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________________ zrAvakAcAra kA mUlyAtmaka vivecana ___- DaoN. subhASa koThArI* bhAratIya sabhyatA aura saMskRti kA vizva ke itihAsa meM mahattvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai| yahA~ ke dhArmika aura AdhyAtmika vAtAvaraNa ne hamezA duniyA ko prabhAvita kiyA hai| jainadharma meM isa AdhyAtmika sAdhanA kA mUla AdhAra AcAra mAnA gayA hai| yahA~ AcAra se tAtparya una vratoM aura niyamoM se hai, jinakA pAlana karane se vyakti ke jIvana meM ahiMsA, kSamA, aparigraha Adi pravRttiyoM kA samAveza hotA hai| hamAre RSiyoM, maharSiyoM, AcAryoM aura tIrthaMkaroM ne isa AcAra sAdhanA ko do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai| pahalA, una vyaktiyoM ke lie, jo samasta sAMsArika baMdhanoM se mukta aura tyAgI haiM aura dUsarA una vyaktiyoM ke lie, jo gRhasthAvasthA ko tyAgakara samasta sAMsArika baMdhanoM se mukta to nahIM ho sakate haiM parantu mukta hone kI dizA meM AMzika rUpa se prayatna karate haiN| jisase unake mAnasa meM kucha vrata, niyama evaM tyAga kI bhAvanA utpanna hotI hai| jaina darzana kI bhASA meM inheM kramazaH sAdhvAcAra aura zrAvakAcAra kahate haiN| cU~ki merA viSaya zrAvakAcAra se sambandhita hai ataH maiM apane Apako usI taka sImita rkheNgaa| zrAvaka zabda kA artha evaM svarUpa zrAvaka zabda jaina darzana kA eka "Teknikala" zabda hai jo saMskRta kI dhAtu se banA hai jisakA artha zravaNa karanA hotA hai| arthAt vyakti niSThApUrvaka nirgantha vacanoM ko sunatA hai aura apanI kSamatA ke anusAra una para amala karatA hai, vaha zrAvaka hai| vaise dekhA jAya to zrAvaka zabda tIna akSaroM ke yoga se banA hai aura una tInoM ke apane-apane artha hai| "zrA" zabda tattvArtha zraddhAna kI sUcanA detA hai| "va" zabda vivekayukta dAna kI preraNA karatA hai aura "ka" zabda karmarUpI pApa ko sevA bhAvanA dvArA naSTa karane kA saMketa pradAna karatA hai| isa prakAra zraddhA viveka aura kriyA kA sammizraNa jisa vyakti meM hotA hai, vaha zrAvaka hai| jaina Agama granthoM meM zrAvaka-AcAra kA prArambha sUtrakRtAMgasUtra se hotA hai jahA~ isameM zrAvaka aura zramaNopAsaka nAmoM kA ullekha milatA hai| isake bAda sthAnAMgasUtra meM zrAvaka ke pAlana karane yogya pA~ca aNuvratoM aura tIna manorathoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| tadantara samavAyAMgasUtra meM zrAvaka ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI gyAraha pratimAoM kA ullekha dekhA jA sakatA hai| upAsakadazAMgasUtra, jo ki jaina Agama sAhitya meM zrAvaka-AcAra kA pratipAdana karane vAlA eka mAtra pratinidhi grantha hai, usameM zrAvakoM kI jIvana caryA, bAraha vrata, niyama, pratimAoM Adi kA vistRta varNana kiyA gayA hai| ___isake bAda paravartI zvetAmbara aura digambara aneka granthakAra hue haiM jinhoMne apane granthoM meM zrAvaka AcAra kA saMkSepa aura vistAra se varNana kiyA hai| jinameM umAsvAti kA tattvArthasUtra, hemacandra kA yogazAstra, A. javAharalAla jI ma.sA. kA gRhastha dharma, A. samantabhadra kA ratnakaraNDaka-zrAvakAcAra, somadevasUri kA upAsakAdhyayana aura paM. AzAdhara kA sAgAradharmAmRta mukhya hai| 151
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________________ zrAvakAcAra kA mUlyAtmaka vivecana zrAvaka AdhAra ke samAnya niyama prastuta patra meM, maiM zrAvaka zabda kA adhikArI hone ke lie kina-kina guNoM aura niyamoM kA pAlana karanA Avazyaka hotA hai, usa para saMkSepa meM prakAza DAlate hue, una vratoM aura niyamoM kA hamAre sAmAjika, vyavahArika aura rASTrIya jIvana meM kyA mahattva hai usa para bhI kucha kahanA caahuuNgaa| yaha zAzvata satya hai ki jo vyakti vyAvahArika jIvana ke vyavahAroM meM kuzala nahIM hai vaha AdhyAtmika sAdhanA meM Age nahIM bar3ha sakatA hai| isI manovaijJAnika dRSTi ko dhyAna meM rakha kara hamAre AcAryoM ne vratoM kI sAdhanA kI pUrva bhUmikA ke rUpa meM aise aneka guNoM kA nirdeza apane granthoM meM kiyA hai jinameM nyAya, nItipUrvaka dhana kA upArjana, pApa karmoM kA tyAga, sadAcAra kA pAlana, dharma zravaNa karane kI jijJAsA, atithi Adi kA yathocit satkAra, vivekazIla, vinamra aura karuNAzIla honA mukhya hai| uparokta kAryoM ko karane se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki vyakti vyAvahArika jIvana meM saphalatApUrvaka kArya kara rahA hai isaliye tIrthaMkaroM ne vyakti ke vyAvahArika jIvana ko bahuta manovaijJAnika DhaMga se jAMcA, parakhA aura use hI dhArmikatA kA.spa dekara vyakti ko sAmAjika banA ddaalaa| ye guNa AdhyAtmika sAdhanA ke praveza dvAra hai| inake saphala AcaraNa ke bAda hI vyakti vratoM kI ArAdhanA meM Age kadama bar3hA sakatA hai| bAraha vrata aura unakI upayogitA bAraha vrata zrAvaka AcAra ke mUla AdhAra mAne jAte haiN| ina bAraha vratoM ko AcAryoM ne tIna vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai -- pA~ca aNuvrata, tIna guNavrata aura cAra shikssaavrt| (1) ahiMsA aNuvata jaina zAstroM meM saMkalpI, ArambhI, udyogI aura virodhI ina cAra prakAra kI hiMsAoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| una cAroM hiMsAoM meM se zrAvaka saMkalpI hiMsA kA tyAga karatA hai| saMkalpI hiMsA se tAtparya "maiM kisI ko mAU~" isa bhAvanA se kI gayI hiMsA se hai| cU~ki zrAvaka gRhasthAvasthA meM rahatA hai ataH kabhI makAna nirmANa ke prasaMga se, kabhI duSTa vyakti ko daNDa dene ke rUpa meM, kabhI samAja vyavasthA sucArU rUpa se calAne meM sUkSma jIvoM kI hiMsA ho jAtI hai yA yU~ kaheM ki karanI par3atI hai| ataH isa hiMsA se vaha pUrNa rUpa se virata nahIM ho pAtA hai| hA~ ! itanA Avazyaka hai ki vaha ina saba kAryoM meM vivekayukta hokara kArya karatA hai| aticAra aticAroM kA tAtparya una khaNDanoM se hai jinase vrata meM doSa lagane kI sambhAvanA rahatI hai| zrAvaka ko ina aticAroM ko dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhiye aura inase bacakara apane vratoM kA pAlana karanA caahiye| pratyeka vrata ke pA~ca-pA~ca aticAra hai| ahiMsANuvrata ke pA~ca aticAra bandha, vadha, chaviccheda, bhattapAna vyavaccheda va atibhAra hai| kisI ko bAMdhanA, mAranA, aMgoM ko kATa denA, khAne-pIne meM bAdhA upasthita karanA evaM vyakti kI sAmarthya se adhika bhAra DAlanA, vrata bhaMga ke kAraNa haiN| yaha pA~coM aticAra vartamAna sAmAjika jagata meM bhI pUrNa prAsaMgika haiN| ye rAjya vyavasthA kI dRSTi se aparAdha hai| isa prakAra ahiMsANuvrata vyakti ko naitika aura sAmAjika banAtA hai aura samAja aura rASTra kI AtmasurakSA evaM audyogika pragati meM sahayogI bana kara calatA hai| 152
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________________ DaoN. subhASa koThArI (2) satya aNuvrata kanyA, pazu, bhUmi, dharohara Adi ke sambandha meM asatya bhASaNa kA tyAga karanA satya aNuvrata hai| isa vrata meM zrAvaka aise sthUla asatya kA tyAga karatA hai jisase samAja, deza aura rASTra kI hAni hotI hai aura vyakti ke Atma-sammAna ko Thesa pahuMcatI hai| isake sAtha hI sAtha isa vrata meM zrAvaka aise satya kA bhI tyAga karatA hai jo satya hote hue bhI dUsare vyakti ko pIr3A kA ahasAsa karAtA ho| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke ananya zrAvaka mahAzataka kA kathAnaka isakA sarvottama zAstrIya udAharaNa hai| aticAra satya vrata meM kisI para binA soca-vicAra kiye doSAropaNa karanA, ekAnta meM bAtacIta karate hue vyaktiyoM para jhUThA AkSepa lagAnA, bhUThA upadeza denA, jAlI ceka, DrAphTa Adi jArI karanA, aticAra mAne gaye haiN| vartamAna meM bhI ina sabhI para rAjya dvArA roka lagAyI jAtI hai| Aja bhI nyAyAlaya meM dharmagrantha para hAtha rakha kara Apase satya bolane ko kahA jAtA hai, pada aura gopanIyatA kI zapatha dilAI jAtI hai aura jAlI ceka, DrAphTa lena-dena para kaThora daNDa diyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra satya aNuvrata meM zrAvaka satya, tathya aura prItipUrNa vacanoM kA hI prayoga karatA hai, jo samAja ko unnata aura pavitra banAne meM mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA adA karate haiN| (3) asteya aNuvrata svAmI kI anumati ke binA kisI bhI vastu ko grahaNa nahIM karanA asteya hai| sArvajanika rUpa se prakRti dvArA pradatta vastuoM ko chor3akara anya vastu kA binA anumati grahaNa nahIM karanA hI zrAvaka kA asteya aNuvrata hai| aticAra corI kI vastu kharIdanA, cora ko sahAyatA karanA, rAjya niyamoM ke viruddha AcaraNa karanA, vastuoM meM milAvaTa karanA va nApa-taula meM beImAnI karanA asteya vrata ke aticAra haiM, doSa haiN| vartamAna jagata meM bhI uparokta sabhI aparAdha kI zreNI meM mAne jAte haiN| Aye dina par3a rahe inkama-Taiksa va selsa-Teksa ke chApe ina aticAroM ke sevana kA hI eka rUpa hai| Aja khAdya padArthoM se lagAkara auSadhiyoM taka meM milAvaTa pAyI jAtI hai| hama aksara samAcAra patroM meM dekhate va par3hate hI haiM ki kabhI phUDapoijaniMga se, kabhI jaharIlI davAiyoM se evaM kabhI jaharIlI zarAba se hajAroM loga mara jAte haiN| yaha saba hamArI prAmANikatA para eka praznacinha lagAte haiM? isa prakAra asteya aNuvrata kA niratacAra pAlana karane se hama mAnava jAti va rASTra ke prati apane dAyitva ko bhalI prakAra nibhA sakate haiN| (4) brahmacarya aNuvrata kAma pravRtti para.aMkuza zrAvaka kA cauthA brahmacarya aNuvrata hai| gRhasthAvasthA meM raha kara vyakti pUrNa rUpa se brahmacarya kA pAlana nahIM kara sakatA hai| ataH zrAvaka eka mAtra vivAhitA patnI (svapatnI) meM pUrNa santoSI banakara zeSa sabhI striyoM ke sAtha maithuna sevana kA tyAga karatA hai| zrAvikAoM ke lie eka pativrata (svapati) kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| 153
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________________ zrAvakAcAra kA mUlyAtmaka vivecana mAripA aticAra yahA~ yaha spaSTa kara diyA gayA hai ki vezyA Adi anya striyoM se kAma vyavahAra rakhanA, anaMgakrIDA karanA, apane putra-putrI ko chor3akara anya kA vivAha karAnA, kAma sevana kI tIvra bhAvanA rakhanA vrata bhaMga kA kAraNa hai, aticAra hai| eka AcArya ne to yahA~ taka kaha diyA hai ki apanI vivAhitA strI se bhI agara vaha alpavayaska hai to usase kAma vyavahAra nahIM karanA caahiye| parantu jaba ina saMyamita vicAroM ko chor3akara mAnava apanA dRSTikoNa dUsarA banA letA hai to hatyA, vyabhicAra, balAtkAra jaisI bhAvanAe~ sahaja hI prasphuTita ho jAtI hai| prasaMgAnukUla vartamAna pariprekSa meM isa vrata ke sandarbha meM kucha likhanA anucita nahIM hogaa| abrahma ko bar3hAvA dene ke lie svayaM strI jAti bhI bahuta hada taka jimmevAra hai| ve sItA, sabhadrA Adi ke caritroM ko bhUlakara, kama se kama vastra dhAraNa kara, zarIra kA pradarzana karatI haiN| phaizana aura kRtrima prasAdhana sAmagrI ne aurata ko numAIza kI cIja banA diyA hai| puruSa varga bhI isameM bahuta hada taka doSI hotA hai kyoMki isa saba numAizoM ke pIche usakA mastiSka va vyAvasAyika buddhi kArya karatI hai, jisase vaha apanI saMskRti ko kisI bhI rUpa meM prayoga karane meM nahIM cakatA hai| Aja vyakti kA khAna-pAna, AcAra-vicAra, rahana-sahana saba tAmasika aura amaryAdita ho gayA hai| pikcara, azlIla sAhitya, behude vijJApana se samAja kA naitika va mAnasika patana ho rahA hai| Aja hara galI mohalle meM 8-8, 10-10 varSoM ke naunihAloM ke mu~ha se pyAra mohabbata ke azlIla gAne va bhaddI gAliyA~ sunI jA sakatI haiN| Aja jo eDsa nAmaka roga antarrASTrIya stara para phaila rahA hai vaha svaicchika yauna sambandha, kAmasakha kI tIvra abhilASA aura brahmacarya nAza kA hI pariNAma hai| pAzcAtya dezoM meM jo samalaiMgika sambandha (homo) kI pravRtti bar3ha rahI hai vaha anaMgakIDA kA hI dUsarA nAma hai, jisakA hamAre AcAryoM ne hajAroM varSoM pUrva hI niSedha kara diyA thaa| isa prakAra brahmacarya aNuvrata pArivArika zAnti aura ApasI vizvAsa kI bhAvanA ko sudRr3ha karatA hai| upAsakadazAMga meM patnI ke lie jo dharmasahAyikA, dharmavaidyA, dharma-ArAdhikA Adi vizleSaNa prApta hote haiM, ve saba isa vrata ke saphala pAlana ke hI pariNAma the| Aja bhI hama logoM meM apanI patnI ke lie "dharmapatnI" zabda kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai, vaha brahmacarya kI vizeSatA kA hI saMketa hai| (5) aparigraha aNuvrata khAna-pAna, dhana-dhAnya, dAsa-dAsI, kheta, vastu Adi ke upayoga kI maryAdA nizcita kara lenA aparigraha aNuvrata hai| gRhasthAvasthA meM rahane ke kAraNa vyakti sAmAjika bandhanoM se baMdhA hotA hai, ataH bhaviSya kI surakSA va durbhikSa kI AzaMkA se pratyeka vyakti ko kucha na kucha saMgraha karanA Avazyaka hotA hai| isa kAraNa vaha pUrNaparigrahI to nahIM bana sakatA hai parantu usa parigraha kI eka sImA jarUra nizcita kara letA hai| yaha sImA nirdhAraNa hI vyakti ko aparigrahI banAtI hai| aparigraha jainadharma kI eka mahattvapUrNa vicAradhArA hai| jaina darzana meM kahA gayA hai ki parigraha se vaimanasyatA, vargasaMgharSa va viSamatA bar3hatI hai kyoMki yaha sIdhe-sIdhe samAja ko prabhAvita karatA hai| jaba eka vyakti ke pAsa adhika dhana-sampatti hotI hai taba dUsare ke pAsa usakA abhAva svAbhAvika hai| yaha abhAva aura Adhikya hI varga saMgharSa kA kAraNa hai| 154
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________________ DaoN. subhASa koThArI jaina matAvalambiyoM meM apavAda ko chor3a deM, bAkI ke pAsa jo sampatti hai vaha unake parizrama va buddhi vilAsa se prArdubhUta hai| isalie sampatti kA arjana aura saMgraha burA nahIM hai kintu jaba isakA AdhAra zoSaNa yA viSamatA ho jAya to vaha samAja aura rASTra ke lie jahara bana jAtA hai| parigraha aNuvrata hameM ina saba kaThinAiyoM se bacA letA hai| mahAtmA gAMdhI kA dRsTIzipa kA siddhAnta aura vinobA bhAve kA vizvastha vRtti kA siddhAnta mahAvIra ke isI aparigraha aNuvrata se sambandhita hai| isa prakAra aparigraha aNuvrata vartamAna samAjavAda-sahaastittva aura samAnatA kI dizA meM bahuta mahattvapUrNa kadama siddha ho sakatA hai| guNavata pA~ca aNuvrata ke vikAsa krama ko vyavasthita AdhAra pradAna karane ke lie guNavrata aura zikSAvratoM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| inameM dizAvrata, upabhoga-paribhoga parimANa vrata evaM anarthadaNDa tIna gaNavrata haiN| (6) dizAvata sabhI dizAoM meM gamanAgamana kI maryAdA nizcita karane ko dizAvrata kahA gayA hai| dasoM dizAoM meM kitanA AvAgamana rakhanA hai isakI sImA isa vrata meM taya kI jAtI hai| isameM UMcI, nIcI, tirachI dizA kA ullaMghana, nizcita kI huI sImA meM vRddhi karanA, sImA maryAdA kA vismaraNa hone para usa maryAdA kSetra se Age jAnA vrata bhaMga ke kAraNa mAne gaye haiN| (7) upabhoga-paribhoga parimANamavrata khAne-pIne, pahanane, or3hane Adi dainika vyavahAra meM kAma meM Ane vAlI vastuoM kI maryAdA nizcita karanA upabhoga-paribhoga parimANa-vrata hai| upAsakadazAMgasUtra meM aisI 21 vastuoM kI sUcI dI hai jinakI isa vrata meM maryAdA nizcita kI jAnI caahiye| zrAvaka-pratikramaNasUtra meM ina vastuoM kI saMkhyA chabbIsa batAI gayI hai| aticAra sacitta vastu khAnA, sacitta ke sAtha lagI huI vastu kA upayoga karanA, kaccI vanaspati kA sevana, adhapakI vanaspati ko khAnA evaM aisI vastu khAnA jisameM khAne yogya padArtha kama ho, pheMkane yogya adhika ho to vaha saba vrata bhaMga ke kAraNa haiN| karmAdAna upabhoga-paribhoga-parimANa vrata meM uparyukta pA~ca aticAroM ke atirikta karma ke anusAra 15 aticAra aura batAye haiN| ye 15 aise kArya haiM jinake karane se bhayaMkara jIvoM kI hiMsA va samArambha karanA par3atA hai, ataH zrAvaka ko ina vyavasAyoM ko nahIM karanA caahiye| inake nAma isa prakAra haiM -- koyale kA vyavasAya, jaMgala kA kATanA, lakar3I becanA, ratha Adi becanA, pazuoM ko bhAr3e para denA, khAna Adi khodanA, hAthI dA~ta kA vyApAra, lAkha kA vyApAra, madirA Adi kA vyApAra, viSAdi kA vyavasAya, dAsa-dAsI kA vyApAra, ghANI Adi se perane kA vyApAra, baila Adi ko napusaMka banAnA, jaMgala meM Aga lagAnA, tAlAba, jhIla Adi sukhAnA, vyabhicAra Adi ke lie vezyA Adi rkhnaa| ina pandraha vyavasAyoM meM trasa jIvoM kA ghAta, sAmAjika asurakSA, paryAvaraNa saMkaTa, saMskRti kA vinAza kisI na kisI rUpa meM hotA hai| ataH zrAvakoM ko ye vyApAra nahIM karane caahiye| . 155
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________________ zrAvakAcAra kA mUlyAtmaka vivecana (8) anarthadaNDa viramaNavrata niSprayojana kisI kI hiMsA karanA anarthadaNDa hai| hiMsA.ke kArya kA, hiMsAtmaka zastroM kA, pApakarma kA upadeza evaM kumArga kI ora prerita karane vAle sAdhanoM kA tyAga karatA hai, usakA anarthadaNDa viramaNa vrata samyakrUpa se hotA hai| atidhAra hAsyamizrita aziSTavacana bolanA, zarIra kI vikRta ceSTA karanA, nirarthaka bakavAda karanA, upabhoga, paribhoga kA adhika saMgraha isa vrata ke doSa haiM, aticAra haiN| isa prakAra anarthadaNDa viramaNavrata anarthakArI hiMsA para roka lagAtA hai| nirarthaka pAnI pheMkanA va rAha calate vanaspati tor3anA bhI isa vrata ke doSa mAne gaye haiN| (9-12) zikSAvata ye vyakti ke Atmika atthAna ke dyotaka hai sAmAyika dezAvakAzika proSadhIpavAsa aura atithisaMvibhAga -- ye cAra isake bheda haiN| eka nizcita samaya ke liye sAdhu tulya vyavahAra sAmAyika hai| sImA maryAdA kA sUkSmIkaraNa va sImA ke bAhara ke Azrava sevana kA tyAga dezavakAzika, pUrNa upavAsa va dharma sthAna para jAkara samyak ArAdhanA, pauSadha aura supAtra ko yathAzakti nirdoSa AhAra pradAna karanA atithisaMvibhAga hai| ye sabhI zikSAvrata AtmA ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa se sambandhita haiM, inase mAnava sevA, sahabhAgitA, sahayoga abhAvagrasta ke prati sAmAjika kartavya kA bodha prApta hotA hai| isa prakAra ina bAraha vratoM kI saMkSepa meM carcA karane se spaSTa hai ki ye bAraha vrata vyakti ke lie kitane mahattvapUrNa haiN| ye vrata vyakti kA vyakti ke prati prema, sahayoga, sahakAra va bandhutva kI bhAvanA ko utpanna karate haiN| ye vyakti ko sAmAjika banAte haiN| samAja meM gRhastha varga kI bhUmikA vaise bhI doharI hai| eka ora vaha svayaM sAdhanA karatA hai| dUsarI ora pUrNasAdhanA karane vAle sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke sAdhanA kA paryavekSaka bhI hai| ataH hama apane kartavya ko pahacAneM aura ina vratoM kI upayogitA ko samajha kara jIvana meM apanAne kA prayAsa kareM to nizcita hI hama usa sAmAjika sauhArda ko lA sakeMge, jisakI hameM abhI pratIkSA hai| sandarbha-grantha 1. suttAgaNe... sUtrakRtAMgasUtra, saMpA. muni madhukara, sUtra 8 2. sthAnAMgasUtra, saMpA. muni madhukara, 5/1/389 3. vahI, 11/5 4. uvAsagadaso, saMpA. muni madhukara 1 se 10 adhyayana 5. zrAvakadharma kI prAsaMgikatA kA prazna -- DaoN. sAgaramala jaina, pR. 19 6. zrAvaka pratikramaNasUtra - cauthA aNuvrata 7. uvAsagadasAo, 1/22-42 8. zrAvaka pratikramaNasUtra - aNuvrata 7 * zodhAdhikArI, Agama, ahiMsA, samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura 156