra denA thA jaba ki mahAvIra ko tapa kI pUrva paraMparA binA chor3e bhI usake sAtha AdhyAtmika zuddhi kA saMbandha jor3akara hI dhyAna-samAdhi ke mArga para bhAra denA thaa| yahI donoM kI pravRtti aura prarUpaNA kA mukhya antara thaa| mahAvIra ke aura unake ziSyoM ke tapasvI-jIvana kA jo samakAlIna janatA ke Upara asara par3atA thA usase bAdhita hokara ke buddha ko apane bhitusaGgha meM aneka kar3e niyama dAkhila karane par3e jo bauddha vinaya-piTaka ko dekhane se mAlUma ho jAtA hai| to bhI buddha ne kabhI bAhya-tapa kA pakSapAta nahIM kiyA balki jahA~ prasaMga AyA vahA~ usakA parihAsa hI kiyA / khuda buddha kI isa zailI ko uttarakAlIna sabhI bauddha lekhakoM ne apanAyA hai phalataH aAja hama yaha dekhate haiM ki buddha kA dehadamana-virodha bauddha saMgha meM sukumAratA meM pariNata ho gayA hai, jaba ki mahAvIra kA bAhya tapojIvana jaina-paraMparA meM kevala dehadamana meM pariNata ho gayA hai jo ki donoM sAmudAyika prakRti ke svAbhAvika doSa haiM, na ki mUlapuruSoM ke Adarza ke doSa / AcAra-vicAra tathAgata buddha ne apane pUrva-jIvana kA varNana karate hue anekavidha AcAroM kA varNana kiyA hai, jinako ki unhoMne khuda pAlA thaa| una AcAroM meM aneka AcAra aise haiM jo kevala nirgrantha-paraMparA meM hI prasiddha haiM aura isa samaya bhI ve AcAra AcArAMga, dazavaikAlika Adi prAcIna sUtroM meM nigrantha ke zrAcAra rUpa se varNita haiM / ve aAcAra saMkSepa meM ye haiM-nagnatva-vastradhAraNa na karanA, 'aAie bhadanta!' 'khar3e rahiye bhadanta !' aisA koI kahe to use sunA-anasunA kara denA, sAmane lAkara dI huI bhikSA kA, apane uddezya se banAI huI bhikSA kA, aura diye gae nimantraNa kA asvIkAra; jisa bartana meM rasoI pakI ho usameM se sIdhI dI gaI bhikSA kA tathA khala Adi meM se dI gaI bhikSA kA asvIkAra; jImate hue do meM se uThakara eka ke dvArA dI jAne vAlI bhikSA kA, garbhiNI strI ke dvArA dI huI bhikSA kA aura puruSoM ke sAtha ekAnta meM sthita aisI strI ke dvArA dI jAnevAlI bhikSA kA, baccoM ko dUdha pilAtI huI strI ke dvArA dI jAnevAlI bhikSA kA asvIkAra; utsava, mele aura yAtrAdi meM jahA~ sAmUhika bhojana banA ho vahA~ se bhikSA kA 1. udAharaNArtha- banaspati Adi ke jantuoM kI hiMsA se bacane ke lie caturmAsa kA niyama-bauddha saMghano paricaya pR0 22 /