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________________ zramaNa saMskRtiH eka parizIlana * muni DaoN. rAjendra kumAra 'raleza' jIvana, mAnava ke liye sarvottama atu satya hai| jIvana kI zAzvata paramparA hameM sahaja anAkAMkSita upalabdha huii| jIvana ke do pakSa hai-upalabdhi evaM upyog| jIvana kI ajJAta adRSTa bhAvoM kI sRSTi se sahaja upalabdhi huI hai ataH usameM usakI garimAmaya abhivyakti nahIM hai| jIvana kI jo upalabdhi hameM huI hai hama usakA samyakrupeNa upayoga kareM, isI meM jIvana kI sArthakatA ke darzana hote haiN| yahI jIvana kA saundarya rUpa hai| ___ jIvana ko upayogI banAne hetu samAja, sabhyatA, saMskRti evaM dharma, darzana kI parikalpanA evaM usakA vikAsa mAnava ne kiyaa| agara ina vyavasthAoM kI sattA nahIM hotI to mAnava apane jIvana ke bAhya evaM aMtara ke pakSa ko samajha nahIM sakatA, saMvAra nahIM sakatA aura usakA bAhya evaM aMtara saMgharSarata hokara usake vyaktitva ko vibhAjita kara detaa| jahA~ dharma, darzana aura saMskRti kA saMbaMdha vyaktitva kI astitvamayI sattA se hai, vahIM samAja evaM sabhyatA kA saMbaMdha usake vyaktitva se hai| saMskRti evaM sabhyatA - saMkSepa meM jIvana kA jitanA vistAra hai utanI hI saMskRti kI bahumukhI sAmagrI hai| dharma, darzana, sAhitya kalA, samAja aura usakI parivartanazIla aneka saMsthAeM, ina sabakI saMjJA saMskRti hai| tathA manuSya kI jIvana yAtrA ko sarala sanmArgI banAne vAlI sabhI Ayojana evaM AviSkAra, sabhya utpAdana ke prasAdhana tathA sAmAjika rAjanaitika saMsthAeM sabhyatA ke pratirUpa haiN| ra sabhyatA evaM saMskRti ke antara saMbaMdha ke prazna para anuciMtana karate haiM to patA calatA hai ki sabhyatA manuSya ke bAhya prayojanoM kI sahaja lakSya karane kA vidhAna hai aura saMskRti prayojanAtIta antara Ananda kI abhivykti| 3 dharma - bhAratIya vAGmaya meM dharma kaI arthoM meM vyavahRt zabda hai| atharvaveda meM isakA prayoga dhArmika vidhiyoM evaM tajjanita guNoM ke saMdarbha meM hai|" chAMdogya upaniSad meM AzramoM ke vilakSaNa vidhAnoM ko dharma kahA hai| bauddha sahitya meM dharma zabda kA vyavahAra vibhinna arthoM meM haA hai jinameM eka samparNa zikSA bhI hai| jaina paribhASA meM dharma kA prayoga rIti paramparA, sthiti, maryAdA evaM svabhAva ke artha meM kiyA hai| 5 mahAbhArata meM dharma kA Azaya ahiMsA se liyA gayA hai| 5 1. DaoN. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla : kalA aura saMskRti pR. 27 zramaNa saMskRti siddhAnta aura sAdhanA, pRSTha 161 hajArI prasAda dvivedI atharvaveda e, 17 kalpasUtra evaM AcArADga sUtra mahAbhArata anuzAsana parva 115/1 evaM vanaparva 373/376 (98)
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________________ tathyataH yaha nirUpaNA susaMgata hai ki bhAratIya manISA meM dharma jIvana se jur3A huA hai jisakI gaNanA upAdAna tatva ke rUpa meM huI hai| darzana bhAratIya tatva ciMtana meM Atma vidyA kiMvA parAvidyA ke lie darzana zabda kA prayoga huA 7 hai| isakA vyatpatti janya artha casutpanna jJAna hI hai / - pAzcAtya avadhAraNA meM darzana ke lie Philosophy zabda kA prayoga huA hai| yaha zabda mUlataH yunAnI hai jo Philos aura sophia ina do zabdoM ke saMyoga se banA hai, pahalA premavAcI hai tathA dUsarA vidyAjJAna se saMsparzita hai jisakA rUpAntaraNa huA vidyAnurAga | sophia kA tAtparya wisdom (arthajJAna) hai jo bhAratIya bodha meM yathArtha jJAna samyak jJAna hai| yaha vidyAnurAga hI Arya saMskRti kA zraddhA bhAva hai| isa saMdarbha meM arastU kA kathana mahatvapUrNa hai ki darzana vaha vijJAna hai jo parama tatva ke yathArtha kI anveSaNA karatA hai| vahIM bredale kI dRSTi hai ki darzana dRzya jagata se vAstavika jagata meM praveza kA prayAsa hai| 10 zramaNa saMskRti kI jaina avadhAraNA meM darzana yathArtha jJAna hai| samyak darzana hai| 11 vahAM atIndriya sukha kI abhiruci aura vItarAga sukha svabhAva meM ramaNarata nizcaya ko isa taraha darzana kA Azaya yathArtha avabodha samyak darzana yA yathArtha jJAna hI hai| 8 12 * darzana kahA hai| niSkarSa saMskRti, dharma, darzana ye tInoM mAnava kI vikAsa yAtrA ke pratIka cihna haiN| ye sabhI paramparA saMpRkta haiN| AcAronmukha saMskRti dharma tathA usakI ciMtana paraka pravRtti darzana hai| saMskRti kA sambandha hamAre dhArmika vizvAsa evaM AsthA se hai| sabhI dharma AmnAyoM ne darzana evaM dharma kI ekatA sthApita kI, usI anurUpa zramaNa vicAra dhArA bhI inameM abheda sthApita karatI hai| jaina vicAra meM darzana vicAra hai aura dharma AcAra tathA bauddha dRSTikoNa meM hInayAna darzana hai, mahAyAna dharma hai| dharma aura darzana mAnava ko mithyAtva se pare haTAkara yathArtha ke Alokapatha meM Ane kA nirdeza karate haiN| 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. janonmukha zramaNa saMskRti zramaNa ciMtana ke anusAra sRSTi zAzvata hai| sukha se duHkha kI ora tathA duHkha se sukha kI ora vizva kA kramazaH avasarpaNa tathA utsarpaNa hotA rahatA hai| avasarpaNa kI Adi sabhyatA sarala va ajuthI kauTuMbika vyavasthA na hone se koI dAyitva nahIM thA tathA dAyitva hIna jIvana vyayatA virahita thaa| jaina purANoM ke anurUpa jIvana kI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti katpavRkSoM se hotI thii| pApa-puNya, nimna zreSTha kA saMgharSa nahIM thA / yaha yuga bhoga bhUmi ke nAma se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| 13 - devendramuni zAstrI - dharma darzana manana aura mUlyAMkana- 47 vahI pRSTha-57 vahI pRSTha- 57 vahI pRSTha-67 tatvArtha sUtra adhyAya- 1 dravya saMgraha 14/49 tathA 45 bhagavAna mahAvIra eka anuzIlana- bhUmikA bhAga pR. 151 /
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________________ jaba isa yuga ke dUsare evaM tIsare kAla khaMDa meM kalpavRkSoM kI kamI Ane lagI to AdikAlIna mAnavoM meM dvandva kA vAtAvarayaNa sRjita ho gyaa| isa duHkhAnta sthiti meM mAnava saMgharSa. se surakSA kI ora unmukha huA to vyakti Azrita paddhati ke vilIpana kI saMbhAvanAeM banIM aura sAmudAyikatA kA sUtrapAta huaa| yaha sAmuhikatA kula kI paramparA meM Dhala gii| kuloM kI sRSTi jinhoMne kI ve kulakara kahalAye jo caudaha the, aMtima kulakara nAbhi the| unhoMne hI sarva prathama daMDa kA vidhAna kiyaa| isa yuga meM strI puruSa kA yugala prajanana hotA thA para nAbhi aura marUdevI se utpanna yugala RSabha evaM sunaMdA ne paraMparA rUpa paraspara vivAha kiyA para RSabha ne dUsarA vivAha karake isa sanAtana paraMparA ko vichinna kara diyaa| Adi rAjA RSabhadeva ne mAnava sabhyatA ke vikAsa ke navIna AyAma udghATita kiye| RSabha se hI rAjya vyavasthA kA samAraMbha huaa| nagara evaM grAmoM kI sarjanA ke sAtha sabhyatA nAgarika hone lgii| kalpa vRkSoM ke hAsa ke kAraNa kRSi kA vikAsa huA, pAka nirmANa evaM zilpakalA kA AvirbhAva huaa| vyApArika pravRtti kA vikAsa huaa| RSabha ne brAhmI aura suMdarI ko kramazaH akSara evaM aMka vidyA kA avadAna pradAna kiyaa| RSabhadeva dvArA praNIta nava samAja se vyaktivAda vilupta ho gyaa| isa vyavasthA ne vyakti ke jIvana ko to surakSita banAyA para usakI AkAMkSAoM ko ubhAra diyA aura vaha yuddhonmAda se grasta ho gyaa| niyati kA upAsaka mAnava puruSArtha kA pujArI bana gyaa| vaha saMskRti kA saMcAlaka banakara vyavasthAoM kA niyaMtA ho gyaa| RSabha yugIna mAnava siMdhu sabhyatA pUrva sAdhanA meM lIna thaa| phira vahI sindhu sabhyatA (3100 I.pU.-2500 I.pU.) kA janaka bana gyaa| to zramaNa saMskRti ke Adi puruSa RSabha ne vyakti Azrita praNAlI kA nirasana kara sabhyatA kI AdhAra zilA rakhI jo usa yuga ke mAnava kI manokAmanA thii| sindhu sabhyatA se prApta bhagnAvazeSoM se jJAta hotA hai ki tRtIya tIrthaMkara saMbhavanAtha taka sindhu sabhyatA kA vikAsakAla rahA hai| saMbhavanAtha taka ke tInoM tIrthaMkara mAnava sabhyatA ke vikAsa ke praNetA rahe haiN| saMbhavanAtha kA pratIka cihna azva thA aura siMdhu pradeza sendhava azvoM ke liye suvikhyAta rahA hai| mauryakAla paryanta sindha meM saMbhu taka nAmaka janapada va sAMbhAva jAti rahI thI jo saMbhavanAtha kI paraMparA se baddha thii| siMdhu sabhyatA meM jo nAgaphanA yukta prastara kalA ke avazeSa milate haiM, vaha saptama tIrthaMkara supArzva kA pratIka thaa| isa tIrthaMkara kA pratIka svastika siMdhu samyatA meM zubhaMkara mAnA gayA hai| isa taraha tIrthaMkaroM kA sabhyatA nirmANa meM yogadAna rahA hai vaise bhI tIrthaMkara vaivalya pAte hI tIrtha sthApanA karate haiM jo eka vizuddha sAmAjika saMracanA kA svarUpa hai| bIsaveM tIrthaMkara muni suvratajina kA astitva rAmAyaNa kAla (5000 I.pU.) meM rahA hai, ne bhI samAja ko sughaTita banAne meM sahayoga diyaa| videha rAjA janaka ke pUrvaja 21veM tIrthaMkara nami mithilA ke adhipati the jinakI anAsakta vRti vizruta evaM sukhyAta rahI hai| vaidika hiMsA se AkrAMta prAcIna bhArata meM jaba janamAnasa trasta thA tabhI pazu vadha evaM karmakAMDa ke vidrohI svarUpa meM zramaNa saMskRti khar3I ho gii| 14. DaoN. jyotiprasAda jaina- bhAratIya itihAsa eka dRSTi (100)
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________________ ariSTanemI ne apane vivAha prasaMga para pazu hiMsA kI saMbhAvanA se ghabarAkara apariNIta rahanA hI svIkAra kiyaa| ariSTanemI zrIkRSNa ke cacere bhAI the| isI yuga meM hiMsaka yajJoM ke sthAna para ghora AMgirasa RSi ne Atma yajJa kI zrIkRSNa ko preraNA dii| kauzAMbI ke matAnusAra ariSTanemI aura aura AMgirasa eka hI vyakti haiN| 15 17 IsA kI sAta zatAbdI pUrva tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha ne hiMsA kI paraMparA kI cunautI dii| isI yuga meM zramaNa paraMparA ke vibhAjana ke lie matabheda ke bIja par3a cuke the| pArzva ne eka paMcAgni se AtApanA le rahe tApasa se saMvAda kara mithyA mAnyatAoM ke prati vidroha prakaTa kiyaa| tathAgata buddha isa tIrthaMkara kI paraMparA se jur3e rhe| 16 yogiyoM kI nAtha saMpradAya kA bhI pAzrva Adi puruSa mAnA gayA hai| isI kAla meM yUnAnI dArzanika pAithAgorasa ne bhArata Akara pArzva paMtha ke zramaNoM se ahiMsA kA pATha pddh'aa| sAmAjika vikRtiyoM ke viruddha janamAnasa ko sAtha lekara zramaNa saMskRti kA vikAsa cakra avirAma gatizIla rhaa| pArzva nirvANa ke pazcAt phira hiMsA ne apanA sira U~cA kiyA to mahAvIra aura buddha ne jAtigata viSamatA, yajJa hiMsA ke viruddha zramaNa paraMparA ko sthira kiyaa| isa kAla meM yajJoM meM ghI homane se artha vyavasthA caramarA gii| bailoM ko yajJoM meM homane se kRSi para viparIta prabhAva par3hA aisI sthiti meM AkrAnta janamAnasa ne mahAvIra evaM buddha ke netRtva meM apane maulika adhikAroM ke liye saMgharSa kiyaa| dayanIya mAtR jAti evaM pIr3ita zudroM kI sthiti ko sudhArane meM aura unheM samAna sAmAjika adhikAra dene kA saMdeza zramaNa saMskRti ne diyaa| sAtha hI eka abhinava ahiMsA mUlaka AsthA bhI unhoMne prajA ko pradAna kii| samAja ke nimna varga ke sAtha-sAtha AbhijAtya varga bhI zramaNa saMskRti se jur3a gayA kyoMki vaha Izvara, kartRtva jAtivAda se Uba gayA thaa| mahAvIra kA anekAMta evaM buddha kA anAtmavAdI siddhAnta jana-jana vareNya tArkika evaM susaMgata hone se unheM apanI aura AkRSTa kara rahA thA / zramaNa saMskRti jana mana meM uThI pIr3A kI paritoSaka bana gii| janavAdI svarupA zramaNa saMskRti kA netRtva yadyapi kSatriyoM ke hAtha meM thA para brAhmaNoM ke atyAcAroM ke viruddha vaizya aura zUdroM ne bhI unako apanA sahayoga diyA jana-jana kI dhArmika AsthA jaina dharma evaM bauddha ke prati bar3hatI gaI / bauddha dharma Arya deza se bAhara bhI phaila gayA, jaina dharma jana dharma ke rUpa meM vikasita ho rahA thA / baMgAla kI mAnabhUma evaM siMha bhuma anapada kI prajA Aja bhI sarAka ( zrAvaka ) hai| yaha ahiMsaka jAti 'kATane' zabda kA prayoga bhI jIvana vyavahAra meM nahIM krtii| inake pUrvaja gAjIpurA ke AsapAsa sarayU taTa vAsI the| hajArIbAga jile meM pArzvanAtha hila sammeda zikhara kI Aja bhI Adima jAtiyA~ pahAr3oM ko devatA kahakara pukAratI hai| madhyakAla rAjapUta evaM mugala zAsakoM para bhI jaina dharma kA paryApta prabhAva thaa| akabara kI sabhA meM hIracaMda vijayazrI mahatvapUrNa jaina saMta the / 18 19 20 15. bhAratIya saMskRti aura ahiMsA pR. 57 // 16. Mrarhya Davida Goutam the man P. P22-25 / * 17. nAtha saMpradAya - hajArIprasAda dvivedI pR. 190 / 18. bhAratIya ciMtana- pR. 92 / 19. muDAMja eNDa deara kaMTrI pR. 52 / 20.. bhAratIya tatva ciMtana pR. 176 / (101)
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________________ samAja sudhAra kA yaha saMgharSa avirAma pravartamAna rhaa| aMgrejoM ke khilApha svataMtratA AMdolana meM bhI jainAcArya javAharalAla jI mahArAja tathA vijaya vallabha sUri ne svataMtratA hetu jana jAgaraNa kA saMdeza diyaa| gA~dhIjI ne apanI AtmakathA meM jaina tapasvI zrImad rAjacaMdra kA smaraNa saAsthA kiyaa| isa taraha zramaNa saMskRti sAmAjika viSamatAoM ke viruddha saMgharSa karatI huI mAnava ko mAnava ke rUpa meM pratiSThita karane kI paraMparA kA nAma rahI hai| usakA parama uddezya janamaMgala dvArA vizvamaMgala hI hai| zramaNa saMskRti kA svarUpa - bhAratIya saMskRti bhArata kI samagra sAMskRtika ekatA kI sAmUhika bodha saMjJA hai| bhAratIya saMskRti ke pradhAnatayA do patha haiM - brAhmaNa evaM shrmnn| jo samaya pravAha ke sAtha vikasita hokara brAhmaNa saMskRti evaM zramaNa saMskRti ke nAma se suvikhyAta hue| mohanajodar3o aura har3appA ke dhvaMsAvazeSoM ne aitihAsika evaM sAMskRtika jagata meM kaI mahatvapUrNa navIna tathya pradAna kiye| ina dhvaMsAvazeSoM kI khoja ke pUrva yaha dhAraNA pracalita thI ki dharma evaM saMskRti kA sambandha AryoM se hI hai aura unake Adya praNetA Arya hI the| ina dhvaMsAvazeSoM se prApta prastara mUrtiyoM evaM sAMskRtika abhilekhoM ne dazA dI ki AryoM ke Agamana se parva bhI bhAratIya dharA para darzana, dharma evaM saMskRti kA na kevala janma apitu vikAsa bhI ho cukA thaa| Arya-kAla ke pUrva kA mAnava na kevala sAMskRtika kalAoM meM pravINa thA apitu AtmavidyA kA bhI jJAtA thaa| jo dhvaMsAvazeSa mile haiM unakA zramaNa saMskRti se bhI sambandha hai, aisA abhimata DaoN. jyotiprasAda jaina kA hai| aisI hI dhAraNA DaoN. herAsa tathA pro. zrIkaMTha zAstrI ne pradAna kI hai| 21 Rgveda ke anusAra bhI pahale do saMskRtiyA~ thIM jo brAhmaNa evaM zramaNa saMskRtiyoM ke nAma se prasiddha huii| unakA Rgveda meM kramazaH bArhata aura Arhata ke nAma se ullekha huA hai| bArhata vedoM ko mAnate the| yajJa yAgAdi ke prati unakI AsthA thI jabaki Arhata yajJAdi ko nahIM mAnate the| unakI AsthA kA kendra ahiMsA jIva-dayA thaa| ve arhata ke upAsaka the| viSNu purANa ne ArhatoM ko karma kANDa virodhI tathA ahiMsA kA pratiSThApaka svIkAra kiyaa| 17 Arhata saMbaMdhI aisA hI ullekha padma purANa meM bhI upalabdha huA hai| 23 Arhata saMskRti zramaNa saMskRti kA prAcIna nAma hI thaa| zramaNa saMskRti kI vaidika kAla se AraNyaka kAla paryanta vAtarazanA muni kiMvA vrAtya saMskRti ke nAma se bhI saMbodhita kiyA hai| vrAtya se tAtparya vratoM ke pAlaka se liyA jAtA hai| atharvaveda meM brahmacArI brAhmaNa vizeSa puNyazIla vidvAna vizva sammAnya vyakti vrAtya kahalAtA thaa|" Rgveda meM vAtarazanA muni zabda arhata kA samAnArthI hai| sAmaNAcArya ne jinakI atIndriyArtha darzI kahA hai|25 vrAtyoM ko kaizI aura muni ke nAma se bhI pukArA hai| 26 ina muniyoM ke netA nAbhiputra RSabhadeva the| isa taraha zramaNa saMskRti kI pahacAna alaga-alaga samaya meM bhinna-bhinna nAmoM se huI hai| 21. DaoN. jyotiprasAda jaina- bhAratIya itihAsa eka dRSTi, pRSTha 28 22. ahitaM sarvametattha mukti dvArama saMvRttam dharmAda vimuktarahoDyaM naitamAda paraH prH|| viSNu purANa 3, 18, 12 / . 23. padma purANa 13/350 24. atharvaveda : sAmaNAcArya 15/1/1/1 sAmayaNa bhASya-10 136, 2 26. agveda 10-12-36-2 27. zrImad bhAgavata 5-6-20 / (102)
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________________ jaina sAhitya meM tIrthaMkaroM ke liye arhata zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| 28 jisakA pracalana pAzrvanAtha paryanta rhaa| mahAvIra aura buddha kAla meM arhata zabda kA sthAna nigaMThavA nigraMtha zabda ne liyaa| isa zabda kA prayoga vaidika granthoM meM bhI huA hai| paM. baMgAla meM sAtavIM zatAbdi taka nirmatha nAmaka eka svatantra sampradAya cala rahA thaa| zramaNa saMskRti kI aMga rUpa eka dhArA jo vrAtya kaizI muni niryatha ke nAma se pukArI gayI, vahI kAlAntara meM jaina dharma ke nAma se abhihita huii| dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana aura sUtra kRtAGga Adi pratinidhi jaina AgamoM meM jina zAsana, jina mArga, jina pravacana zabda.to suvikhyAta rahe para jaina dharma zabda kA sarvaprathama prayoga vizeSAvazyaka bhASya meM huaa| 20 jisakA sRSTi kAla vikrama saMvat 845 hai| 31 isa taraha phira vaidika graMtha matsya purANa meM bhI jina dharma tathA devI bhAgavata 22 meM jaina dharma zabda prayojyamAna huaa| zramaNa zabda bhI jaina AgamoM meM upalabdha hotA hai| ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha ye dharma haiN| ina dharmoM ke dhAraka zramaNa, zramaNI, zrAvaka, zrAvikA kahe jAte haiN| 22 isa taraha jaina dhArA kA sambandha zramaNa saMskRti ke Adya strota ke sAtha rahA hai| alaga-alaga deza kAla meM zramaNa saMskRti kI pahacAna bhale hI alaga-alaga nAmoM se huI, para usakA sambandha zramaNa saMskRti se vibhakta nahIM huaa| isI taraha bauddha paramparA, jisakA pravartana bhagavAna buddha dvArA huA, vaha bhI zramaNa saMskRti kI avibhAjya aMga rahI hai| bauddha bhikSu-bhikSuNiyoM ke liye 'zramaNa' zabda kA pracuratA ke sAtha prayoga huA hai| 24 niSkarSataH yahI nirUpaNA samIcIna hogI ki bhAratIya sAMskRtika srota se do dhArAoM kA udbhava huA jo jaina evaM bauddha kahalAyIM, aura ina donoM kI sAmUhika abhivyakti zramaNa saMskRti ke nAma se huii| isa zramaNa saMskRti ke antargata vaicArika vaimanasya ke kAraNa AjIvaka akriyAvAdI Adi kaI matoM kI utpatti huii| kucha sAmAyika prabhAvoM ko chor3akara ve saba kAla ke gAla meM samA ge| mukhya rUpa se jaina ramparA hI astitva meM rhii| kAlAntara meM bauddha saMskati bhI bhArata meM kacha paristhitiyoM se AkrAnta hokara naSTa prAyaH ho gyii| jaina dhArA zramaNa saMskRti kI upasthiti kA barAbara AbhAsa detI rahI hai| jahA~ brAhmaNa saMskRti vyavahAra va karmakANDa pradhAna rahI hai vahIM zramaNa saMskRti vizuddha AdhyAtmika rahI hai| brAhmaNa saMskRti vyakti ko bAhya jIvana kI suMdaratA ke sA~ce meM DhAla rahI thI, to zramaNa saMskRti usake antas ko nikhArane meM lagI thI jisa para usakA samagra vyaktitva TikA huA hai| zramaNa saMskRti AMtarikatA ko mahatva detI rhii| usakA uddezya vyakti kI samasyAoM kA samAdhAna hI thA vaha samAdhAna jo usako apane bhItara eka pUrNatA kI anubhUti pradAna kre| * * * * * 28. kalpasUtra- zrI tArapha guru jaina graMthAlaya, udayapura pRSTha 161-162 / 29. AcArAMga 1-3-9-08, bhagavatI sUtra, 1-6-36-86 tathA dighanikAya sAmajjana- phala sUtra 18, 21 vinaya-piTTaka mahAvagya pR. 242 / 30. jaiNa tithya... vi bhASya gAthA 1043 tithya jahaNaM... vahI gAthA 1045-1046 31. matsya purANa 4/13/45 32. gatvAtha mAhamAyAsa raji pudvAna vRhaspati jaina dharma kRta evaM yajJa niMdA para tathA devI bhAgavata 4, 13, 58 / 33. bhagavatI sUtra 2-86-82,sthAnAMga sUtra 4/3, jambUdvIpa prajJapti, usaha criyN| 34. dhammapada-brAhmaNa varga- 36, evaM susta nipAta vAsaTTha sUtra- 35, 245 adhyaay| (103)