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________________ vaidika saMskRtiko zramaNa-saMskRtikI dena [ dina aura rAtakI taraha acchAI aura burAIkA, puNya aura pApakA, vicAra- vibhinnatAkA sAtha sadAse hI rahA hai / itihAsake pannoMse jahAM yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki zramaNasaMskRtikA astitva bhArata meM prAcInatama kAlase hai vahAM yaha bhI spaSTa hotA hai ki usakA virodha bhI bahuta purAnA hai| purANoM ke anusAra bhagavAn RSabhadeva ke samayase hI unake virodhI bhI utpanna ho gaye the / itane dIrghakAla se sAtha-sAtha rahane ke kAraNa donoMne hI eka-dUsare se bahuta kucha liyA- diyA hai| zramaNa-saMskRti ne zramaNetara - saMskRtiko jo kucha diyA usameM pramukha haiM ahiMsA, mUrtipUjA, adhyAtma Adi / ] jisa varga, samAja yA rASTrakI kalA, sAhitya, rIti-rivAja, rahana-sahana, khAna-pAna, pahanAva or3hAva, dharma- nIti, vrata-parva Adi pravRttiyAM jisa vicAra aura AcArase anuprANita hotI haiM yA kI jAtI haiM ve usa varga, samAja yA rASTrake usa vicAra aura AcAra mUlaka mAnI jAtI haiN| aisI pravRttiyAM hI saMskRti kahI jAtI haiM / bhArata eka vizAla deza hai / isake bhinna-bhinna bhAgoM meM sadAse hI bhinna-bhinna vicAra aura AcAra rahe haiM tathA Aja bhI aisA hI hai / isalie yahAM kabhI eka vyApaka aura sarvagrAhya saMskRti rahI ho, yaha saMbhava nahIM aura na jJAta hI hai| hA~, itanA avazya jAna par3atA hai ki dUra atItameM do saMskRtiyoM kA prAdhAnya avazya rahA hai / ye do saMskRtiyAM haiM - 1 vaidika aura -2 avaidika / vaidika saMskRtikA AdhAra vedAnusArI AcAra-vicAra aura avaidika saMskRtikA mUla avedAnusArI arthAt puruSa-vizeSakA anubhavAzrita AcAra-vicAra hai / ye donoM saMskRtiyAM jahA~ paraspara meM saMgharSazIla rahI haiM vahA~ ke paraspara prabhAvita bhI hotI rahI haiM / vaidika (brAhmaNa) saMskRti 1. vaidika (brAhmaNa) saMskRtimeM vedako hI sarvopari mAnakara vedAnuyAyiyoMkI sArI pravRttiyAM tadanusArI rahI haiM / isa saMskRti meM vedapratipAdita yajJoMkA prAdhAnya rahA hai aura unameM aneka prakArakI hiMsAko vidheya svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| 'yAjJikI hiMsA hiMsA na bhavati' kahakara usa hiMsAkA vidhAna karake use khullama-khullA chUTa de dI gayI hai / usakA pariNAma yaha huA ki uttara kAlameM mAMsa bhakSaNa, madyapAna aura maithuna - sevana jaisI nindya pravRttiyAM bhI A ghusI aura unameM doSAbhAvakA pratipAdana kiyA gayA 'na mAMsa bhakSaNe doSo, na madye na ca maithune / pravRttireSA bhUtAnAM nivRttistu mahAphalA // itanA hI nahIM, unheM jIvoMkI pravRtti (svabhAva) batalAkara unheM svacchanda chor3a diyA gayA hai-unapara koI niyantraNa nahIM rkhaa| phalataH unase nivRtti honA dussAdhya batalAyA hai / somayajJameM eka varSakI lAla - 196 - ----manusmRti /
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________________ gAyake havanakA vidhAna, anya yajJoMmeM zveta bakarekI balikA nirdeza jaise saikar3oM hiMsA-pratipAdaka anuSThAnAdeza vedavihita hai-'eka hAyanyA aruNayA gavA somaM kroNAti,' 'zvetamajamAlabheta' Adi / 2. vaidika saMskRti mImAMsaka vicAra aura anuSThAna pradhAna hai| ataeva ArambhameM isameM IzvarakA koI sthAna na thaa| kriyA hI anuSTheya evaM upAsya thii| kisI puruSavizeSako upAsya yA Izvara mAnanA isa saMskRtike lie iSTa nahIM rahA, kyoMki use mAnanepara vedakI apauruSeyatApara AMca AtI aura khataremeM, par3atI hai| isIlie vaidika mantroM meM kevala indra, varuNa jaise devatAoMkA hI AhvAna haiN| rAma, kRSNa, ziva viSNu jaise puruSAvatArI IzvarakI upAsanA isa saMskRtima ArambhameM nahIM rhii| vaha to uttara kAlameM AyI aura unake lie mandira bane tathA tIrthoM kA sthApana huaa| 3. jahA~ taka aitihAsikoM aura samIkSakoMkA vicAra hai yaha saMskRti kriyApradhAna hai, adhyAtma-pradhAna nhiiN| vedoMmeM AtmAkA vivecana anupalabdha hai / vaha upaniSadoMke mAdhyamase isa saMskRtimeM pIche AyA hai| mANDakya upaniSada meM kahA hai ki vidyA do prakArakI hai-1. parA aura 2. apraa| parA vidyA AtmavidyA hai aura aparA vidyA karma-kANDa hai| chAndogyopaniSadameM Atma-vidyAkI prApti kSatriyoMse aura kriyAkANDakA jJAna brAhmaNoMse batalAyA gayA hai| isase pratIta hotA hai ki usa sudUra kAlameM Atma-vidyA isa saMskRti meM nahIM thii| 4. vedoMmeM yajJa karanese svargaprAptikA nirdeza hai, mokSa yA niHzreyasa kI koI carcA nahIM hai / usakA pratipAdana isa saMskRti meM pIche samAviSTa huA hai| 5. vedoMmeM tapa, tyAga, dhyAna, saMyama aura zama jaise AdhyAtmika sAdhanoMko koI sthAna prApta nahIM hai| tattvajJAnakA bhI pratipAdana nahIM hai / unameM kevala 'yajet svargakAmaH' jaise nirdezoM dvArA svargakAmIke lie yajJakA hI vidhAna hai| avaidika (zramaNa) saMskRti isake viparIta avaidika (zramaNa) saMskRtimeM, jo puruSa-vizeSake anubhavapara AdhRta hai aura jo zramaNa-saMskRti yA tIrthakara-saMskRtike nAmase jAnI-pahacAnI jAtI hai, ve sabhI (Izvara, niHzreyasa, tapa, dhyAna, saMyama, zama Adi) bAteM pAyI jAtI haiM jo vaidika saMskRtimeM Arambha meM nahIM thiiN| yadyapi jaina aura bauddha donoMkI saMskRtiko avaidika arthAta zramaNa-saMskRti kahA jAtA hai| para yathArtha meM Arhata saMskRti hI avaidika (zramaNa) saMskRti hai, kyoMki use samaNa-sama + upadezaka arhatke anubhava-kevalajJAnamUlaka mAnA gayA hai| dUmare, buddha bhI ArambhameM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAthakI paramparAmeM hue nirgrantha muni pihitAsravase dIkSita hue the aura varSoM taka tadanusAra dayA, samAdhi, kezalucana, anazanAdi tapa Adi pravRttiyoMkA AcaraNa karate rahe the / bAdako nirgrantha-tapa kI kliSTatAko sahana na kara sakane ke kAraNa unhoMne nirgrantha-mArgako chor3a diyA aura madhyama mArga apanA liyaa| phira bhI dayA, samAdhi Adi kuzala karmoko nahIM tyAgA aura bodhi prApta ho jAne ke bAda unhoMne bhI nirgrantha saMskRtike dayA, samAdhi AdikA upadeza diyA tathA vaidika kriyAkANDako binA AtmajJAna (tattvajJAna) ke thothA batalAyA / isIlie unakI vicAradhArA aura AcaraNa vaidika saMskRtike anukUla na hone aura kevalajJAnamUlaka zramaNa-saMskRtike kucha anukUla honese use zramaNa-saMskRtimeM samAhita kara liyA gayA hai| - 197
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________________ 1. vidita hai ki zramaNasaMskRtimeM hiMsAko kahIM sthAna nahIM hai| ahiMsAkI hI sarvatra pratiSThA hai / na kevala kriyAmeM, apitu vANI aura mAnasameM bhI ahiMsAkI anivAryatA pratipAdita hai / AcArya samantabhadrane isIse ahiMsAko jagat vidita 'parama brahma' nirUpita kiyA hai-'ahiMsA bhUtAnAM jagati vivitaM brahma paramam,' isa ahiMsAkA sarvaprathama vicAra aura AcAra yugake Adi meM RSabhadevake dvArA prakaTa huaa| vahI ahiMsAkA vicAra aura AcAra paramparayA madhyavartI tIrthaMkaroM dvArA neminAthako prApta huaa| unase pArzvanAthako aura pArzvanAthase tIrthaMkara mahAvIrako milaa| isIse unake zAsanako svAmI samantabhadrane dayA, samAdhi, dama aura tyAgase otaprota batalAyA hai-'dayA-bama-tyAga-samAdhiniSThaM / ' isase yaha sahajameM samajhA jA sakatA hai ki vaidika saMskRtimeM ahiMsAkI upalabdhi zramaNa-saMskRtikI dena hai, ahiMsAmUlaka AcAravicAra usIkA hai / 2. zramaNasaMskRtikI dUsarI dena yaha hai ki usane vedake sthAnameM puruSavizeSakA mahattva sthApita kiyA aura usake anubhavako pratiSThita kiyaa| usane batalAyA ki puruSavizeSa akalaMka arthAt Izvara ho sakatA hai-doSAvaraNayorhAninizzeSAstyatizAyanAt / kvacidyathA svahetubhyo bahirantarmalakSayaH / ataeva isa saMskRtimeM puruSavizeSakA mahattva bar3hAyA gayA aura una puruSavizeSoM-tIrthaMkaroMkI pUjA-upAsanA pracalita kI gayI tathA unakI upAsanArtha upAsanAmandiroM evaM tIrthoMkA nirmANa huaa| isakA itanA prabhAva par3A ki apauruSeya vedake anuyAyiyoMmeM hI kitane hI vedako IzvarakRta mAnane lage aura rAma, kRSNa, ziva, viSNu jaise puruSoMko IzvarakA avatAra svIkAra kara unakI upAsanA karane lage / phalataH vaidika saMskRtimeM bhI unakI upAsanAke lie anekoM sundara mandiroMkA nirmANa haA tathA tIrtha bhI bane / 3. niHsandeha vaidika saMskRti jahA~ kriyApradhAna hai, tattvajJAna usake lie gauNa hai vahA~ zramaNasaMskRti tattvajJAnapradhAna hai aura kriyA usake lie gauNa hai| yaha bhI prakaTa hai ki yaha saMskRti kSatriyoMkI saMskRti hai, jo unakI AtmavidyAse nisRta huii| sabhI tIrthaGkara kSatriya the| ataH vaidika saMskRtimeM jo AtmavidyAkA vicAra upaniSadoMke rUpameM AyA aura jisane vedAnta (vedoMke anta) kA pracAra kiyA vaha nizcaya hI zramaNa (tIrthaMkara) saMskRtikA spaSTa prabhAva hai| aura isalie vaidika saMskRtiko AtmavidyAkI dena bhI zramaNa saMskRtikI viziSTa evaM anupama dena hai| 4. vedoM meM svargase uttama anya sthAna nahIM hai / ata: vaidika saMskRtimeM yajJAdi karanevAleko svargaprAptikA nirdeza hai / isake viparIta zramaNa saMskRtimeM svargako sukhakA sarvocca aura zAzvata sthAna na mAnakara mokSako mAnA gayA hai| svarga eka prakArakA saMsAra hI hai, jahA~se manuSyako vApisa AnA par3atA hai| parantu mokSa zAzvata aura svAbhAvika sukhakA sthAna hai / use prApta kara lene para manuSya muktasiddha paramAtmA ho jAtA hai aura bahA~se use lauTakara AnA nahIM pdd'taa| isa prakAra mokSa yA niHzreyasako mAnyatA zramaNa saMskRtikI hai, jise uttarakAlameM vaidika saMskRtimeM mI apanA liyA gayA hai| 5. zramaNasaMskRtimeM AtmAko upAdeya aura zarIra, indriya tathA bhogoMko heya batalAyA gayA hai| saMsAra-bandhanase mukti pAne ke lie dayA (ahiMsA), dama (indriya-nigraha), tyAga (aparigraha) aura samAdhi 1. yuktyanu0 kA0 6 / 2. devAgama kaa04| -198 -
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________________ (dhyAna, yoga) kA nirUpaNa isa saMskRtimeM kiyA gayA hai| ye saba AdhyAtmika guNa hai| pramANa aura nayase tattva (AtmA) kA yathArtha jJAna prApta karanekA pratipAdana bhI Arambhase isI saMskRtimeM hai-'dayA-dama-tyAgasamAdhiniSThaM naya-pramANaprakRtAJjasArtham / ' isase avagata hotA hai ki ahiMsA, indriyanigraha, aparigraha, samAdhi aura tattvajJAna, jo vaidika saMskRtimeM ArambhameM nahIM the aura na vedoMmeM pratipAdita the, bAdameM ve usameM AdRta hue haiM, zramaNasaMskRtikI vaidika saMskRtiko asAdhAraNa dena hai / yadi donoM saMskRtiyoMke mUlakA aura gaharAIse anveSaNa kiyA jAye to aise paryApta tathya upalabdha 6.1. yuktyanuzA0 kA0 4 /