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________________ syAdvAda sAhitya kA vikAsa ahiMsA aura anekAnta ye jainadharma ke do mUla siddhAnta hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne inhIM do mUla siddhAntoM para adhika basa diyA hai| mahAvIra parama ahiMsaka the| ve zArIrika ahiMsA ke samAna hI mAnasika ahiMsA - pAlana para bhI jora dete the| unakA nizcita mata thA ki upazama vRtti se hI manuSya kA kalyANa ho sakatA hai aura yahI vRtti mokSa kA sAdhana hai| mAnasika, vAcika aura kAyika isa trividha ahiMsA kI paripUrNa sAdhanA aura sthAyI pratiSThA vastu-svarUpa ke yathArtha darzana ke binA honA azakya hai| hama bhale hI zarIra se dUsare kI hiMsA na kareM kintu vacana, vyavahAra aura cittagata vicAra yadi viSama aura visaMvAdI haiM to kAyika ahiMsA kA pAlana kaThina hai| isIlie unakA upadeza thA ki pratyeka puruSa bhinna-bhinna dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva ke anusAra hI satya kI prApti karatA hai| jisase pratyeka darzana ke siddhAnta kisI apekSA se satya haiN| jaba taka ina matoM kA vastusthiti ke AdhAra para yathArtha darzanapUrvaka samanvaya na hogA, taba taka hiMsA aura saMgharSa kI jar3a nahIM kaTa sakatI hai| hamArA kartavya to yaha honA cAhie ki hama vyartha ke vAda-vivAdoM meM na par3akara ahiMsA aura zAntimaya jIvanayApana kreN| hama pratyeka vastu ko pratikSaNa utpanna hotI huI aura naSTa hotI huI dekhate haiN| sAtha hI usa vastu ke nityatva ko bhI anubhava karate haiM / ataeva pratyeka padArtha kisI apekSA se nitya aura sat tathA kisI apekSA se anitya aura asat Adi aneka dharmoM se yukta hai / anekAntavAda sambandhI isa prakAra ke vicAra prAya: prAcIna Agama granthoM meM yatra-tatra dekhane meM Ate haiN| gautama gaNadhara bhagavAn mahAvIra se pUchate haiM -- AtmA jJAna svarUpa hai, athavA ajJAna svarUpa ? bhagavAn uttara dete haiM-AtmA niyama se jJAna svarUpa hai kyoMki jJAna ke binA AtmA kI vRtti nahIM dekhI jAtI hai / parantu AtmA jJAna rUpa bhI hai aura ajJAna rUpa bhI "AyA puNa siya NANe siya annANe" / isI taraha jJAtudharmakathA aura bhagavatIsUtra meM bhI vastu ko dravya kI apekSA eka jJAna aura darzana kI apekSA se aneka, kisI apekSA se asti, kisI se nAsti aura kisI apekSA se avaktavya kahA gayA hai / AcArya samrAT pUjya zrI Ananda RSijI mahArAja isa prakAra prAcIna AgamoM meM syAdvAda ke sUcaka tripadI ( utpAda, vyaya, dhrauvya) siya atthi, siya natthi, dravya, guNa, paryAya, naya Adi zabdoM kA aneka sthAnoM para ullekha pAyA jAtA hai| kintu syAdvAda ke sAta bhaMgoM kA ullekha nahIM miltaa| isake bAda hama Agama granthoM para likhita nirmukti, cUrNi bhASya rUpa jaina vAGmaya kI ora Ate haiM / Agama granthoM para IsA ke pUrva cauthI zatAbdI meM bhadrabAhu ko dasa niyuktiyoM meM bhI AgamoM ke vicAroM ko vizeSa rUpa se prasphuTita kiyA gayA hai| jaina darzana meM syAdvAda sAhitya kA vikAsa jaina vAGmaya ko sarvaprathama saMskRta bhASA kA rUpa dene vAle digambara aura zvetAmbara donoM sampradAyoM dvArA mAnya AcArya umAsvAti hue haiN| inakA samaya I0 san prathama zatAbdI mAnA jAtA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke bAda se lekara inake pUrva taka jaina sAhitya kI bhASA prAyaH prAkRta rhii| isa dIrghakAla ke adhikAMza rAjAoM ke lekhoM meM bhI isI prAkRta bhASA kA prayoga milatA hai kintu dhIre-dhIre isa sthiti meM parivartana huaa| saMskRta bhASA kA eka nayA rUpa vikasita huaa| jise rAjasabhAoM, kaviyoM aura paMDitoM kI goSThiyoM meM sthAna milA aura ucca varga kI pratiSThita bhASA kA stara prApta huaa| bauddha aura jaina vidvAnoM ne bhI isa sAhityika saMskRta ko apanAkara apane vizAla dhArmika sAhitya se use samRddha bnaayaa| isa bhavya paramparA kA prArambha jaina saMgha meM AcArya umAsvAti se huA / Apane lagabhaga 357 sUtroM ke tattvArtha sUtra nAmaka apane choTe se grantha meM vizAla Agama sAhitya kA sAra bar3I kuzalatA se grathita kiyA hai jisameM anekAntavAda aura vizeSakara nayavAda kI carcA vistRta rUpa meM pAyI jAtI hai| yahAM arpita, anarpita' pramANanayoM ke bheda aura upabhedoM kA varNana vistAra se kiyA gayA hai| parantu yahAM bhI syAdvAda ke syAdasti Adi sAta bhaMgoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha nahIM milatA / 1. ' arpitAnapita siddheH / tattvArtha sUtra 5 / 31. 2. 'pramANanayairadhigamaH / tattvArthasUtra, 16 va isakA bhASya jaina darzana mImAMsA e
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________________ jaina sAhitya meM syAdasti Adi syAdvAda ke sUcaka saptabhaMgoM ke nAma sarvaprathama hameM AcArya kundakunda ke paMcAstikAya aura pravacanasAra meM dekhane ko milate haiM / parantu yahAM bhI syAdvAda ke viSaya meM vizeSa carcA nahIM hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki ukta granthoM meM saptabhaMgoM ke nAmamAtra ginAe gaye haiN| dakSiNa bhArata ke jaina saMgha meM asAdhAraNa rUpa se sammAnita AcArya kundakunda kA mUla nAma padmanandi thaa| koNDakunda yaha unake mUla sthAna kA nAma thA jo dakSiNa kI paramparA ke anusAra unake nAma ke rUpa meM pracalita huA tathA saMskRta meM yahI nAma kundakunda ke rUpa meM prasiddha huaa| yaha koNDakunda aba konakoNDala kahalAtA hai tathA Andhrapradeza ke anantapura jile meM sthita hai| yahAM kaI jaina zilAlekha prApta hue haiN| inake upalabdha granthoM meM dazabhakti, aSTaprAbhUta, pravacanasAra, paMcAstikAya, niyamasAra aura samayasAra ke nAma ullekhanIya haiM / inakI sabhI racanAeM zaurasenI prAkRta meM haiM / dazabhakti aura aSTaprAmRta ye prArambhika racanAeM pratIta hotI haiN| niyamasAra meM AdhyAtmika dRSTi se sAdhu jIvana ke vividha aMgoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| paMcAstikAya meM173 gAthAeM haiN| jinameM chaha dravyoM aura nau padArthoM kA vivaraNa milatA hai| pravacanasAra meM jJAna, jJeya aura cAritra ina tIna adhikAroM (prakaraNoM) meM 275 gAthAyeM haiN| sarvajJa ke divya jJAna aura unake dvArA upadiSTa dravya svarUpa kA prabhAvI samarthana isameM prApta hotA hai| samayasAra meM 437 gAthAyeM haiN| jinameM nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya kI vibhinna dRSTiyoM se Atma-tattva kA vizada varNana kiyA gayA hai| AcArya kundakunda dvArA kiye gaye syAdvAda sUcaka saptabhaMgoM ke ullekha se yaha jAna par3atA hai ki isa samaya jaina AcArya apane siddhAntoM para hone vAle pratipakSiyoM ke karkaza tarka-prahAroM se satarka ho gaye the aura yahIM se syAdvAda kA saptabhaMgamaya vikAsa prArambha hotA hai / isa vikAsa kA zreya AcArya siddhasena divAkara tathA svAmI samantabhadra ko hai| ina donoM AcAryoM se pUrva jainadarzana meM tarkazAstra viSayaka kisI svataMtra siddhAnta kI sthApanA nahIM huI thii| ina vidvAnoM ke pUrva kA yuga vizeSata: AgamapradhAna hI thA, lekina gautama ke "nyAyasUtra" kI racanA ke pazcAta jaise-jaise tarka kA pracAra bar3hane lagA vaise-vaise jaina tathA bauddha vidvAnoM ne apane-apane darzanoM meM tarka-paddhati ko sthAna denA prArambha kiyaa| phalataH bauddha aura jaina zramaNoM ne apane-apane siddhAntoM kA pratipakSiyoM ke tarka prahAroM se surakSita rakhane ke lie kramazaH zUnyavAda aura syAvAda ko eka sunizcita tathA suvyavasthita sthAna diyaa| vAcaka umAsvAti Adi anya AcAryoM ke dvArA jaina vAGmaya meM saMskRta bhASA kA praveza hone ke kaI zatAbdI pUrva hI yaha bhASA bauddha sAhitya meM apanA ucca sthAna banA cukI thii| jaba bauddha darzana meM nAgArjuna, vasubaMdhu, asaMga tathA bauddha nyAya ke pitA diGnAga kA yuga AyA taba darzanazAstriyoM meM ina bauddha dArzanikoM ke prabala tarka prahAroM se becainI utpanna ho rahI thii| darzanazAstra ke tArkika aMza aura parapakSakhaMDana kA yuga prArambha ho cukA thaa| isa yuga meM jo dharma saMsthA prativAdiyoM ke AkSepoM kA nirAkaraNa karake svadarzana kI prabhAvanA nahIM kara sakatI thI usakA astitva hI khatare meM thaa| ataH para cakra se rakSA karane ke lie apanA durga svataH surakSita banAne kA mahatvapUrNa kArya svAmI samaMtabhadra aura siddhasena divAkara ina do mahAn AcAryoM ne kiyaa| svAmI samaMtabhadra prasiddha stutikAra the| inhoMne darzana, siddhAnta evaM nyAya sambandhI mAnyatAoM ko stuti kAvya ke mAdhyama se abhivyakta kiyA hai| samaMtabhadra kI racanAeM nimnalikhita mAnI jAtI haiM-- (1) bRhatsvayaMbhUstotra, (2) stuti vidyA athavA jinazataka, (3) devAgamastotra yA AptamImAMsA, (4) yuktyunuzAsana yA vIrastuti, (5) ratnakaraNDazrAvakAcAra, (6) jIvasiddhi, (7) tattvAnuzAsana, (8) prAkRta vyAkaraNa, (6) pramANapadArtha, (10) karmaprAmRtaTIkA, (11) gandhahastimahAbhASya / inameM se kaI racanAeM anupalabdha haiM / upalabdha granthoM ko dekhane se pratIta hotA hai ki samaMtabhadra atyanta pratibhAzAlI aura svasamaya, parasamaya ke sArasvata jJAtA the| unakI kArikAoM ke avalokana se unakA vibhinna darzanoM kA pAMDitya abhivyakta hotA hai| unhoMne devAgamastotra (AptamImAMsA) meM AptaviSayaka mUlyAMkana meM sarvajJAbhAvavAdI-mImAMsaka, bhAvakAntavAdI-sAMkhya, ekAntaparyAyavAdI-bauddha tathA sarvathAubhayavAdIvaizeSika kA tarkapUrNa vivecana kara unakA nirAkaraNa kiyA hai / prAgabhAva, pradhvaMsAbhAva, anyonyAbhAva aura atyantAbhAva kA saptabhaMgI nyAya dvArA samarthana kara vIrazAsana kI mahattA pratipAdita kI hai| sarvathA advaitavAda, dvaitavAda, karmAdvaita, phalAdvaita, lokAdvaita prabhRti kA nirasana kara anekAntAtmakatA siddha kI hai| inameM anekAntavAda kA svastha svarUpa vidyamAna hai| svAmI samaMtabhadra ne apane granthoM meM jaina darzana ke nimnalikhita siddhAntoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai-- 1. pramANa kA svaparAbhAsa lakSaNa / 2. pramANa ke kramabhAvI aura akramabhAvI bhedoM kI parikalpanA / 3. pramANa ke sAkSAt aura paramparA phaloM kA nirUpaNa / 4. pramANa kA viSaya / AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha
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________________ 5. naya kA svruup| 6. hetu kA svruup| 7. syAvAda kA svarUpa / 8. vAcaka kA svruup| 6. abhAva kA vastudharma-nirUpaNa evaM bhAvAntara kathana / 10. vAcya kA svruup| 11. anekAnta kA svarUpa / 12. tattva kA anekAntarUpa pratipAdana / 13. anekAnta meM bhI anekAnta kI yojnaa| 14. jaina darzana meM avastu kA svarUpa / 15. 'syAt nipAta kA svarUpa / 16. anumAna se sarvajJa kI siddhi / 17. yuktiyoM se syAdvAda kI vyvsthaa| 18. Apta kA tArkika svarUpa / 16. vastu-dravya-prameya kA svarUpa / svAmI samaMtabhadra ke samaya ke bAre meM vidvAnoM ne paryApta UhApoha kiyA hai| antima niSkarSa ke rUpa meM unakA samaya I0 san kI pahalI yA dUsarI zatAbdI mAnA jAtA hai| samaMtabhadra kI taraha kavi aura dArzanika ke rUpa meM AcArya siddhasena bhI bahuta prasiddha haiN| samaMtabhadra dvArA pravartita tarkapUrNa stutiyoM kI paramparA meM siddhasena kI dvAtrizikAoM kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| inakI bhASA sAhityika sundaratA aura tarka ke prabhAvI prayoga se yukta hai| zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM hI paramparAyeM inheM apanA-apanA AcArya mAnatI haiN| AcArya jinasena ne apane AdipurANa meM siddhasena ko kavi aura vAdirAjakesarI kahA hai| sanmatitarka aura nyAyAvatAra siddhasena racita do mahatvapUrNa grantha haiM / ye donoM grantha tarkazAstra kI dRSTi se apanA vizeSa mahatva rakhate haiN| sanmatitarka meM 166 prAkRta gAthAoM meM naya aura anekAnta kA gambhIra, vizada aura maulika vivecana kiyA gayA hai| AcArya ne nayoM kA sAMgopAMga vivecana karake jaina nyAya kI sudRr3ha paddhati ko prArambha kiyA hai| kathana karane kI prakriyA ko naya kahA gayA hai| vibhinna darzanoM kA aMtarbhAva vibhinna nayoM meM kiyA hai| nyAyAvatAra meM 32 saMskRta zlokoM meM pramANoM kA saMkSipta vivecana hai| jaina sAhitya meM pramANa-vivecana sarvaprathama isI grantha meM milatA hai| pramANa ke svaparAvabhAsaka lakSaNa meM 'bAghajita vizeSaNa dekara use vizeSa samRddha kiyA gayA hai| jJAna kI pramANatA aura apramANatA kA AdhAra mokSamArgopayogitA kI jagaha dharmakIti kI taraha "meyavinizcaya" ko rakhA gayA hai| isase yaha pratibhAsita hotA hai ki ina AcAryoM ke yuga meM 'jJAna' dArzanika kSetra meM apanI pramANatA bAhyArtha kI prApti yA meyavinizcaya se hI siddha kara sakatA thaa| AcArya siddhasena ne nyAyAvatAra meM pramANa ke pratyakSa, anumAna aura Agama--ye tIna bheda kie haiN| pratyakSa aura anumAna ke svArtha aura parArtha bheda kiye haiN| anumAna aura hetu kA lakSaNa karake dRSTAnta, dUSaNa Adi parArthAnumAna ke samasta parikara kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| AcArya siddhasena ke samaya ke sambandha meM aneka mAnyatAeM pracalita haiN| koI inheM prathama zatAbdI kA aura koI caturtha zatAbdI kA vidvAn samajhatI hai / lekina aneka anveSakoM ne inakA samaya I0 kI cauthI zatAbdI siddha kiyA hai| siddhasena aura samaMtabhadra samakAlIna bhale hI na hoM kintu inake dvArA racita granthoM ko dekhane se yaha dhAraNA puSTa hotI hai ki ye donoM adbhuta pratibhA ke dhanI maulika vidvAn the| ina vidvAn AcAryoM ne jaina tarkazAstra para sanma titarka, nyAyAvatAra, yuktyanuzAsana, AptamImAMsA Adi granthoM meM likhakara jaina darzana ke mUla syAdvAda siddhAnta ko sAMgopAMga paripUrNa banAkara jaina siddhAnta ko sabase pahale sarvadA ke lie aTala banAyA thaa| upaniSadoM ke advaitavAda kA jo samanvaya Agama sUtroM tathA digambarIya paMcAstikAya aura pravacanasAra nAmaka granthoM meM dRSTigocara nahIM hotA thA, use ina prakANDa vidvAnoM ne bahuta sundara rUpa meM dArzanikoM ke samakSa upasthita karake apanI-apanI apUrva pratibhA kA paricaya diyA thaa| siddhasena aura samaMtabhadra ne ghaTa, mauli, suvarNa, dugdha, dadhi, agorasa Adi aneka prakAra ke dRSTAMtoM se aura nayoM ke sApekSa varNana se dravyAthika paryAyAthika nayoM meM jainetara sampUrNa dRSTiyoM ko anekAMta dRSTi kA aMzamAtra pratipAdita kara mithyAdarzanoM ke samUha ko jaina darzana batAte 1. 'uddhAviva sarvasidhavaH samudIrNAstviyi nAtha ! dRSTayaH / na ca tAsu bhavAn pradRzyate pravibhaktAsu sarisvibaudadhiH // , siddhasena : dvA0 dvAvizikA jaina darzana mImAMsA
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________________ hue apanI sarvasamanvayAtmaka udAra bhAvanA kA paricaya diyA hai| nissaMdeha jo sthAna vaidika sAhitya meM zaMkarAcArya aura kumArilabhaTTa ko prApta hai tathA bauddhadarzana meM sarvaprathama nyAyapaddhati ko sthAna dene ke lie jo mahatva AcArya diGnAga ko hai vahI mahatva jaina sAhitya meM ukta donoM vidvAn AcAryoM kA hai| siddhasena aura samaMtabhadra ke bAda jaina nyAya sAhitya ke kSitija para AcArya mallavAdI aura jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa kA prAdurbhAva huaa| siddhasena ke samAna hI mallavAdI bhI tarkazAstra ke pramukha jJAtA ke rUpa meM prasiddha the| prabhAvakacarita, prabandhakoza aura prabaMdhacintAmaNi meM inakA jIvanavRtta vaNita hai| jisake anusAra inakA janma gujarAta kI rAjadhAnI balabhI meM huA thaa| usa samaya inake mAmA AcArya jinAnanda vAda-vivAda meM eka bauddha AcArya se parAjita hue the| phalasvarUpa rAjA zilAditya ne jaina zramaNoM ko nirvAsita kara diyA thaa| zatrujaya ke prasiddha tIrtha ko bhI bauddhoM ke adhikAra meM de diyA thaa| bAlyAvasthA meM hI jaina saMgha kI isa duravasthA ko dekhakara mallavAdI kSubdha hue aura dRr3ha nizcaya se adhyayana meM saMlagna hue / zIghra hI unhoMne tarka-zAstra meM adbhuta nipuNatA prApta kI aura bauddha AcAryoM ko rAjA zilAditya kI sabhA meM parAjita kara jainasaMgha kA khoyA huA gaurava punaH prApta kiyaa| inhoMne anekAntavAda kA pratipAdana karane ke lie nayacakra Adi granthoM kI racanA kii| kisI samaya nayacakra bahuta prasiddha thA / aba vaha mUla rUpa meM nahIM milatA kintu siMhasUrI dvArA usa para likhI gaI TIkA prakAzita ho gaI hai| sanmatisUtra kI TIkA bhI inhoMne likhI thii| kintu vaha bhI aprApya hai| AgamoM ke vyAkhyAkAroM meM bhadrabAhu ke bAda jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa kA sthAna mahatvapUrNa hai| inhoMne vizeSAvazyakabhASya kI racanA kii| jo san 606 meM pUrNa huI thii| Avazyaka sUtra kI isa vyAkhyA meM lagabhaga 3600 gAthAeM haiN| isameM jJAna, naya, nikSepa, parameSThI, gaNadhara Adi kA vistRta vivecana kiyA gayA hai| inhoMne prAyaH siddhasena divAkara kI zailI kA hI anusaraNa kiyA hai| jinabhadragaNi saiddhAntika paramparA ke eka bar3e vidvAn mAne jAte haiN| yadyapi vAcaka umAsvAti se lekara jinabhadragaNi ke samaya taka ke yuga meM saMskRta bhASA ke abhyAsa aura paramata-khaNDana kI dRSTi se svamatasthApaka granthoM kI racanA kI pravRtti avazya sthira ho cukI thii| siddhasena jaise ekAdha AcArya ne jaina nyAya kI vyavasthA darzAne vAlA ekAdha grantha bhale hI racA ho, kintu isa yuga meM jaina nyAya yA pramANazAstroM kI na to pUrI vyavasthA huI jAna par3atI hai aura na tadviSayaka sAhitya kA nirmANa dekhA jAtA hai| isa yuga ke jaina tArkikoM kI pravRti kI pradhAna dizA prAyaH dArzanika kSetra meM eka aise jaina maMtavya kI sthApanA kI ora rahI jisake bIja AgamoM meM bikhare hue the| ye maMtavya Age jAkara bhAratIya darzana paramparA meM ekamAtra jaina paramparA ke hI samajhe jAne lage tathA inhIM maMtavyoM ke nAma para Aja taka samasta jaina darzana kA vyavahAra kiyA jAtA hai| vaha maMtavya hai-anekAntavAda, syaadvaad| siddhasena, samaMtabhadra, mallavAdI, jinabhadragaNi Adi isa yuga ke sabhI jainAcAryoM meM anya darzanoM ke sAmane jainamata kI anekAnta-dRSTi tAkika zailI se tathA paramata khaNDana ke abhiprAya se isa taraha rakhI, jisase isa yuga ko anekAnta-sthApanA-yuga kahA jAnA samucita hogaa| ukta AcAryoM ke pUrvavartI kisI bhI AcArya ke prAkRta yA saMskRtagrantha meM na to vaisI anekAnta kI tAkika sthApanA hai aura na anekAntamUlaka saptabhaMgI aura nayavAda kA vaisA tArkika vizleSaNa hai / jaisAki sanmatitarka, dvAtriMzat-dvAtrizikA, nyAyAvatAra, svayaMbhUstotra, AptamImAMsA, yuktyanuzAsana, nayacakra aura vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM prApta hotA hai| tarkadarzana niSNAta ina jaina AcAryoM ne nayavAda, saptabhaMgI aura anekAntavAda kI prabala aura spaSTa sthApanA kI aura itanA adhika puruSArtha kiyA ki jisase jaina evaM jainetara paramparAoM meM jainadarzana, anekAntadarzana ke nAma se hI pratiSThita ho gyaa| bauddha aura brAhmaNa dArzanikoM kA lakSya anekAntavAda ke khaNDana kI ora gayA tathA ve kisI-na-kisI prakAra se apane granthoM meM mAtra anekAnta yA saptabhaMgI kA khaNDana karake hI jaina darzana ke maMtavyoM ke khaNDana kI itizrI samajhane lge| isa prakAra IsA kI sAtavIM zatAbdI taka anekAnta-vyavasthA kI eka nizcita rUparekhA bana cukI thI jisako uttaravartI aneka jainAcAryoM ne vividha rUpoM meM pallavita kiyaa| isake pazcAt AThavIM-navIM zatAbdI meM jaina darzana ke apUrva tAkika aura pratibhAsampanna akalaMka evaM haribhadra jaise samartha vidvAnoM kA AvirbhAva huaa| jaina paramparA meM yadi samaMtabhadra jaina nyAya ke pitAmaha hai to akalaMka pitA haiN| bauddhadarzana meM jo sthAna dharmakIti ko prApta hai| jaina darzana meM vahI sthAna akalaMka deva kA hai| isake dvArA racita prAyaH sabhI grantha jaina darzana aura jaina nyAya viSayaka haiM / jaina tarkazAstra ke paripakvarUpa kA darzana akalaMka deva ke granthoM meM hotA hai| inakI racanAoM ko do vargoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai| prathama varga meM aneka svataMtra grantha aura dvitIya varga meM TIkA grantha rakhe jA sakate haiM / svataMtra grantha nimnalikhita haiM -- (1) svopajJa vRtti sahita laghIyastraya, (2) nyAyavinizcaya savRtti, (3) siddhivinizcaya savRtti, (4) pramANasaMgraha savRtti / 1. 'bhaMdda micchAdasaNa samUha bhaiyasa abhayasArassa / jiNavayaNassa bhagavaau saMviggasuhAdimaggassa // ', siddhasaina : sanmatitarka / AcAryaratna zrI dezamUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha
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________________ TIkA grantha (1) tatvArtharAjavAtikabhASya (2) aSTa zatI-devAgamavRtti / akalaMka kI kRtiyoM meM tattvArthasUtra kI TIkA-tattvArtha rAjavAtika sabase vistRta hai| isakA AkAra lagabhaga 16 hajAra zloka pramANa hai / isake prathama aura caturtha adhyAya vizeSa mahatvapUrNa haiN| inameM mokSa aura jIvasvarUpa sambandhI vibhinna vicAroM kA parIkSaNa prApta hotA hai / aSTazatI samaMtabhadra kRta Apta-mImAMsA kI vyAkhyA hai / nAma ke anusAra isakA vistAra ATha sau zloka pramANa hai| laghIyastraya meM pramANa, naya aura pravacana meM tIna prakaraNa haiM / nyAyavinizcaya meM bhI tIna prakaraNa haiN| inameM pratyakSa, anumAna aura Agama ina tIna pramANoM kA vivecana hai| pramANasaMgraha meM prakaraNa haiM / jinameM pramANa saMbaMdhI vibhinna viSayoM kI carcA hai / siddhivinizcaya meM 12 prakaraNa haiN| inameM pramANa, naya, jIva, sarvajJa Adi viSayoM kA vivecana hai| ina cAra granthoM meM mUla zlokoM ke sAtha gadya meM spaSTIkaraNAtmaka aMza bhI jor3A hai| jainAcAryoM meM akalaMka ke granthoM kA bar3A Adara huaa| aSTazatI para vidyAnanda ne, laghIyastraya para abhayacaMdra aura prabhAcaMdra ne, nyAyavinizcaya para vAdirAja ne tathA pramANasaMgraha aura siddhivinizcaya para anantavIrya ne vistRta vyAkhyAeM likhI haiM / mANikyanandi kA parIkSAmukha akalaMka ke vicAroM kA sUtrabaddha rUpa prastuta karatA hai| haribhadrasUri kA janma cittaur3a ke eka brAhmaNa parivAra meM huA thaa| kulakramAgata vedAdi kA adhyayana pUrNa hone para jJAna ke garva se inhoMne pratijJA kI thI ki jisakA vacana maiM na samajha sakU usakA ziSyatva svIkAra kruuNgaa| eka bAra yAkinI mahattarA nAmaka jaina sAdhvI AgamoM kA pATha kara rahI thii| unakI prAkRta gAthA kA artha haribhadra nahIM samajha sake aura pratijJAnusAra unakI sevA meM ziSya rUpa meM upasthita hue| sAdhvI ne apane guru jinabhadrasUri se unakI meMTa kraaii| unase munidIkSA grahaNa kara AgamoM kA vidhivat adhyayana kara lene ke uparAnta haribhadra ko AcArya pada diyA gayA / vistAra, vividhatA aura guNavattA--ina tInoM dRSTiyoM se haribhadra kI racanAyeM jaina sAhitya meM mahatvapUrNa haiM / paramparAnusAra inake granthoM kI kula saMkhyA 1444 kahI gaI hai| Apane Avazyaka, prajJApanA, nandI, anuyogadvAra, odhaniyukti, dazavakAlika, jIvAbhigama, jambUdvIpaprajJapti Adi Agama granthoM para saMskRta TIkAeM likhI haiM jisase saMskRtabhASI vidvAnoM ke lie ina AgamoM kA adhyayana sarala ho gayA hai| anekAntajayapatAkA, anekAntavAdapraveza, zAstravArtAsamuccaya Adi granthoM meM vibhinna bhAratIya-darzanoM ke tatvoM kA jainadRSTi se parIkSaNa kara haribhadra ne jainatatvoM ko tarkazAstra ke anukUla siddha kiyaa| SaDdarzanasamuccaya nAmaka grantha meM unhoMne jIva, jagat aura dharma sambandhI bhAratIya darzanoM kI mAnyatAoM kA prAmANika rUpa meM saMkalana kiyA hai| saMkSepa meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki haribhadrasUri ne bhAratIya sAhitya aura vizeSa rUpa se jaina sAhitya ke pratyeka aMga ko puSTa banAne meM apanA yogadAna diyA hai| akalaMka aura haribhadrasUri kA samaya darzanazAstra ke itihAsa meM viplava kA yuga thA / zAstrArthoM kI dhUma macI huI thii| bauddha vidvAn dharmakIrti ke udaya se bauddhadarzana unnati kI parAkASThA para thaa| dharmakIti ne apane prabala tarkabala se vaidika darzanoM para pracaNDa prahAra kie / jaina darzana bhI inake AkSepoM se nahIM bacA thaa| pratipakSI vidvAnoM dvArA anekAntavAda para aneka prahAra hone lage the| kaI loga anekAnta ko saMzaya kahate the / koI kevala chata kA rUpAntara kahate the aura koI isameM virodha, anavasthA Adi kSetroM kA pratipAdana karake isakA khaNDana karate the| aise tarkapradhAna samaya meM sampUrNa darzanoM kA anekAntavAda meM samanvaya karake usa para kahanA yA likhanA sAdhAraNa kArya nahIM thaa| parantu akalaMka aura haribhadrasUri isa asAdhAraNa kArya ko sampanna karane meM apanI adbhuta-kSamatA aura prakANDa-pANDitya se saphala hue| inhoMne syAdvAda ke ekaeka viSaya ko lekara nAnA prakAra se UhApohAtmaka sUkSmAtisUkSma vivecana kiyaa| inhoMne gambhIra tarkapaddhati kA Alambana lekara syAdvAda para prativAdiyoM dvArA Aropita doSoM kA nirAkaraNa karate hue nAnA-dRSTi binduoM se anekAntavAda kA jo vivecana aura samarthana kiyA hai vaha nizcaya hI jaina darzana ke itihAsa meM sarvaprathama sthAna prApta karane kI kSamatA rakhatA hai| yadyapi aneka muddoM meM jaina darzana aura bauddhadarzana samAnatantrIya the| kintu kSaNikavAda, nairAtmyavAda, zUnyavAda, vijJAnavAda Adi bauddhavAdoM kA dRSTikoNa ekAntika hone se donoM meM spaSTa virodha thaa| isIlie inakA prabala khaMDana akalaMka aura haribhadra ke granthoM meM pAyA jAtA hai| inake granthoM kA bahubhAga bauddha darzana ke khaNDana se bharA huA hai| dharmakIrti ke pramANavArtika aura pramANavinizcaya Adi kA khaNDana akalaMka ke siddhivinizcaya, nyAyavinizcaya, pramANasaMgraha aura aSTazatI Adi granthoM meM kiyA gayA hai| haribhadra ke zAstravArtAsamuccaya, anekAntajayapatAkA aura anekAntavAdapraveza Adi meM bauddha darzana kI prakhara AlocanA hai| yahAM eka bAta vizeSa dhyAna dene yogya hai ki jahAM vaidika darzana granthoM meM anya matoM kA mAtra khaNDana hI khaNDana hai| vahAM jaina darzana ke granthoM meM itara matoM kA naya aura syAdavAda paddhati se viziSTa samanvaya kiyA gayA hai / zAstravArtAsamuccaya, SaDdarzanasamuccaya aura dharmasaMgrahaNI Adi grantha isake viziSTa udAharaNa haiN| jaba dharmakIti ke ziSya devendramati, prabhAkaragupta, karNakagomI, zAMtarakSita aura arcaTa Adi apane pramANavAtikaTIkA, pramANavAtikA 1. tattvArtharAjavArtika, 'pramANanayairadhigamaH' sUtra kI vyaakhyaa| jaina darzana mImAMsA
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________________ laMkAra, pramANavAtikasvavRtiTokA, tattvasaMgraha, vAdanyAyaTIkA aura hetubinduTIkA Adi grantha raca cuka the| taba isI yuga meM anantavIrya ne bauddha darzana ke khaNDana meM siddhivinizcayaTIkA kI racanA kii| isake bAda IsA kI navIM zatAbdI meM darzanazAstra ke dhurINa tArkika vidvAn vidyAnanda aura mANikyanandi kA yuga AtA hai / AcArya vidyAnanda aura mANikyanandi donoM gurubandhu the| ina donoM ke guru kA nAma vardhamAna thaa| jo tapasyA aura uttamajJAna ke kAraNa prasiddha the tathA gaMgavaza ke rAjAoM ke guru the| AcArya vidyAnanda jaina tarkazAstra ke praur3ha lekhakoM meM prasiddha haiM, jinhoMne pramANa aura darzana sambandhI granthoM kI racanA kara zruta paramparA ko gatizIla bnaayaa| inake nau grantha jJAta haiM / tattvArthasUtra kI vyAkhyA zlokavAtika kA vistAra 18,000 zlokoM jitanA hai| inake eka anya grantha aSTasahasrI, jo akalaMka kRta aSTazatI kI TIkA hai, meM anekAntavAda ke vibhinna rUpoM kA vistRta vivaraNa aura samarthana prastuta kiyA gayA hai / nAma ke anusAra isakA vistAra ATha hajAra zlokoM jitanA hai / samaMtabhadra kI dUsarI kRti yuktyanuzAsana para bhI yuktyanuzAsanAlaMkAra nAmaka vyAkhyA grantha likhA hai| ukta tIna vyAkhyA granthoM ke atirikta AptaparIkSA, pramANaparIkSA, patraparIkSA, satyazAsanaparIkSA, zrIpurapArzvanAthastotra, vidyAnandamahodaya svataMtra grantha haiM / AptaparIkSA meM jagatkartA Izvara kI mAnyatA kA khaNDana vistAra se prApta hotA hai / pramANaparIkSA meM pratyakSa aura parokSa jJAna ke vibhinna prakAroM kA vivecana hai / patraparIkSA meM vAda-vivAdoM meM prayukta hone vAle patroM (kUTa zlokoM) kA svarUpa spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| satyazAsanaparIkSA meM jainetara matoM ke nirasana ke sAtha anekAntavAda kA samarthana hai| zrIpurapArzvanAthastotra meM bhI vibhinna matoM kA saMkSipta khaMDana kiyA gayA hai| vidyAnandamahodaya meM tarkazAstra sambandhI vividha viSayoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai / kintu abhI vaha aprApta hai| vidyAnanda ne naiyAyikoM tathA bauddha granthoM kA adhyayana karake aneka prakAra se tAkika zailI dvArA syAdvAda kA pratipAdana aura samarthana kiyaa| inhoMne kumArila Adi vaidika vidvAnoM ke jainadarzana para hone vAle AkSepoM kA bar3I yogyatA se parihAra kiyaa| jo nizcaya hI unake apUrva pANDitya ko prakaTa karatA hai| mANikyanandi ne sarvaprathama jaina nyAya ko parIkSAmukha ke sUtroM meM gUMthakara apanI alaukika pratibhA kA paricaya diyaa| yaha grantha pramANoM ke mUlabhUta jJAna ke lie bahuta upayogI hai| akalaMka ke gaMbhIra aura durgama-granthoM ke vicAra sarala sUtra zailI meM nibaddha kara yaha grantha likhA gayA hai| isa para aneka choTI-bar3I vyAkhyAeM bhI prApta hotI haiN| ina saba jainAcAryoM kI grantha racanA se uttaravartI janasaMgha meM nyAya aura pramANa granthoM ke saMgraha, parizIlana aura naye-naye granthoM ke nirmANa kA aisA yuga AyA ki samAja usI ko pratiSThita vidvAn samajhane lagA; jisane saMskRta bhASA meM khAsakara tarka yA pramANa para mUla yA TIkA rUpa se kucha likhA ho / parimANataH IsA kI dasavIM-gyArahavIM zatAbdI meM jaina nyAyazAstra kA acchA vikAsa huaa| yaha jaina nyAyazAstra kA madhyAhna kAla thaa| jisameM siSi, prabhAcaMdra aura abhayadeva jaise mahAna tArkika vidvAna hue| AcArya siddharSi durgasvAmI ke ziSya the / inhoMne upamitibhavaprapaMcakathA nAmaka vistRta kathA-grantha kI racanA kI aura siddhasena ke nyAyAvatAra para TIkA grantha likhakara apanI vidvattA kA paricaya diyA hai| dhArAnagara ke mahArAja bhojadeva ke samaya meM vidyamAna vijJAnamaNDala meM prabhAcaMdra kA viziSTa sthAna thaa| unakI bahumukhI pratibhA ke pramANa cAra mahatvapUrNa granthoM ke rUpa meM upalabdha haiN| prameyakamalamArtaNDa jo mANikyanandi ke parIkSAmukha kI vyAkhyA hai| isakA vistAra 12,000 zlokoM jitanA hai / usa vyAkhyA meM pramANoM ke viSayoM ke rUpa meM vizva svarUpa ke bAre meM vividha vAda viSayoM kI sUkSma carcA kI gaI hai| isI prakAra nyAyakumudacaMdra akalaMka ke laghIyastraya kI vyAkhyA hai| isameM bhI mUla granya ke pramANa viSayoM ke sAtha prameya viSayoM kA vistRta vivecana hai| grantha kA vistAra 16,000 zloka pramANa hai| zabdAmbhojabhAskara jainendra vyAkaraNa kI vistRta vyAkhyA hai tathA gadya kathAkoSa kathA-grantha hai| abhayadeva candrakula ke pradyumnasUri ke ziSya the / inake ziSya dhanezvara rAjAmuMja kI sabhA meM sammAnita hue the| inakI paramparA ko rAjAgaccha nAma milA thaa| siddhasena ke sanmatitarka para abhayadeva ne vAdamahArNava nAmaka TIkA likhii| jisakA vistAra 25,000 zloka pramANa hai| aba taka ke jaina saMskRta granthoM meM vAdamahArNava sabase bar3A grantha thaa| isameM AtmA, Izvara, sarvajJa, mukti, vedaprAmANya Adi vividha viSayoM kA tarka dRSTi se vistRta parIkSaNa kiyA gayA hai / siddhaSi Adi ukta tInoM vidvAn-AcAryoM ne sautrAntika, vaibhASika, vijJAnavAda, zUnyavAda, brahmAdvata, zabdAdvaita Adi bauddha aura vaidika-vAdoM kA samanvaya karake, syAdvAda kA naiyAyika paddhati se pratipAdana kiyA hai| jo unake granthoM meM yathAsthAna adhyayana karane se spaSTa ho jAtA hai| ___ inake pazcAt hama bArahavIM zatAbdI kI ora Ate haiN| ise jaina-darzana kA madhyAhnottara kAla samajhanA cAhie / vAdidevasUri aura AcArya hemacandra kA nAma isa yuga ke pramukha AcAryoM meM hai| AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha
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________________ devasUri prasiddhavAdI the / ataH vAdIdevasUri isI rUpa meM unakA nAma vikhyAta huA / inakA janma san 1087 meM huA thaa| ye nau varSa kI avasthA meM bRhadgaccha ke yazobhadra ke ziSya municandra ke ziSya bane the / ApakA kAryakSetra gujarAta rhaa| inhoMne syAdvAda kA spaSTa vivecana karane ke lie pramANanayatattvAloka nAmaka jaina-nyAya kA sUtra-grantha likhA aura usa para syAdvAdaratnAkara nAmaka bRhadkAyaTIkA kI racanA kI, jisameM apane samaya taka ke sabhI jaina tArkikoM ke vicAroM ko duhakara saMkalita kara diyA, sAtha hI apanI jAnakArI ke anusAra brAhmaNa aura bauddha paramparA kI zAkhAoM ke mantavyoM kI vistRta carcA bhI kii| jisase yaha grantha ratnAkara jaisA samagra mantabya ratnoM kA saMgraha bana gayA jo tatvajJAna ke sAtha-sAtha aitihAsika dRSTi se bhI bar3e mahatva kA hai| prArambhika vidyArthiyoM ke lie isako saMkSepa meM ratnAkarAvatArikA nAma se inake ziSya ratnaprabha ne likhA hai / kalikAlasarvajJa hemacandrAcArya to apane samaya ke asAdhAraNa puruSa haiN| unake kartRtva se jaina saMgha kRtajJatA anubhava karane ke sAthasAtha apane Apako gauravazAlI anubhava karatA hai| jaina nyAya, vyAkaraNa, kAvya Adi sAhitya ke sabhI aMgoM ko Apane pallavita karake aneka nayI deneM dI haiN| inhoMne anyayogavyavacchedikA, ayogavyavacchedikA pramANamImAMsA Adi granthoM kI racanA karake jaina darzana ke siddhAntoM ko vikAsonmukhI banAyA hai| anyayogavyavacchedikA ke 32 zlokoM meM pAka nyAyavaizeSika, sAMkhyayoga, pUrvamImAMsA, uttaramImAMsA, yogAcAra, mAdhyamika Adi darzanoM kA hRdayagrAhI sundaravANI meM jo samanvaya kiyA hai vaha apane DhaMga kA anokhA aura abhUtapUrva hai| isake atirikta zAntisUri kA jainatarkavArtika, jinadevasUri kA pramANalakSaNa, anantavIrya kI prameyaratnamAlA, candraprabhasUri kA prameyaratnakoSa, candrasUri kA anekAntajayapatAkA kA TippaNa Adi grantha bhI isI yuga kI kRtiyAM haiM / isake pazcAt terahavIM, caudahavIM aura paMdrahavIM zatAbdI meM jaina darzana ke jo samartha vyAkhyAkAra aura samyalekhaka hue haiN| unhoMne syAdvAda ke vibhinna aMgoM kI vizada rUpa se vivecanA kI hai| inameM AcArya malayagiri eka samartha TIkAkAra hue haiN| isI yuga meM malipeNa kI syAdvAdamaMjarI candrasena kI utpAdAdisiddhi rAmacandra guNacandra kA dravyAlaMkAra, somalika kI padarzanasamuccayaTIkA, guNaratna kI SaDdarzanasamuccayavRhadvRtti, rAjazekhara kI syAdvAdakalikA Adi, bhAvasena traividhadeva kA vizvatatvaprakAza, dharmabhUSaNa kI nyAyadIpikA Adi aneka mahattvapUrNa grantha likhe gaye haiM / abhI taka ke AcAryoM kI lekhana zailI prAcIna nyAya praNAlI kA anusaraNa karatI rahI thI / kintu vikrama kI terahavIM sadI meM gaMgeza upAdhyAya ne navya nyAya kI nIMva DAlI aura pramANaprameyoM ko avacchedakAvacchinna kI bhASA meM jakar3a diyaa| jaina vidvAnoM ne bhI apane granthoM meM isakA anusaraNa kiyA hai jinameM satarahavIM aThArahavIM zatAbdI ke pramukha vidvAn upAdhyAya yazovijaya jI aura paNDita vimaladAsajI ke nAma ullekhanIya haiM / upAdhyAyajI jaina paramparA meM bahumukhI pratibhA ke dhAraka asAdhAraNa vidvAn the / inhoMne yoga, sAhitya, prAcIna nyAya Adi kA gambhIra pANDitya prApta karane ke sAtha navya-nyAya kI parikRSta zailI meM khaNDanakhaNDakhAdya Adi aneka granthoM kA nirmANa kiyA aura usa yuga taka ke vicAroM kA samanvaya tathA unheM navya zailI se pariSkRta karane kA Adya aura mahAn prayatna kiyaa| syAdvAda ke dvArA abhUtapUrva DhaMga se saMpUrNa darzanoM kA samanvaya karake syAdvAda ko "sArvatAMtrika"" siddha karanA upAdhyAyajI kI pratibhA kA sUcaka hai| unhoMne zAstravArtAsamuccaya kI svAvAdakalpalatATIkA, vyopadeza, naparahasya, nayapradIpa, nyAyakhaNDanasaTalAya, nyAyAloka, aSTasahasrITIkA Adi aneka granthoM kI racanA kI / paNDita vimaladAsa jI ne navya nyAya kA anukaraNa karane vAlI bhASA meM saptabhaMgItaraMgiNI nAmaka svataMtra grantha kI saMkSipta aura sarala bhASA meM racanA karake eka mahAn abhAva kI pUrti kI hai| isa prakAra aneka vidvaziromaNi AcAryoM ne grantha likhakara jaina darzana ke vikAsa meM jo bhagIratha prayatna kiye haiM unakI yahAM jhalaka mAtra prastuta kI gaI hai / yaha syAdvAda sAhitya ke vikAsa kA itihAsa bhAratIya darzana sAhitya ke itihAsa meM eka mahatvapUrNa sthAna rakhatA hai| yaha vikAsa jainAcAryoM ke prakANDa pANDitya ke sAtha-sAtha unakI alaukika kSamatA tathA sarvakalyANa kI maMgalamayI dRSTi ko prakaTa karatA hai| bhAratIya dArzanika kSetra meM jo-jo navIna dhArAeM vizeSa vikAsa ko prApta hotI gaIM; ina sabako jainAcAryoM ne apane darzana meM sthAna dekara nyAyAtmaka dRSTi se satya siddha karane ke sAtha unakA stara nirdhAriNa karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| jo unake sarvatobhadra audAryabhAva ko vyakta karatA hai / "satya eka hai" / usake rUpa aneka hai / bhinna-bhinna vyakti bhinna-bhinna dezakAla ke anusAra satya ke eka aMza ko hI grahaNa kara sakate haiM / ataeva paraspara virodhI dikhAI detI huI bhI ve sabhI dRSTiyAM satya haiM jaina vidvAnoM kA yaha mantavya avazya hI vizAla, udAra aura gambhIra hai| 1. bruvANA bhinnabhinnArthAnnaya bhedavyapekSayA / pratikSipepuna vedAH syAdvAdaM sAvaMtAMtrikam // ', adhyAtmasAra, jaina darzana mImAMsA 51 15
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________________ pAzcAtya sAhitya meM syAdavAda vaidika, bauddha Adi bhAratIya dArzanikoM kI taraha pAzcAtya darzanoM ke saMsthApakoM ne bhI syAdvAda siddhAntoM ko apane anubhavoM se siddha karake apane sAhitya meM eka suvyavasthita tathA sunizcita rUpa diyA hai| jisakA yahAM saMkSepa meM digdarzana karAte haiN| grIka darzana meM eliaTiksa aura herekliTsa nAmaka vicArakoM ke bAda IsA se 465 varSa pUrva empIDoklIja, eTomisTrasa aura anaiksAgorasa nAmaka dArzanikoM kA yuga thaa| ina tatvavettAoM ne eliaTiksa ke ekAnta nityavAda aura herekliTrasa ke ekAnta kSaNikavAda kA samanvaya karake donoM siddhAntoM ko nityAnitya ke rUpa meM hI svIkAra kiyaa| inake matAnusAra sarvathA-kSaNikavAda asambhava hai aura isI taraha sarvathA-nityavAda bhii| kintu sAtha hI sAtha vastu parivartanazIla bhI avazya hai / ina vidvAnoM ne anubhava dvArA nitya dazA meM rahate hue bhI padArthoM kA parivartana dekhakara "ApekSika parivartana" ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra kiyA hai| isake pazcAt hama grIsa ke pratibhAzAlI kavi aura dArzanika vidAn pleTo ke vicAroM kI ora Ate haiN| sophisTa nAmaka saMvAda meM elimA kA musAphira kahatA hai-jaba hama "asatya" ke viSaya meM kucha kahate haiM to isakA matalaba 'sat' ke viruddha (sarvathA asat) na hokara kevala sata se bhinna hotA hai| isI prakAra "eliyA" kA musAphira saMvAda ke eka dUsare sthAna para bhI pleTo apane pAtra ke mAdhyama se apane vicAroM ko vyakta karate hue likhate haiM "udAharaNa ke lie hama eka hI manuSya ko usake raMga, rUpa, pariNAma, guNa, doSa Adi kI apekSA se dekhate haiM ataeva hama "yaha manuSya hI hai|" yaha na kahakara "yaha bhalA hai|" ityAdi nAnA dRSTi binduoM se vyavahAra meM prayoga karate haiN| isI prakAra pratyeka vastu jisako hama prAraMbha meM eka samajhate haiM aneka taraha se aneka nAmoM dvArA varNana kI jA sakatI hai|" pazcima ke Adhunika darzana meM bhI isa prakAra ke vicAroM kI kamI nahIM hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jarmanI ke prakANDa dArzanika hIgela kA kathana hai ki 'viruddhadharmAtmakatA hI saba vastuoM kA mUla hai / kisI vastu kA ThIka-ThIka varNana karane ke lie hameM usa vastu sambandhI sampUrNa satya kahane ke sAtha usa vastu ke viruddha dharmoM kA kisa prakAra samanvaya ho sakatA hai yaha bhI pratipAdana karanA caahie|" isake pazcAt hama naye vijJAnavAda ke pratipAdaka breDale ke vicAroM para dRSTipAta kreN| isa dArzanika kA kahanA hai ki koI bhI vasta dasarI vastuoM se tulanAtmaka dRSTi se dekhI jAne para kisI apekSA se Avazyaka aura kisI apekSA se anAvazyaka donoM hI siddha hotI hai| ataeva saMsAra meM koI bhI padArtha nagaNya athavA AkiMcitkara nahIM hai| pratyeka tuccha-se-tuccha vicAra meM aura choTI-se-choTI sattA meM satyatA vidyamAna hai| Adhunika dArzanika vidvAn pro0 je0 acima bhI apanI 'satya kA svarUpa' nAmaka prasiddha pustaka meM isI prakAra ke vicAra prakaTa karate haiN| inakA kahanA hai ki koI bhI vicAra svataH hI dUsare vicAra se sarvathA anapekSita hokara kevala apanI apekSA se satya nahIM kahA jA sakatA / udAharaNa ke lie tIna se tIna guNA karane para nau hotA hai (343-6); yaha siddhAnta eka bAlaka ke lie sarvathA niSprayojana hai| paranta ise paDhakara gaNitajJa ke sAmane gaNitazAstra ke vijJAna kA sArA nakzA A jAtA hai| isI prakAra dUsare tattvavetA prophesara peTI ke anusAra yaha vizva kisI apekSA se nitya hai| lekina isakA artha yaha nahIM ki isameM parivartana nahIM hotA / yahI siddhAMta saMsAra kI choTI-se-choTI vastaoM ke lie bhI lAgU hai| yaha brahmAMDa nAnA dRSTi-binduoM se dekhA jA sakatA hai| kisI eka vastu ke piMDa ko jAnakara hama usake viSaya meM saMpUrNa satya jAnane kA dAvA nahIM kara sakate haiN| isI taraha ke vicAra naiyAyika josapha, eDamaNDa, homsa prabhRti vidvAnoM ne bhI prakaTa kie haiN| amerikA ke prasiddha mAnasazAstra ke vidvAn pro0 viliyama jemsa ne bhI apekSAvAda se samAnatA rakhane vAle vicAroM ko vyakta kiyA hai| ve kahate haiM ki "hamArI aneka duniyA haiM / sAdhAraNa manuSya ina saba duniyAoM ko paraspara asaMbaddha tathA anapekSita dazA meM dekhatA hai| pUrNa tattvavettA vahI hai jo sampUrNa duniyAoM ko eka-dUsare se saMbaddha aura apekSita rUpa meM jAnatA hai|" isa prakAra jaina dArzanikoM kI taraha vizva ke samasta paurvAtya aura pAzcAtya darzanoM ke saMsthApakoM ne bhI syAvAda ko apane cintanamanana aura AcAra-vyavahAra ke dvArA siddha karake kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| aura apane anubhavoM ko sthAyI rUpa dene ke lie sAhitya kA aMga banA diyaa| yaha sthiti hameM kalikAlasarvajJa hemacandrAcArya ke nimnalikhita bhAvoM kA smaraNa karane ke lie prerita karatI hai "AdIpamAvyomasamasvabhAvaM syAdvAdamudrAnati bhedi vstu|" dIpaka se lekara AkAza paryanta choTe-bar3e sabhI padArtha syAdvAda kI maryAdA kA ullaMghana nahIM kara skte| 1. Thilly; History of Philosophy, pR0 22 2. Dialogues of Plato 3. Thilly; History of Philosophy, pR0 467 4. Appearance and Reality, pR0487 AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha