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________________ zvetAmbara paramparA meM rAmakathA zvetAmbara Agama sAhitya meM jahA~ kRSNa ke jIvanavRtta kA paryApta kA nirAkaraNa batAyA gayA hai / yaha bAta suspaSTa hai ki yaha rAmakathA kA rUpa se ullekha haA hai, vahA~ rAma ke sambandha meM mAtra unake evaM unake upadezAtmaka jaina saMskaraNa hai aura isaliye isameM yathAsambhava hiMsA, mAtA-pitA ke nAmollekha se adhika kucha nahIM milatA hai / samavAyAMga ghRNA, vyabhicAra Adi duSpravRttiyoM ko na ubhAra kara sadpravRttiyoM ko hI ke 54 veM samavAya meM to 24 tIrthaMkara, 12 cakravartI, 9 baladeva aura ubhArA gayA hai / isameM varNa vyavasthA para bhI bala nahIM diyA hai| yahA~ 9 vAsudeva, ye 54 uttamapuruSa hote haiM, itanA mAtra ullekha hai, vahA~ zambUka-vadha kA kAraNa zUdra kA tapasyA karanA nahIM hai / candrahAsa khaDga inake nAmoM kA bhI ullekha nahIM hai / yadyapi samavAyAMga ke hI 158 veM kI siddhi ke liye bAMsoM ke jhuramuTa meM sAdhanArata zambUka lakSmaNa ke sUtra meM baladevoM aura vAsudevoM ke vartamAna bhava ke nAma, pUrva bhava ke dvArA anajAna meM hI mArA jAtA hai / lakSmaNa usa pUjita khaDga ko uThAte nAma, vAsudevoM ke nidAna-kAraNa aura nidAna nagaroM ke nAma aura unake haiM aura parIkSA hetu bA~soM ke jhuramuTa para calA dete haiM, jisase zambUka mAtA-pitAoM ke nAma Adi kA ullekha hai / yahA~ AThaveM baladeva kA mArA jAtA hai / isa prakAra jahA~ vAlmIki rAmAyaNa meM zambUka vadha kI nAma padma (pauma), AThaveM vAsudeva kA nAma nArAyaNa aura inake pitA kA kathA varNa-vidveSa kA khulA udAharaNa hai, vahA~ paumacariya kA zambUka vadha nAma dazaratha (dasaraha) batAyA gayA hai; isI AdhAra para hama inakA anajAna meM huI eka ghaTanA hai / puna: kavi ne rAma ke caritra ko udAtta sambandha rAma-lakSmaNa se jor3a sakate haiM / isameM lakSmaNa kI mAtA ko banAye rakhane hetu zambUka aura rAvaNa kA vadha rAma ke dvArA na karavAkara kekaI aura rAma kI mAtA ko aparAjitA kahA gayA hai| lakSmaNa ke dvArA karavAyA hai| bAli ke prakaraNa ko bhI dUsare hI rUpa meM zvetAmbara paramparA meM rAmakathA kA prathama svatantra graMtha, vimalasUri prastuta kiyA gayA hai| bAli sugrIva ko rAjya dekara saMnyAsa le lete haiN| kA paumacariya hai / granthakAra ne vIra-nirvANa samvat 530 (I0 san 4 dUsarA koI vidyAdhara sugrIva kA rUpa banAkara usake rAjya evaM anta:pura yA 64) meM isakI racanA karane kA ullekha kiyA hai / isa prakAra lekhaka para kabjA kara letA hai / sugrIva rAma kI sahAyatA kI apekSA karatA hai ke svayaM ke nirdeza ke anusAra yaha prathama zatAbdI kA grantha hai / yadyapi aura rAma usakI sahAyatA kara usa nakalI sugrIva kA vadha karate haiN| jaikobI, pro0 dhruva, paM0 paramAnanda zAstrI Adi kucha vidvAn ise paravartI yahA~ bhI sugrIva ke kathAnaka meM se bhrAtR-droha evaM bhrAtR-patnI se vivAha mAnate haiM, phira bhI ise IsA kI tIsarI zatAbdI ke bAda kA nahIM mAnA kI ghaTanA ko haTAkara usake caritra ko udAtta banAyA gayA hai / isI jA sakatA hai / vAlmIki rAmAyaNa ke bAda rAmakathA ke svatantra grantha ke prakAra kaikeyI bharata hetu rAjya kI mAMga rAma ke prati vidveSa ke kAraNa rUpa meM isakA sthAna prathama hai / vastuta: yaha rAma-kathA kA jaina saMskaraNa nahIM, apitu bharata ko vairAgya lene se rokane ke liye karatI hai| rAma bhI hai / grantha kI anta:sAkSiyoM se siddha hotA hai ki yaha zvetAmbara paramparA pitA kI AjJA se nahIM apitu svecchA se hI vana ko cala dete haiM tAki kI racanA hai, isakA sabase bar3A pramANa to yahI hai ki isameM jaina-muni ve bharata ko rAjya pAne meM bAdhaka nahIM rahe / isa prakAra kaikeyI ke ke liye 'siyambara' zabda kA prayoga huA hai / sambhavata: zvetAmbara zabda vyaktitva ko bhI U~cA uThAyA gayA hai / na kevala yahI apitu sItAharaNa ke prayoga kA yaha prAcInatama ullekha hai| graMtha kI bhASA mahArASTrI prAkRta ke prakaraNa meM bhI mRgacarma hetu svarNa mRga mArane ke sItA ke Agraha kI hai, jo zvetAmbara paramparA meM Agametara granthoM kI bhASA rahI hai / digambara ghaTanA ko sthAna na dekara rAma evaM sItA ke caritra ko nirdoSa aura paramparA ke granthoM kA praNayana zaurasenI prAkRta meM huA hai / sabase ahiMsAmaya banAyA gayA hai / rAvaNa ke caritra ko udAtta banAne hetu yaha ullekhanIya bAta yaha hai ki granthakAra ke samakSa vAlmIki rAmAyaNa ke batAyA gayA hai ki usane kisI muni ke samakSa yaha pratijJA le rakhI thI sAtha samavAyAMga kA vaha mUlapATha bhI rahA hogA jisameM lakSmaNa (nArAyaNa) ki maiM kisI parastrI kA usakI svIkRti ke binA zIla bhaMga nahIM kruuNgaa| kI mAtA ko kekaI batAyA gayA thaa| lekhaka ke sAmane mUla prazna yaha isaliye vaha sItA ko samajhA kara sahamata karane kA prayatna karatA hai, thA ki Agama kI prAmANikatA ko surakSita rakhate hue, vAlmIki ke balaprayoga nahIM karatA hai / mAMsa-bhakSaNa ke doSa dikhAkara sAmiSa bhojana sAtha kisa prakAra samanvaya kiyA jAye / yahA~ usane eka anokhI sUjha se jana-mAnasa ko virata karanA bhI jainadharma kI mAnyatAoM ke prasAra kA se kAma liyA, vaha likhatA hai ki lakSmaNa kI mAtA kA pitRgRha kA hI eka prayatna hai / grantha meM vAnaroM evaM rAkSasoM ko vidyAdharavaMza ke mAnava nAma to kaikeyI thA, kintu vivAha ke pazcAta dazaratha ne usakA nAma batAyA gayA hai, kintu yaha bhI siddha kiyA gayA hai ki ve kalA-kauzala parivartana kara use 'sumitrA' nAma diyA / paumacariya meM bharata kI mAtA ko aura takanIka meM sAdhAraNa manuSyoM se bahuta bar3he-car3he the / ve pAda'kegaI' kahA gayA hai / vAlmIki rAmAyaNa se bhinna isa graMtha kI racanA vihArI na hokara vimAnoM meM vicaraNa karate the / isa prakAra isa graMtha meM kA mukhya uddezya kAvyAnanda kI anubhUti na hokara, kathA ke mAdhyama se vimalasUri ne apane yuga meM pracalita rAmakathA ko adhika yukti saMgata dharmopadeza denA hai / grantha ke prArambha meM zreNikaciMtA nAmaka dUsare uddezaka aura dhArmika banAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai| meM isakA uddezya rAmakathA meM AI asaMgatiyoM tathA kapola-kalpanAoM vimalasUri ke paumacariya ke bAda rAmakathA kA eka vivaraNa hameM
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________________ 648 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 saMghadAsa gaNI (chaThI zatAbdI) kI vasudevahiMDI meM milatA hai| vasudevahiMDI se bhI prakAzana ho cukA hai / hemacandra sAmAnyatayA to vimalasUri kI kI rAmakathA kucha prasaMgoM ke saMdarbha meM paumacariya kI rAmakathA se bhinna rAmakathA kA hI anusaraNa karate haiM, kintu unhoMne sItA ke vanavAsa kA hai aura vAlmIki rAmAyaNa ke nikaTa hai / isakI vizeSatA yaha hai ki kAraNa, sItA ke dvArA rAvaNa kA citra banAnA batAyA hai| yadyapi unhoMne isameM sItA ko rAvaNa aura mandodarI kI putrI batAyA gayA hai, jise eka isa prasaMga ke zeSa sAre kathAnaka meM paumacariya kA hI anusaraNa kiyA peTI meM banda kara janaka ke udyAna meM gar3avA diyA gayA thA, jahA~ se hala hai, phira bhI sautiyADAha ke kAraNa rAma kI anya patniyoM ne sItA se calAte samaya janaka ko usakI prApti huI thii| isa prakAra yahA~ sItA kI rAvaNa kA citra banavAkara, usake sambandha meM lokApavAda prasArita kiyA, kathA ko tarkasaMgata banAte hue bhI usakA sAmya bhUmi se utpanna hone kI aisA manovaijJAnika AdhAra bhI prastuta kara diyA hai / isa prasaMga meM bhadrezvara dhAraNA ke sAtha jor3A gayA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki saMghadAsagaNI sUri kI kahAvalI kA anusaraNa karate haiM / caudahavIM zatAbdI meM dhanezvara ne rAmakathA ko kucha bhinna rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai| adhikAMza zvetAmbara ne zatrujaya mAhAtmya meM bhI rAmakathA kA vivaraNa diyA hai / solahavIM lekhakoM ne vimalasUri kA hI anusaraNa kiyA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM digambara zatAbdI meM devavijaya gaNI ne rAmacaritra para saMskRta meM eka svatantra graMtha paramparA meM padmapurANa ke racayitA ravisena (7vIM zatAbdI) aura apabhraMza likhA hai / isI prakAra megha vijaya (17vIM zatAbdI) ne laghutriSaSTi meM bhI paumacariu ke racayitA yApanIyasvayambhU ne bhI vimalasUri kA hI pUrI rAmakathA kA saMkSipta vivaraNa diyA hai / ina graMthoM ke atirikta jinaratna taraha anukaraNa kiyA hai / padmapurANa to paumacariya kA hI vikasita siddhAMta koSa meM aura bhI kucha zvetAmbara AcAryoM ke dvArA racita rAmakathA saMskRta rUpAntaraNa mAtra hai / yadyapi unhoMne use digambara paramparA ke sambandhI graMthoM kA ullekha upalabdha hai / ina prAkRta aura saMskRta kI anurUpa DhAlane kA prayAsa kiyA hai / rAmakathAoM ke atirikta apabhraMza, rAjasthAnI aura hindI meM bhI zvetAmbara AThavIM zatAbdI meM harabhidra ne apane dhUrtAkhyAna meM aura navIM AcAryoM ne rAmakathA sambandhI sAhitya likhA hai / isa sambandha meM abhI zatAbdI meM zIlAGkAcArya ne apane graMtha 'caupannamahApurisacariya' meM ati bhI vyApaka sarvekSaNa aura zodha kI AvazyakatA hai| saMkSepa meM rAmakathA ko prastuta kiyA hai / bhadrezvara (11vIM zatAbdI) kI solahavIM zatAbdI meM upakezagaccha ke vAcaka vinaya samudra ne kahAvalI meM bhI rAmakathA kA saMkSipta vivaraNa upalabdha haiN| tInoM hI rAjasthAnI meM padmacarita likhA thA / samprati sthAnakavAsI jaina muni granthakAra kathA vivecana meM vimalasUri kI paramparA kA pAlana karate haiN| zuklacaMdajI ne bhI 'zukla jaina rAmAyaNa' ke nAma se hindI padya meM yadyapi bhadrezvarasUri ne sItA ke dvArA sapatniyoM ke Agraha para rAvaNa ke paira rAmakathA likhI hai / saMskRta, apabhraMza, rAjasthAnI aura hindI hanumAna kA citra banAne kA ullekha kiyA / ye tInoM hI racanAe~ prAkRta bhASA meM caritra, aMjanA sundarI caritra aura sItA caritra ke rUpa meM anekoM khaNDa haiN| 12vIM zatAbdI meM hemacandra ne apane grantha yogazAstra kI svopajJavRtti kAvya bhI upalabdha haiM / samprati AcArya tulasI ke dvArA racita agniparIkSA meM tathA triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra meM saMskRta bhASA meM rAmakathA ko prastuta to bahucarcita hai hii| isa prakAra rAmakathA ke vikAsa meM zvetAmbara jaina kiyA hai / triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra meM varNita rAmakathA kA svatantra rUpa AcAryoM kA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai|
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________________ * bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi para punarvicAra sAmAnyatayA jaina lekhakoM ne apanI kAla gaNanA ko zaka saMvat se samIkRta karake yaha mAnA hai ki mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 605 varSa aura pA~ca mAha pazcAt zaka rAjA huaa| isI mAnyatA ke AdhAra para vartamAna meM bhI mahAvIra kA nirvANa I.pU. 527 mAnA jAtA hai| Adhunika jaina lekhakoM meM digambara paramparA ke paM. jugalakizorajI mukhtAra evaM zvetAmbara paramparA ke muni zrI kalyANa vijayajI Adi ne bhI vIranirvANa I.pU. 527 varSa meM mAnA hai| lagabhaga 7vIM zatI se kucha apavAdoM ke sAtha isa tithi ko mAnyatA prApta hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM sarvaprathama "tityogAlI "4 nAmaka prakIrNaka meM aura digambara paramparA meM sarvaprathama "tiloyapaNNAti 5 meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha ullekha milatA hai ki mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 605 varSa evaM 5 mAha ke pazcAt zaka nRpa huaa| ye donoM grantha IsA kI 67vIM zatI meM nirmita hue hai| isake pUrva kisI bhI grantha meM mahAvIra ke nirvANakAla ko zaka saMvat se samIkRta karake unake antara ko spaSTa kiyA gayA ho yaha merI jAnakArI meM nahIM hai kintu itanA nizcita hai ki lagabhaga 6-7vIM zatI se hI mahAvIranirvANa zaka pUrva 605 meM huA thA, yaha eka sAmAnya avadhAraNA rahI hai| isake pUrva kalpUsatra kI sthavirAvalI aura nandIsUtra kI vAcaka vaMzAvalI meM mahAvIra kI paTTaparamparA kA ullekha to hai kintu inameM AcAryoM ke kAlakrama kI koI carcA nahIM hai| ataH inake / AdhAra para mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi ko nizcita karanA eka kaThina samasyA hai| kalpasUtra meM yaha to ullekha milatA hai ki aba vIranirvANa ke 980 varSa vAcanAntara se 993 varSa vyatIta ho cuke hai|' isase itanA hI phalita hotA hai ki vIranirvANa ke 980 yA 993 varSa pazcAt devarddhikSamAzramaNa ne prastuta grantha kI yaha antima vAcanA prastuta kI / isI prakAra sthAnAMga 7, bhagavatIsUtra' aura Avazyakaniryukti' meM nihnavoM ke ullekhoM ke sAtha ve mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla aura nirmANa se kitane samaya pazcAt hue haiM yaha nirdeza prApta hotA hai| yahI kucha aise sUtra haiM jinakI bAhya sunizcita samaya vAle sAkSyoM se tulanA karake hI hama mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi para vicAra kara sakate haiN| mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi ke prazna ko lekara prArambha se mata vaibhinya rahe haiN| digambara paramparA ke dvArA mAnya tiloyapaNNatti meM yadyapi yaha spaSTa ullekha hai ki voranirvANa ke 605 varSa evaM 5 mAsa pazcAt zaka nRpa huA, kintu usameM isa sambandha meM nimna cAra matAntaroM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| " 1. vIra jinendra ke mukti prApta hone ke 461 varSa pazcAt zaka 4. vIra jina ke mukti prApta karane ke 605 varSa evaM 5 mAha pazcAt zaka nRpa huaa| isake atirikta SaTkhaNDAgama kI "dhavalA" TIkA meM bhI mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke kitane varSoM ke pazcAt zaka (zAlivAhana zaka ) nRpa huA, isa sambandha meM tIna matoM kA ullekha huA hai911. vIranirvANa ke 605 varSa aura pA~ca mAha pakSAt 2. vIranirvANa ke 14793 varSa pazcAt 3. vIranirvANa ke 7995 varSa aura pA~ca mAha pazcAt zvetAmbara paramparA meM AgamoM kI devarddhi kI antimavAcanA bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke kitane samaya pazcAt huI, isa sambandha meM spaSTatayA do matoM kA ullekha milatA hai-prathama mata use vIranirvANa ke 980 varSa pazcAt mAnatA hai, jabaki dUsarA mata use 993 varSa pazcAt mAnatA hai / 12 zvetAmbara paramparA meM candragupta maurya ke rAjyArohaNakAla ko lekara bhI do mAnyatAyeM pAyI jAtI hai| prathama paramparAgata mAnyatA ke anusAra ve vIranirvANa saMvat 215 meM rAjyAsIna hue 13 jabaki dUsarI hemacandra kI mAnyatA ke anusAra ve vIranirvANa ke 155 varSa pazcAt rAjyAsIna hue| 14 hemacandra dvArA prastuta yaha dUsarI mAnyatA mahAvIra ke I.pU. 527 meM nirvANa prApta karane kI avadhAraNA meM bAdhaka hai / 15 isa vivecana se itanA to spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki mahAvIra kA nivArNa tithi ke sambandha meM prAcInakAla meM bhI vivAda thaa| cU~ki mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi ke sambandha meM prAcIna Antarika sAkSya sabala nahIM the, ataH pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne bAhya sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi ko nizcita karane kA prayatna kiyA, pariNAmasvarUpa mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi ke sambandha meM aneka naye mata bhI prakAza meM aaye| mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi ke sambandha meM vibhinna vidvAnoM ke mata isa prakAra haiM 1. haramana jakobI 16 I.pU. 477 - inhoMne hemacandra ke pariziSTa parva ke usa ullekha ko prAmANika mAnA hai ki candragupta maurya vIranirvANa ke 155 varSa pazcAt rAjyAsIna huA aura isI AdhAra para mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi nizcita kii| 2. je. zArapenTiyara 10 I.pU. 4672. je. zArapenTiyara 17 I.pU. 467 - inhoMne bhI hemacandra ko AdhAra banAyA hai aura candragupta maurya ke 155 varSa pUrva mahAvIra kA nirvANa maanaa| 3. paM. e. zAntirAja zAstrI 18 I.pU. 663 inhoMne zaka saMvat ko vikrama saMvat mAnA hai aura vikrama saM. ke 605 varSa pUrva mahAvIra kA nirvANa maanaa| nRpa huaa| 2. vIra bhagavAn ke mukti prApta hone ke 9785 varSa pazcAt 4. pro. kAzIprasAda jAyasavAla 19 - inhoMne apane lekha AiDenTIphikezana Apha kalkI meM mAtra do paramparAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| mahAvIra kI zaka nRpa huaa| 3. vIra bhagavAn ke mukti prApta hone ke 14793 varSa pazcAt nirvANa tithi kA nirdhAraNa nahIM kiyA hai| zaka nRpa huaa| - 5. esa. vhI. vaikTezvara 10 I.pU. 437- inakI mAnyatA ananda .
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________________ 650 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 vikrama saMvat para AdhArita hai| yaha vikrama saMvat ke 90 varSa bAda varSa pazcAt huA thaa| jJAtavya hai ki "dIghanikAya" ke isa prasaMga meM jahA~ pracalita huA thaa| nirgrantha jJAtRpUtra Adi chahoM tIrthaMkaroM ko ardhavayagata kahA gayA, vahA~ gautama 6. paM. jugalakizorajI mukhtAra21 I.pU. 528- inhoMne aneka tarko buddha kI vaya ke sambandha meM kucha bhI nahIM kahA gayA hai|29 ke AdhAra para paramparAgata mAnyatA ko puSTa kiyaa| kintu uparokta tathya ke viparIta "dIghanikAya" meM yaha bhI sUcanA 7. muni zrI kalyANavijaya22 I.pU. 528- inhoMne bhI paramparAgata milatI hai ki mahAvIra buddha ke jIvanakAla meM hI nirvANa ko prApta ho mAnyatA kI puSTi karate hue usakI asaMgati ke nirAkaraNa kA prayAsa gaye the| "dIghanikAya" ke ve ullekha nimnAnusAra haiMkiyA hai| aisA maiMne sunA-eka samaya bhagavAn zAkya (deza) meM vedhanjA 8. pro. pI.eca.ela igaramoNTa 23 I.pU. 252- inake tarka kA AdhAra nAmaka zAkyoM ke Amravana prAsAda meM vihAra kara rahe the| jaina paramparA meM tiSyagupta kI saMghabheda kI ghaTanA kA jo mahAvIra ke usa samaya nigaNTha nAtaputta (=tIrthaMkara mahAvIra) kI pAvA meM jIvanakAla meM unake kaivalya ke 16veM varSa meM ghaTita huI, bauddha saMgha meM hAla hI meM mRtyu huI thii| unake marane para nigaNThoM meM phUTa ho gaI thI, tiSyarakSitA dvArA bodhi vRkSa ko sukhAne tathA saMghabheda kI ghaTanA se jo do pakSa ho gaye the, lar3AI cala rahI thI, kalaha ho rahA thaa| ve loga ekaazoka ke rAjyakAla meM huI thI samIkRta kara lenA hai| dasUre ko vacana-rUpI vANoM se bedhate hue vivAda karate the-"tuma isa 9. vI.e. smitha 24 I.pU.527- inhoMne sAmAnyatayA pracalita dharmavinaya (dharma) ko nahIM jAnate, maiM isa dharmavinaya ko jAnatA huuN| tuma avadhAraNa ko mAnya kara liyA hai| bhalA isa dharmavinaya ko kyA jAnoge? tuma mithyA pratipanna ho (tumhArA 10. pro. ke. Ara. nAramana25 lagabhaga I.pU. 400- bhagavAna samajhanA galata hai), maiM samyak -pratipanna huuN| merA kahanA sArthaka hai aura mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi kA nirdhAraNa karane hetu jaina sAhityika strotoM tumhArA kahanA nirrthk| jo (bAta) pahale kahanI cAhiye thI vaha tumane pIche ke sAtha-sAtha hameM anuzrutiyoM aura abhilekhIya sAkSyoM para bhI vicAra kahI aura jo pIche kahanI cAhiye thI, vaha tumane pahale kii| tumhArA vAda karanA hogaa| pUrvokta mAnyatAoM meM kauna sI mAnyatA prAmANika hai, isakA binA vicAra kA ulTA hai| tumane vAda ropA, tuma nigraha-sthAna meM A gye| nizcaya karane ke liye hama tulanAtmaka paddhati kA anusaraNa kareMge aura isa AkSepa se bacane ke liye yatna karo, yadi zakti hai to ise suljhaao| yathAsambhava abhilekhIya sAkSyoM ko prAthamikatA deNge| mAno nigaNThoM meM yuddha (badha) ho rahA thaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samakAlika vyaktiyoM meM bhagavAna buddha, nigaNTha nAtaputta ke jo zveta-vastradhArI gRhastha ziSya the, ve bhI bimbasAra, zreNika aura ajAtazatru kuNika ke nAma suparicita haiN| jaina nigaNTha ke vaise durAkhyAta (ThIka se na kahe gaye), duSpravedita (ThIka se srotoM kI apekSA inake sambandha meM bauddha srota hameM adhika jAnakArI pradA na sAkSAtkAra kiye gaye), a-nairyANika (pAra na lagAne vAle), ankarate haiN| jaina srotoM ke adhyayana se bhI inakI samakAlikatA para koI upazama-saMvartanika (na-zAntigAmI), a-samyak -saMbuddha-pravedita (kisI sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaina Agama sAhitya buddha ke jIvana vRttAnta buddha dvArA na sAkSAt kiyA gayA), pratiSThA (nIva)-rahita bhinna-stUpa, ke sambandha meM prAya: mauna haiM, kintu bauddha tripiTaka sAhitya meM mahAvIra Azrayarahita dharma meM anyamanaska ho khina aura virakta ho rahe the|30 aura buddha kI samakAlika upasthiti ke aneka sandarbha haiN| kintu yahA~ hama isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jahA~ eka ora tripiTaka sAhitya unameM se kevala do prasaMgoM kI carcA kreNge| prathama prasaMga meM dIghanikAya kA meM mahAvIra ko adher3avaya kA kahA gayA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora buddha ke vaha ullekha AtA hai jisameM ajAtazatru apane samaya ke vibhinna dharmAcAryoM jIvanakAla meM unake svargavAsa kI sUcanA bhI hai| itanA nizcita hai ki se milatA hai| isa prasaMga meM ajAtazatru kA mahAmAtya nirgrantha jJAtRputra ke donoM bAteM eka sAtha satya siddha nahIM ho sktii| muni kalyANavijaya jI sambandha meM kahatA hai-"he deva! ye nirgrantha jJAtRputra saMgha aura gaNa ke svAmI Adi ne buddha ke jIvanakAla meM mahAvIra ke nirvANa sambandhI avadhAraNA haiM, gaNa ke AcArya haiM, jJAna, yazasvI tIrthaMkara haiM, bahuta se logoM ke ko bhrAnta batAyA hai, unhoMne mahAvIra ke kAlakavalita hone kI ghaTanA ko zraddhAspada aura sajjana mAnya haiN| ye cirapravrajita eva ardhagatavaya (adher3a) unakI vAstavika mRtyu na mAnakara, unakI mRtyu kA pravAda mAnA hai| jaina haiN|26 tAtparya yaha hai ki ajAtazatru ke rAjyAsIna hone ke samaya mahAvIra AgamoM meM bhI yaha spaSTa ullekha hai ki unake nirvANa ke lagabhaga 16 lagabhaga 50 varSa ke rahe hoMge kyoMki unakA nirvANa ajAtazatru kuNika ke varSa pUrva unakI mRtyu kA pravAda phaila gayA thA jise sunakara aneka jaina rAjya ke 22veM varSa meM mAnA jAtA hai| unakI sarva Ayu 72 varSa meM se 22 zramaNa bhI azrupAta karane lage the| cU~ki isa pravAda ke sAtha mahAvIra ke varSa kama karane para usa samaya ve 50 varSa ke the-yaha siddha ho jAtA hai|27 pUrva ziSya maMkhalIgozAla aura mahAvIra evaM unake anya zramaNa ziSyoM jahA~ taka buddha kA prazna hai ve ajAtazatru ke rAjyAsIna hone ke 8veM varSa meM ke bIca hue kaTu-vivAda kI ghaTanA jur3I huI thii| ata: dIghanikAya kA nirvANa ko prApta hue, aisI bauddha lekhakoM kI mAnyatA hai|28 isa AdhAra prastuta prasaMga ina donoM ghaTanAoM kA eka mizrita rUpa hai| ata: buddha ke para do tathya phalita hote haiM- prathama mahAvIra jaba 50 varSa ke the, taba buddha jIvanakAla meM mahAvIra kI mRtyu ke dIghanikAya ke ullekha ko unakI (80-8) 72 varSa ke the arthAt buddha, mahAvIra se umra meM 22 varSa bar3e the| vAstavika mRtyu kA ullekha na mAnakara gozAlaka ke dvArA vivAda ke pazcAt dUsare yaha ki mahAvIra kA nirvANa, buddha ke nirvANa ke (22-8=14) 14 pheMkI gaI tejolezyA se utpanna dAha jvAra janya tIvra bImArI ke phalasvarUpa
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________________ bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi para punarvicAra phaile unakI mRtyu ke pravAda kA ullekha mAnanA hogaa| cU~ki buddha kA nirvANa ajAtazatrukuNika ke rAjyAbhiSeka ke AThaveM varSa 31 meM huA, ataH mahAvIra kA nirvANa 22veM varSa meM 32 huA hogaa| ataH itanA nizcita hai ki mahAvIra kA nirvANa buddha ke nirvANa ke 14 varSa bAda huaa| isaliye buddha kI nirvANa kI tithi kA nirdhAraNa mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi ko prabhAvita avazya kregaa| sarvaprathama hama mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi kA jainastrotoM evaM abhilekhoM ke AdhAra para nirdhAraNa kareMge aura phira yaha dekheMge ki isa AdhAra para buddha kI nirvANa tithi kyA hogI ? mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi kA nirdhAraNa karate samaya hameM yaha dekhanA hogA ki AcArya bhadrabAhu aura sthUlabhadra kI mahApadmananda evaM candragupta maurya se, AcArya suhasti kI samprati se, Arya maMkSu (maMgU), Arya nandila, Arca nAgahasti, AryavRddha evaM Arya kRSNa kI abhilekhoM meM ullekhita unake kAla se tathA Arya devarddhikSamAzramaNa kI vallabhI ke rAjA dhruvasena se samakAlInatA kisI prakAra bAdhita nahIM ho| itihAsavid sAmAnyatayA isa sambandha meM eka mata haiM ki candragupta kA rAjyasattAkAla I.pU. 297 taka rahA hai| 33 ataH vahI sattAkAla bhadrabAhu aura sthUlIbhadra kA bhI honA caahiye| yaha eka nirvivAda tathya hai ki candragupta ne nandoM se sattA hastagata kI thI aura antima nanda ke mantrI zakaDAla kA putra sthUlIbhadra thaa| ataH sthUlIbhadra ko candragupta maurya kA kaniSTha samasAmayika aura bhadrabAhu ko candragupta maurya kA variSTha samasAmayika honA cAhiye cAhe yaha kathana pUrNataH vizvasanIya mAnA jAye yA nahIM mAnA jAye ki candragupta maurya ne jaina dIkSA grahaNa kI thI phira bhI jaina anuzrutiyoM ke AdhAra para itanA to mAnanA hI hogA ki bhadrabAhu aura sthUlIbhadra candragupta maurya ke samasAmayika the| sthUlIbhadra ke vairAgya kA mukhya kAraNa usake pitA ke prati nandavaMza ke antima zAsaka mahApadyananda kA durvyavahAra aura unakI ghRNita hatyA mAnI jA sakatI hai / 34 punaH sthUlIbhadra bhadrabAhu se nahIM, apitu sambhUtivijaya se dIkSita hue the| pATaliputra kI prathama vAcanA ke samaya vAcanA pramukha bhadrabAhu aura sthUlIbhadra na hokara sambhUtivijaya rahe haiM- kyoMki usa vAcanA meM hI sthUlIbhadra ko bhadrabAhu se pUrva granthoM kA adhyayana karAne kA nizcaya kiyA gayA thA ata: prathama vAcanA nanda zAsana kehI antima caraNa meM kabhI huI hai| isa prathama vAcanA kA kAla vIranirvANa saMvat mAnA jAtA hai| yadi hama eka bAra donoM paramparAgata mAnyatAoM ko satya mAnakara yaha mAneM ki AcArya bhadrabAhu vIranirvANa saM. 156 se 170 taka AcArya rahe 35 aura candragupta maurya vIranirvANa saM. 215 meM rAjyAsIna huA to donoM kI sama-sAmayikatA siddha nahIM hotI hai| isa mAnyatA kA phalita yaha hai ki candragupta maurya ke rAjyAsIna hone ke 45 varSa pUrva hI bhadrabAhu svargavAsI ho cuke the| isa AdhAra para sthUlIbhadra candragupta maurya ke laghu sama-sAmayika bhI nahIM raha jAte haiN| ataH hameM yaha mAnanA hogA ki candragupta maurya vIranirvANa ke 155 varSa pazcAt hI rAjyAsIna huA / himavanta sthAvirAvalI 35 evaM AcArya hemacandra ke pariziSTaparva 7 meM bhI yahI tithi mAnI gaI hai| isa AdhAra para bhadrabAhu aura sthUlibhadra kI 651 candragupta maurya se sama-sAmayikatA bhI siddha ho jAtI hai| lagabhaga sabhI paTTAvaliyA~ bhadrabAhu ke AcAryatvakAla kA samaya vIranirvANa 156170 mAnatI haiN| 38 digambara paramparA meM bhI tIna kevalI aura pA~ca / zrutakevali kA kula samaya 162 varSa mAnA gayA hai / bhadrabAhu antima zrutakevali ye ataH digambara paramparAnusAra bhI unakA svargavAsa vIranirvANa saM. 162 mAnanA hogaa| 19 isa prakAra donoM paramparAoM ke anusAra bhadrabAhu aura candragupta maurya kI sama-sAmayikatA siddha ho jAtI hai| muni zrI kalyANavijayajI ne candragupta maurya aura bhadrabAhu kI sama-sAmayikatA siddha karane hetu sambhUtivijaya kA AcAryatvakAla 8 varSa ke sthAna para 60 varSa mAna liyaa| isa prakAra unhoMne eka ora mahAvIra kA nirvANa samaya I.pU. 527 mAnakara bhI bhadrabAhu aura candragupta maurya kI samasAmayikatA sthApita karane kA prayAsa kiyA / 40. 'kintu isa sandarbha meM ATha kA sATha mAna lenA unakI apanI kalpanA hai, isakA prAmANika AdhAra upalabdha nahIM hai| 41 sabhI zvetAmbara paTTAvaliyA~ vIranirvANa saM. 170 meM hI bhadrabAhu kA svargavAsa mAnatI haiN| punaH tityogAlI meM bhI vahIM nirdiSTa hai ki vIranirvANa saMvat 170 meM caudaha pUrvo ke jJAna kA viccheda (kSaya) prArambha huaa| bhadrabAhu hI antima 14 pUrvadhara the- unake bAda koI bhI 14 pUrvadhara nahIM huaa| ataH bhadrabAhu kA svargavAsa zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra vIranirvANa saM. 170 meM aura digambara paramparA ke anusAra vIranirvANa saM. 162 hI siddha hotA hai aura isa AdhAra para bhadrabAhu evaM sthUlIbhadra kI antima nanda evaM candragupta maurya se sama-sAmayikatA tabhI siddha ho sakatI hai jaba mahAvIra kA nirvANa vikrama pUrva 410 tathA I.pU. 467 mAnA jAye / anya abhI vikalpoM meM bhadrabAhu evaM sthUlIbhadra kI antima nandarAjA aura candragupta maurya se samakAlikatA ghaTita nahIM ho sakatI hai| "tityogAlI paitrayaM" meM bhI sthUlIbhadra aura nandarAjA kI samakAlikatA varNita hai| 42 ataH ina AdhAroM para mahAvIra kA nirvANa I. pU. 467 hI adhika yukti saMgata lagatA hai| punaH Arya suhasti aura samprati rAjA kI samakAlInatA bhI jaina paramparA meM sarvamAnya hai / itihAsakAroM ne samprati kA samaya I.pU. 231221 mAnA hai| 43 jaina paTTAvaliyoM ke anusAra Arya suhasti kA yuga pradhAna AcAryakAla vIranirvANa saM. 245 - 291 taka rahA hai| yadi hama vIranirvANa I.pU. 527 ko AdhAra banAkara gaNanA kareM to yaha mAnanA hogA ki Arya suhasti I.pU. 282 meM yuga pradhAna AcArya bane aura I.pU. 236 meM svargavAsI ho gye| isa prakAra vIranirvANa I.pU. 527 meM mAnane para Arya suhasti aura samprati rAjA meM kisI bhI rUpa meM samakAlInatA nahIM banatI hai kintu yadi hama vIranirvANa I.pU. 467 mAnate haiM to Arya suhasti kA kAla 467 - 245 I.pU. 222 se prArambha hotA hai| isase samakAlikatA to bana jAtI hai- yadyapi AcArya ke AcAryatvakAla meM samprati kA rAjyakAla lagabhaga 1 varSa hI rahatA hai| kintu Arya suhasti kA samparka samprati se usake yauvarAjya kAla meM, jaba vaha avanti kA zAsaka thA, taba huA thA aura sambhava hai ki taba Arya suhasti saMgha ke yuga pradhAna AcArya na hokara bhI prabhAvazAlI muni rahe hoN| jJAtavya hai ki .
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________________ 652 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 Arya suhasti sthUlIbhadra se dIkSita hue the| paTTAvaliyoM ke anusAra nahIM hai| kyoMki isa AdhAra para I.pU.527 kI paramparAgata mAnyatA I.pU. sthUlibhadra kI dIkSA vIranirvANa saM. 146 meM huI thI aura svargavAsa 467 kI vidvanmAnya mAnyatA donoM hI satya siddha nahIM hotI hai| abhilekha vIranirvANa 215 meM huA thaa| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki candragupta evaM paTTAvalI kA samIkaraNa karane para isase vIranirvANa I.pU. 360 ke maurya ke rAjyAbhiSeka ke 9 varSa pUrva antima nanda rAjA (nava nanda) ke lagabhaga phalita hotA hai| isa anizcitatA kA kAraNa Arya maMgu ke kAla ko rAjyakAla meM ve dIkSita ho cuke the| yadi paTTAvalI ke anusAra Arya suhasti lekara vividha bhrAntiyoM kI upasthiti hai| kI sarva Ayu 100 varSa aura dIkSA Ayu 30 varSa mAneM to ve vIranirvANa jahA~ taka Arya nandila kA prazna hai, hameM unake nAma kA ullekha saM. 221 arthAt I.pU. 246 (vIranirvANa I.pU. 467 mAnane para) meM bhI nandisUtra meM milatA hai| nandisUtra meM unakA ullekha Arya maMgu ke pazcAt dIkSita hue haiN| isase Arya suhasti kI samprati se samakAlikatA to siddha aura Arya nAgahasti ke pUrva milatA hai|50 mathurA ke abhilekhoM meM nandika ho jAtI hai kintu unheM sthUlIbhadra kA hasta-dIkSita mAnane meM 6 varSa kA (nandila) kA eka abhilekha zaka-saMvat 32 kA hai| dUsare zaka saM. 93 antara AtA hai kyoMki unake dIkSita hone ke 6 varSa pUrva hI vIranirvANa ke lekha meM nAma spaSTa nahIM hai, mAtra "ndi" milA hai|51 Arya nandila se 215 meM sthUlIbhadra kA svargavAsa ho cukA thaa| sambhAvanA yaha bhI ho kA ullekha prabandhakoza evaM kucha prAcIna paTTAvaliyoM meM bhI hai-kintu kahIM sakatI hai ki suhasti 30 varSa kI Ayu ke sthAna para 23-24 varSa meM para bhI unake samaya kA ullekha nahIM hone se isa abhilekhIya sAkSya ke hI dIkSita ho gaye hoN| phira bhI yaha sunizcita hai ki paTTAvaliyoM ke ullekhoM AdhAra para mahAvIra ke nirvANakAla kA nirdhAraNa sambhava nahIM hai| ke AdhAra para Arya suhasti aura samprati kI samakAlInatA vIranirvANa aba hama nAgahasti kI ora Ate haiM- sAmAnyatayA sabhI I.pU. 467 para hI sambhava hai| usake pUrva I.pUrva. 527 meM athavA usake paTTAvaliyoM meM Arya vajra kA svargavAsa vIranirvANa saM.584 meM mAnA gayA pazcAt kI kisI bhI tithi ko mahAvIra kA nirvANa mAnane para yaha hai| Arya vajra ke pazcAt 13 varSa Arya rakSita, 20 varSa puSyamitra aura samakAlInatA sambhava nahIM hai| 3 varSa vajrasena yugapradhAna rahe arthAt vIranirvANa saM. 620 meM vajrasena . isa prakAra bhadrabAhu aura sthUlibhadra kI mahApadmananda aura kA svargavAsa huaa| merutuMga kI vicArazreNI meM isake bAda Arya nirvANa candragupta maurya se tathA Arya suhastI kI samprati se samakAlInatA 621 se 690 taka yugapradhAna rhe|52 yadi mathurA abhilekha ke hastahasti vIranirvANa I.pU. 467 mAnane para siddha kI jA sakatI hai| anya sabhI hI nAgahasti hoM to mAdhahasti ke guru ke rUpa meM unakA ullekha zaka saM.54 vikalpoM meM inakI samakAlikatA siddha nahIM hotI hai| ata: merI dRSTi meM ke abhilekha meM milatA hai arthAt ve I.san 132 ke pUrva hue haiN| yadi mahAvIra kA nirvANa I.pU. 467 mAnanA adhika yuktasaMgata hogaa| hama vIranirvANa I.pU. 467 mAnate haiM to unakA yuga pradhAna kAla I. sana aba hama kucha abhilekhoM ke AdhAra para bhI mahAvIra ke nirvANa 154-223 AtA hai| abhilekha unake ziSya ko I.san 132 meM hone samaya para vicAra kareMge kI sUcanA detA hai yadyapi yaha mAnakara santoSa kiyA jA sakatA hai ki mathurA ke abhilekhoM44 meM ullekhita pA~ca nAmoM meM se nandisUtra yuga pradhAna hone ke 22 varSa pUrva unhoMne kisI ko dIkSita kiyA hogaa| sthavirAvalI45 ke Arya maMgu, Arya nandila aura Arya hasti (hasta yadyapi inakI sarvAyu 100 varSa mAnane para taba unakI Ayu mAtra 11 varSa hasti)- ye tIna nAma tathA kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI46 ke Arya kRSNa aura hogI aura aisI sthiti meM unake upadeza se kisI kA dIkSita honA aura Arya vRddha ye do nAma milate haiN| paTTAvaliyoM ke anusAra Arya maMgu kA usa dIkSita ziSya ke dvArA mUrti pratiSThA honA asambhava sA lagatA hai| yuga-pradhAna AcAryakAla vIranirvANa saMvat 451 se 470 taka mAnA gayA kintu yadi hama paramparAgata mAnyatA ke AdhAra para vIranirvANa ko zaka hai|47 vIranirvANa I.pU. 467 mAnane para inakA kAla I.pU. 16 se I0 saMvat 605 pUrva yA I. pU.527 mAnate haiM to paTTAvalIgata ullekhoM aura san 3 taka aura vIranirvANa I.pU. 527 mAnane para inakA kAla I.pU. abhilekhIya sAkSyoM meM saMgati baiTha jAtI hai| isa AdhAra para unakA yuga 76 se I.pU. 57 AtA hai| jabaki abhilekhIya AdhAra para inakA kAla pradhAna kAla zaka saM.16 se zaka saM.85 ke bIca AtA hai aura aisI zaka saM. 52 (huviSka varSa 52) arthAt I.san 130 AtA hai48- arthAt sthiti meM zaka saM.54 meM unake kisI ziSya ke upadeza se mUrti pratiSThA inake paTTAvalI aura abhilekha ke kAla meM vIranirvANa I.pU. 527 mAnane honA sambhava hai| yadyapi 69 varSa taka unakA yuga pradhAnakAla mAnanA sAmAnya para lagabhaga 200 varSoM kA antara AtA hai aura vIranirvANa I.pa 467 mAnane buddhi se yukti saMgata nahIM lagatA hai| ata: nAgahasti sambandhI yaha para bhI lagabhaga 127 varSa kA antara to banA hI rahatA hai| aneka paTTAvaliyoM abhilekhIya sAkSya paTTAvalI kI sUcanA ko satya mAnane para mahAvIra kA meM Arya maMgu kA ullekha bhI nahIM hai| ata: unake kAla ke sambandha meM nirvANa I.pU.527 mAnane ke pakSa meM jAtA hai| paTTAvalIgata avadhAraNA prAmANika nahIM hai| puna: Arya maMgu kA nAma mAtra jisa punaH mathurA ke eka abhilekhayukta aMkana meM AryakRSNa kA nAma nandIsUtra sthavirAvalI meM hai aura yaha sthavirAvalI bhI guru-ziSya paramparA kI sahita aMkana pAyA jAtA hai| yaha abhilekha zaka saMvat 95 kA hai|53 sUcaka nahIM hai| ata: bIca meM kucha nAma chUTane kI sambhAvanA hai jisakI puSTi yadi hama AryakRSNa kA samIkaraNa kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI meM zivabhUti ke svayaM muni kalyANavijayajI ne bhI kI hai|49 isa prakAra Arya maMgu ke bAda ullikhita AryakRSNa se karate hai54 to paTTAvaliyoM evaM abhilekhIya sAkSya ke AdhAra para mahAvIra ke nirvANa kAla kA nirdhAraNa sambhava vizeSAvazyaka bhASya ke AdhAra para inakA sata samaya vIranirvANa saM.609
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________________ bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nirvANa tithi para punarvicAra 653 ke Asa-pAsa nizcita hotA hai55 kyoMki inhIM AryakRSNa aura zivabhUti nirvANa kAla ko I.pU. 467 mAnane kI hI puSTi karate haiN| aisI sthiti ke vastra sambandhI vivAda ke pariNAmasvarUpa boTika nihnava kI utpatti huI meM buddha nirvANa I.pU. 482. jise adhikAMza pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne mAnya thI aura isa vivAda kA kAla vIranirvANa saMvat 609 sunizcita hai| kiyA hai, mAnanA hogA aura tabhI yaha siddha hogA ki buddha ke nirvANa ke vIranirvANa I.pU.467 mAnane para usa abhilekha kAla kA 609- lagabhaga 15 varSa pazcAt mahAvIra kA nirvANa huaa| 467=142 I. AtA hai| yaha abhilekhayukta aMkana 95+ 78=173I. kA hai| cUMki aMkana meM AryakRSNa ko eka ArAdhya ke rUpa meM aMkita sandarbha karavAyA gayA hai| yaha svAbhAvika hai ki unakI hI ziSya paramparA ke kisI 1. (a) NivvANe vIra jiNe chavvAsasadesu pNcvrisesu| paNamAsesu Arya arha dvArA I.san 173 meM yaha aMkana unake svargavAsa ke 20- gadesu saMjAdo sagaNio ahvaa||-tiloypnnnntti, 4/1499. (ba) paMca ya mAsA paMca ya vAsA chacceva hoMti vaassyaa| pariNivvuassaarihato so uNNaNNo sago raayaa||-titthogaalii sakatA hai, anya kisI vikalpa se isakI saMgati baiThAnA sambhava nahIM hai| painnaya, 623 mathurA abhilekhoM meM eka nAma AryavRddhahasti kA bhI milatA 2. paM. jugalakizorajI mukhtAra, jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa para vizada hai| inake do abhilekha milate haiN| eka abhilekha zaka saM.60 (huviSka prakAza, zrI vIrazAsana saMgha, kalakattA, 1956, pR. 26-44, varSa 60) aura dUsarA zaka saM. 79 kA hai|56 IsvI san kI dRSTi se 45-46 ye donoM abhilekha I.san 138 aura I.san 157 ke haiN| yadi ye vRddhahasti 3. muni kalyANavijaya, vIranirvANa saMvat aura jaina kAlagaNanA, hI kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI ke AryavRddha aura paTTAvaliyoM ke vRddhadeva hoM prakAzaka ka.vi. zAstra samiti, jAlau (mAravAr3a), pR. 159 to paTTAvaliyoM ke anusAra unhoMne vIranirvANa 695 meM koraMTaka meM pratiSThA 4. titthogAlI painnayaM (gAthA 623), paiNNayasuttAI, saM. muni karavAI thii|57 yadi hama vIranirvANa I.pU 467 mAnate haiM to yaha kAla puSyavijaya, prakAzaka zrI mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, bambaI, 695-467-218 I. AtA hai| ata: vIranirvANa I.pU. 527 mAnatA 400036 para isa abhilekhIya sAkSya aura paTTAvalIgata mAnyatA kA samIkaraNa ThIka 5. tiloyapaNNatti, 4/1499 saM. pro. hIrAlAla jaina, jaina baiTha jAtA hai| paTTAvalI meM vRddha kA krama 25vA~ hai| pratyeka AcArya kA saMskRtirakSaka saMgha zolApura, ausata sattA kAla 25 varSa mAnane para inakA samaya vIranirvANa I.pU. mAnane 6. kalpasUtra, 147, pR. 145, anuvAdaka mANikamuni, prakAzakapara bhI abhilekha se vIranirvANa 625 AyegA aura taba 625- sobhAgamala harakAvata, ajamera 467=158 saMgati baiTha jaayegii| 7. ThANaM (sthAnAMga), aguMsuttAANi bhAga 1, AcArya tulasI, antima sAkSya jisa para mAhavIra kI nirvANa tithi kA nirdhAraNa jainavizvabhAratI, lADanUM 7/141 kiyA jA sakatA hai, vaha hai mahArAja dhruvasena ke abhilekha aura unakA 8... bhagavaI, 9/222-229 (aMgasuttANi bhAga 2-AcArya tulasI, kaal| paramparAgata mAnyatA yaha hai ki vallabhI kI vAcanA ke pazcAt jainavizvabhAratI lADanUM) sarvaprathama kalpasUtrakI sabhA ke samakSa vAcanA Anandapura (baDanagara) meM 9. Avazyakaniyukti, 778-783 (niyuktisaMgraha-saM. vijayajinasena mahArAja dhruvasena ke putra-maraNa ke duHkha ko kama karane ke liye kI gyii| sUrIzvara, harSapuSpAmRta, jainagranthamAlA, lAkhA bAkhala, saurASTra, yaha kAla vIranirvANa saM. 980 yA 993 mAnA jAtA hai|58 dhruvasena ke 1989) aneka abhilekha upalabdha haiN| dhruvasena prathama kA kAla I.saM. 525 se 10. tiloyapaNNati, 4/1496-1499 550 taka mAnA jAtA hai|59 yadi yaha ghaTanA unake rAjyArohaNa ke dvitIya 11. dhavalA TIkA samanvita SaTkhaNDAgama, khaNDa-4 bhAga-1, pustaka varSa I. san 526 kI ho to mahAvIra kA nirvANa 993-526=469 9 pR0 132-133 I.pU. siddha hotA hai| 12. kalpasUtra (maNikamuni, ajamera), sUtra 147, pR0 145 isa prakAra ina pA~ca abhilekhIya sAkSyoM meM tIna to aise avazya 13. titthogAlIpainnayaM (paiNNayasuttAI), 621 / / haiM jinase mahAvIra kA nirvANa I.pa. 467 siddha hotA hai| jabaki do aise 14. evaM ca zrI mahAvIra muktairvarSazate, paMca paMcAzadadhike cndrgupto'bhvntrpH|| haiM jinase vIranirvANa I.pU. 527 bhI siddha ho sakatA hai| eka abhilekha pariziSTaparva, hemacandra, sarga, 8/339 (jainadharma prasAraka saMsthA kA inase koI saMgati nahIM hai| ye asaMgatiyA~ isalie bhI hai ki paTTAvaliyoM bhAvanagara) meM AcAryoM kA jo kAla diyA gayA hai usakI prAmANikatA sandigdha hai 15. jJAtavya hai candugupta maurya ko vIranirvANa saM0 215 meM rAjyAsIna aura Aja hamAre pAsa aisA koI AdhAra nahIM hai jisake AdhAra para isa mAnakara hI vIranirvANa I0pU0 527 meM mAnA jA sakatA hai, kintu asaMgati ko samApta kiyA jA ske| phira bhI isa vivecanA meM hama yaha use vIranirvANa 155 meM rAjyAsIna mAnane para vIranirvANa I0pU0 pAte haiM ki adhikAMza sAhityika evaM abhilekhIya sAkSya mahAvIra ke 467 mAnanA hogaa| 16. Jacobi, V. Harman--Buddhas und Mahaviras Nirvana
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________________ 653 A jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 50 und diepolitischeEntwicklung Magadhas ZuJerier Zeit, 39. dhavalA TIkA samanvita SaTkhaNDAgama, khaNDa-4, pustaka-9 557. pR0132,133 17. Charpentier Jarl-- Uttaradhyayanasutra, Introduction 40. (a) muni kalyANavijaya- paTTAvalIparAgasaMgraha, pR052 munijI p.13-16. dvArA kiye gaye anya parivartanoM ke liye dekheM pR0 4918. anekAnta, varSa 4 kiraNa 10, zAstrI e zAntirAja-- bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa samvat kI samAlocanA (ba) muni kalyANavijaya, vIranirvANa, saMvat aura jaina kAlagaNanA. 19. Indian Antiquary, Vol. XLVI, 1917, July 1917, Page pR0 137 151-152, Swati Publications, Delhi, 1985. 41. jJAtavya hai ki munijI dvArA eka ora sambhUti vijaya ke kAla ko 20. The Joumal of the royal Asiatic Society, 1917, ATha varSa se sATha varSa karanA aura dUsarI ora mauryoM ke itihAsa Vankteshvara, S.V.--The Date of Vardhamana, p. 122- sammata 108 varSa ke kAla ko eka sau sATha varSa karanA kevala 130. apanI mAnyatA kI puSTi kA prayAsa hai| 21. mukhtAra jugalakizora--"jainasAhitya aura itihAsa para vizada 42. titthogAlIpainnayaM--paiNNa suttaaii| 793, 794 prakAza", zrI vIrazAsana pR0 26-56 43. DaoN0 rAmazaMkara tripAThI prAcIna bhArata kA itihAsa, pR0 139 / 22. muni kalyANavijaya-- vIranirvANa saMvat aura jaina kAlagaNanA, 44. (a) jainazilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga 2, kramAMka 41, prakAzaka ka0vi0 zAstra samiti jAlaura, vi0sa0 1987 54,55,56,59,63 / / 23. Eggermont, P.H.L.-- "The Year of Mahavira's Decease". __AryakRSNa (kaNha) ke liye dekheM-- V.A. Smith-- 24. Smith, V.A.--The Jaina Stupa nad other Antiquities of Thejain Stupa and other Antiquities of Mathura, Mathura, Indological Book House, Delhi, 1969, p. 14. p.24 25. Norman, K.R.--Observations on theDates of theJina and 45. nandIsUtra rathavirAvalI, 27, 28, 29 the Buddh. 46. kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI (antima gAtha bhAga) gAthA 1 evaM 4 26. dIghanikAya, sAmaaphalasuttaM, 2/1/7 47. muni kalyANavijaya, vIranirvANa saMvat aura jaina kAla gaNanA, 27. muni kalyANavijaya, vIranirvANa saMvat aura jainakAlagaNanA, jAlaura, pR0 122, AdhAra- yugapradhAna pttttaavliyaaN| pR04-5 48. jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga 2, lekha kramAMka 54 28. muni kalyANavijaya, vIranirvANa aura jainakAlagaNanA, pR0 1 49. muni kalyANavijaya, vIranirvANa saMvat aura jaina kAlagaNanA, 29. dIghanikAya, sAmaJaphalasuttaM, 2/2/8 jAlaura, pR0 121 evaM 131 30. dIghanikAya, pAsAdikasuttaM, 6/1/1 50. nandIsUtra sthavirAvalI, 27, 28 evaM 29 31. vahI, 51. jaina zilAlekhasaMgraha, bhAga, 2, lekhakramAMka 41, 67 32. muni kalyANavijaya, vIranirvANa saMvat aura jainakAlagaNanA pR05 52. muni kalyANavijaya, vIranirvANa saMvat aura jainakAlagaNanA, 33. (a) Majumbar, R.C. Ancient India, p. 108 jAlaura, pR0 106 TippaNI (ba) DaoN. ramAzaMkara tripAThI-- prAcIna bhArata kA itihAsa pR0139 53. V.A Smith, The Jian Stupa and other Antiquities of 34. titthogAlI painnayaM, 78 (paiNNaya suttAI, mahAvIra vidyAlaya, Matura, p. 24 bambaI) 54. kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI (antima gAthA bhAga), gAthA 1 35. vividhagacchIya paTTAvalIsaMgraha (prathama bhAga) jinavijaya jI 55. vizeSAvazyakabhASya 36. vIranirvANa samvat aura jaina kAla gaNanA muni kalyANavijaya, 56. jainazilAlekhasaMgraha, bhAga 2, lekha kramAMka 56, 59 pR0178 57. muni jinavijaya, vividhagacchIya paTTAvalI saMgraha, prathama bhAga, 37. pariziSTa parva, hemacandra, 8/339 pR017 38. (a) paTTAvalIparAgasaMgraha--muni kalyANavijayajI 58. kalpasUtra (saM mANikamuni, ajamera) 147 (ba) vividhagacchIya paTTAvalI saMgraha-- prathamabhAga sampAdaka-- 59. gujarAta no rAjakIya ane sAMskRtika itihAsa grantha 3, vI0 je0 jinavijaya, siMghI jaina zAstra zikSA pIi, bhAratIya insTITyUTa, ahamadAbAda-9, pR0 40 vidyAbhavana, bambaI, prathama bhAga pRSTha 17