Page #1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ * DaoN0 premazaMkara tripAThI sazakta upanyAsakAra : amRtalAla nAgara hindI upanyAsa kI vikAsa yAtrA meM premacaMdottara yuga ke kathAkAroM kA atyaMta mahatvapUrNa yogadAna hai| isa kAla ke racanAkAroM ne apanI kathAkRtiyoM meM apane samaya kI kaTu madhura anubhUtiyoM, ulajhanoM, samasyAoM tathA paristhitiyoM kA kuzalatApUrvaka varNana kiyA hai| navIna sAmAjika saMdarbhoM kA cayana kara jIvana saMgharSa ko svara dene vAle ina upanyAsakAroM ne sUkSma saMvedanA, navIna viSayavastu tathA naI cetanA se yukta upanyAsoM kI racanA kii| ina pratibhA sampanna upanyAsakAroM meM amRtalAla nAgara kA viziSTa sthAna hai| prakhara sAmAjika dRSTi, yathArtha kI gaharI samajha, pIr3itoM ke prati saMvedanA, vyApaka mAnavatAvAda, pragatizIla ciMtAdhArA, AsthAvAditA tathA hAsya vyaMgya kI gahana kSamatA se yukta nAgarajI kA praur3ha cintana upanyAsoM meM abhivyakta huA hai| kathAnaka saMbaMdhI navIna prayoga, bhASA zailI kI vividhatA tathA pAtroM kI jIvantatA ke kAraNa premacaMdottara upanyAsakAroM meM amRtalAla nAgara ko zIrSa kathAkAra ke rUpa meM parigaNita kiyA jAtA hai| vidvAnoM ne nAgarajI ko premacaMda paramparA kA samartha evaM sazakta upanyAsakAra mAnA hai| yaha ThIka hai ki nAgarajI ne apanI kRtiyoM meM premacaMda kI hI taraha Adarza aura yathArtha ke samanvaya ko sthApita karane kI ceSTA kI hai parantu kevala isI AdhAra para unheM premacaMda kI paramparA ke aMtargata sImAbaddha kara denA anucita hai| vAstava meM nAgarajI ne premacaMda hIraka jayantI smArikA kI paramparA ko apanA rAstA banAyA hai, apanA uddezya nhiiN| premacaMda ke mArga kA avalaMbana grahaNa karate hue unakI paramparA kA vikAsa karane kI chaTapaTAhaTa upanyAsakAra meM dikhAI par3atI hai| nAgarajI ne premacaMda kI sthApita paramparA se apanI upanyAsa yAtrA kA prArambha kiyA hai aura use vikasita karane ke lie saMvedanA, takanIka aura bhASA kI dRSTi se navIna prayoga kiye haiN| premacaMda kI vicAradhArA ko navIna AyAma dete hue kathya aura zilpa donoM dRSTiyoM se nAgarajI ne krAMtikArI parivartana kI ceSTA kI hai| nAgarajI una upanyAsakAroM meM rahe haiM jinhoMne svAdhInatA pUrva kI vividha gatividhiyoM kA avalokana kiyA thaa| svAdhInatA AMdolana kI pRSThabhUmi kI jAnakArI ke sAtha-sAtha samAja ke sabhI parivartanoM evaM banate-bigar3ate jIvana mUlyoM ke ve sAkSI rahe haiN| svAtaMtrottara bhArata ke sAmAjika, Arthika, vaicArika tathA rAjanItika AMdolanoM se ve bhalIbhAMti avagata rahe haiN| svAdhInatA pUrva aura pazcAt ke ye prasaMga kisI na kisI rUpa meM unake upanyAsoM meM dekhe jA sakate haiN| - nAgarajI ke upanyAsakAra ko praur3ha evaM paripakva banAne meM unake kahAnIkAra kA vizeSa hAtha hai| 1930 se hI unhoMne kahAnI lekhana Arambha kara diyA thaa| isake lagabhaga 14-15 varSoM bAda unhoMne upanyAsa likhA / unakI kahAniyoM meM vyAya vidrUpa ke dvArA samAja meM vidyamAna viSamatAoM evaM kurUpatAoM ke sAtha-sAtha samAja kI samasyAoM kA saMtulita citraNa huA hai| jIvana ke yathArtha kA bArIkI se adhyayana kara apane kathA-sAhitya meM usakA aMkana karane meM nAgarajI pUrNataH saphala rahe haiN| 1946 meM unakA prathama upanyAsa "mahAkAla" (bhUkha) prakAzita huA thaa| 1985 meM " karavaTa" tathA nAgarajI ke dehAvasAna ke uparAMta unakA aMtima upanyAsa "pIr3hiyAM" prakAzita huaa| ina 45 varSoM se racita choTe-bar3e 15 upanyAsoM meM unakI yathArthaparaka dRSTi, samAja sacetanatA, itihAsa prema aura sAMskRtika cetanA kA AbhAsa milatA hai| nAgarajI ke upanyAsoM ke adhikAMza pAtra premacaMda ke upanyAsoM kI hI bhAMti jana jIvana ke bIca ke haiN| yadyapi premacaMda ne zaharI jIvana kA apane upanyAsoM meM citraNa kiyA hai, parantu unakI dRSTi mukhyataH grAmINa jIvana ke pAtroM kA citraNa karane meM hI ramI hai| isI prakAra nAgarajI kI sAmarthya nagarajIvana tathA madhyavargIya pAtroM ke aMkana meM hI parilakSita hotI hai| madhyavargIya nagarajIvana se bhalIbhAMti paricita hone ke kAraNa lekhaka kI kalama se citrita sAmAnya pAtra bhI apanI sajIva upasthiti se pAThakoM ko prabhAvita karate haiN| premacaMda ne yadi grAmINa jIvana ke upekSita pAtroM tathA zoSita, dalita varga ke pAtroM kA citra apanI saMvedanA ke sAtha prastuta kiyA hai to nAgarajI ne nagarajIvana ke tiraskRta, dayanIya aura upekSita pAtroM kI pIr3A ko apanI sahAnubhUti pradAna kI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki ve unakI AzAoM AkAMkSAoM ke sAtha unakI samasyAoM, viSamatAoM tathA pIr3A kA mArmika aMkana karane meM saphala hue haiN| sAmAjika upanyAsoM meM nAgarajI vidvat khaNDa / 36
Page #2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ kI yaha yathArthavAdI dRSTi spaSTa rUpa se dekhI jA sakatI hai| ___ jIvana ke jisa yathArtha ko premacaMda yA nAgarajI ne apane upanyAsoM meM pratiSThita kiyA vaha svayaM ina lekhakoM kA bhogA huA yathArtha thaa| premacaMda ne hindI kathA sAhitya ko rAjA-rAniyoM, rAjakumAroM-jamIMdAroM-kulInoM ke eka chatra nAyakatva se nikAlA aura horI, ghIsU, dhaniyA, siliyA, sUradAsa ko janagaNa kA pratinidhi samajhakara unheM kathAnAyaka bnaayaa| vAstava meM unakI yahI samajha unheM dIna-hIna, dalita aura saMgharSazIla naranAriyoM kI sahAnubhUti se jor3a sakI aura samAja ke pIr3ita, vaMcita varga kA yathArtha apane vAstavika rUpa meM pAThakoM taka pahuMca skaa| premacaMda kI isI saMvedanazIlatA ne unheM zIrSa sthAna para pratiSThita kiyA hai| __apane yathArtha citraNa meM premacaMda ne kabhI kathA-zilpa ke camatkAra kI cAha nahIM kI- sarala, sahaja DhaMga se apanI kathA kahane meM hI unakA dRr3ha vizvAsa banA rhaa| AlocakoM kA eka varga ise bhale hI premacaMda kI kamajorI mAnatA ho, parantu vAstava meM yahI sahajatA premacaMda kI zakti thii| premacaMda kI kRtiyoM meM kissAgoI paddhati kA pariSkRta rUpa parilakSita hotA hai| apane eka nibaMdha "yuga pravartaka premacaMda' meM nAgarajI ne likhA hai- "muMzI premacaMda Adhunika yuga ke yathArthavAdI kathAlekhaka hote hue bhI, videzI kahAniyoM ke adhyayana se prabhAvita hokara bhI daraasala ye purAnI bhAratIya paramparA ke kissAgoI hii| ...unake kathA kahane kA DhaMga utanA hI sarala hai, jitanA ki eka thA rAjA, eka thI rAnI vAlI kahAnI kA DhaMga hotA hai|" (sAhitya aura saMskRti pRsstth-29)| saMkSepa meM yaha kaha sakate haiM ki premacaMda ko prasiddhi zilpa ke vaiziSTya yA yUropIya ciMtana kI bar3I-bar3I bAteM karane ke kAraNa nahIM milI, balki loka-jIvana se tAdAtmya sthApita kara usakI dRSTi aura vyathA ko abhivyakta karane ke kAraNa ve lokapriya hue| isI dharAtala para amRtalAla nAgara ke upanyAsoM kA vivecana yaha pramANita karatA hai ki nAgarajI meM kissAgoI pravRtti, yathArtha citraNa kI adbhuta kSamatA tathA pIr3ita, vaMcita varga kI pIr3A ko saMvedanA ke sAtha vyakta karane kA guNa premacaMda kI hI bhAMti pAyA jAtA hai| aMtara kevala itanA hai ki premacaMda ke pAtra yadi grAmINa jIvana ke haiM to nAgarajI ke adhikAMza pAtra zaharI madhyavarga kA pratinidhitva karate haiN| svAdhInatA prApti ke bAda nAgarajI ke adhikAMza upanyAsa prakAzita hue haiN| isI kAraNa svataMtra bhArata ke madhyavarga kI pIr3A nAgarajI ke sAmAjika upanyAsoM meM mukharita huI hai| rAjendra yAdava ne isa madhyavarga ke bAre meM likhA hai "svataMtratA ke bAda, pahalI bAra sacce arthoM meM hamAre samAja meM eka vizAla madhyavarga ne apanA vAstavika AkAra grahaNa kiyA hai| ...jo kahIM bhI apane ko jur3A huA nahIM paataa| koI zahara unakA apanA nahIM hai, koI saMbaMdha unakA apanA nahIM hai, unakI jar3eM na pIche kheta-khalihAna meM hai, na kisI saMyukta parivAra meN| unakA ekamAtra sAdhana naukarI hai aura ekamAtra bhaya bekaarii|" (premacaMda kI virAsata, pRSTha 12) yaha madhyavarga mAno saba kucha bhogane, bardAzta karane ke lie abhizapta hai| nAgarajI kA lAlana-pAlana isI madhyavargIya pariveza meM huA thaa| nagara aMcala kA yaha madhyavarga- ucca madhyavarga tathA nimna madhyavarga, do zreNiyoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai| nAgarajI madhyavarga kI donoM koTiyoM se jur3e rahe haiN| lakhanaU ke cauka kSetra meM rahate hue ve isa varga ke guNa-avaguNa, sukha-dukha, bolI-bAnI, pariveza-saMskAra, kSamatA-akSamatA, mAnyatA virodha sabhI se bhalIbhAMti paricita rahe haiN| isa kSetra ke jIvana ko unhoMne nikaTa se dekhA hai, bhogA hai tathA unheM yahAM ke vyaktiyoM kI vistRta, sUkSma sabhI jAnakArI rahI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki unake adhikAMza upanyAsoM kA pariveza lakhanaU kA yahI cauka kSetra rahA hai| nAgarajI ke aitihAsika upanyAsa vizeSata: avadha ke itihAsa se saMpRkta rahe haiN| isa kAraNa ina kRtiyoM meM deza-kAla vAtAvaraNa sajIvatA ke sAtha prastuta ho sakA hai| avadha pradeza kI rAjadhAnI lakhanaU ko kendra meM rakhakara nAgarajI ne navAbI zAsana kI aitihAsika ghaTanAoM ko AkarSaka DhaMga se apane upanyAsoM meM varNita kiyA hai| sAMskRtika, paurANika yA aitihAsika upanyAsoM meM bhI, jahAM pAtroM kA vaividhya dikhAI par3atA hai, unakA kissAgo rUpa pramukha hai| yathArtha citraNa tathA choTe-choTe pAtroM se bhI AtmIya saMbaMdha sthApita karake unheM prabhAvazAlI rUpa meM prastuta karane kI unakI pravRtti unake upanyAsoM meM parilakSita hotI hai| nAgarajI meM ye samasta guNa premacaMda ke samAna hI haiN| parantu premacaMda kI paramparA kA anugamana karate hue nAgarajI meM kucha mahatvapUrNa vizeSatAeM bhI dikhAI par3atI haiN| amRtalAla nAgara kA jo vaiziSTaya sahaja hI parilakSita hotA hai, vaha hai zilpa yA takanIka ke prati unakA aakrssnn| nAgarajI ne apane kaI upanyAsoM meM kathAnaka saMbaMdhI navIna prayoga kiye haiN| "seTha bAMkemala', "amRta aura viSa", "mAnasa kA haMsa", "nAcyo bahuta gopAla' jaise upanyAsa isake udAharaNa haiN| kathya saMbaMdhI navIna aura sAhasa pUrNa prayogoM ke sAtha-sAtha bhASA kI jaisI bahuraMgI chaTA nAgarajI kI kRtiyoM meM dikhAI par3atI hai, vaisI premacaMda meM nahIM hai| nAgarajI ke bhinna-bhinna pAtra apane bhASika vaividhya ke kAraNa AkarSaka lagate haiN| pAtra nirmANa ke krama meM nAgarajI ne yathArtha jagata ke vAstavika vyaktiyoM kA gaharAI se adhyayana kiyA hai aura apanI kRti ke pAtroM meM unakA samAveza kara diyA hai| kabhI-kabhI unhoMne vAstavika jagata ke do yA tIna caritroM ke vaiziSTya ko apane eka hI pAtra meM Aropita kara use AkarSaka evaM avismaraNIya banA diyA hai| parakAyA praveza meM nipuNa hone ke kAraNa lekhaka ke ye amUrta pAtra meM bhI AtmIyatA hI rahI hai| pAMcU, monAI, seTha bAMkemala, tAI, mahipAla, aravinda zaMkara, puttIgurU, nirguNa, gurasarana bAbU, tathA tanakuna jaise pAtra isIlie pAThakoM ko prabhAvita karate haiN| pAtroM ke citraNa meM sUkSmatA bhI nAgarajI kA apanA vaiziSTya hai| premacaMda kI kRtiyoM meM vyaMgya kA painApana parilakSita nahIM hotA parantu amRtalAla nAgara ne apanI kRtiyoM meM hAsya vyaMgya kA samAveza bar3I dakSatA ke sAtha kiyA hai| nAgarajI meM aura premacaMda meM bar3A antara AdhyAtmika hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 37
Page #3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ hai aura ADambara ke sAtha-sAtha dhArmika vikRtiyoM kA virodha kiyA mUlyoM para AdhArita hai| nAgarajI ne premacaMda kI tulanA meM AdhyAtmika mUlyoM para adhika bala diyA hai| premacaMda ke upanyAsoM meM AdhyAtmika mUlya bhI sAmAjika mUlyoM ke AvaraNa meM hI vyakta hue haiN| nAgarajI pragatizIla vicAradhArA ke samarthaka hote hue bhI Astika racanAkAra rahe haiN| bAbA rAmajIdAsa ke satsaMga se AstikatA ke prati unakI AsthA aura prabala huI thii| nAgarajI ne Astika jIvana mUlyoM kI pravaMcanAoM kA virodha to kiyA hai kintu AstikatA ko nakArA nahIM hai| nAgarajI kI mAnyatA thI ki sacce arthoM meM saMta vahI hai jo vAstava meM satyaniSTha hai| nAgarajI ne Aja ke yuga meM vyAvahArika, AdhyAtmika mUlyoM ke nirUpaNa ke lie somAhuti, sUra, tulasI jaise prAcIna caritroM ko hI nahIM bAbA rAmajI jaise samasAmayika saMta kI avatAraNA bhI apane bhinna-bhinna upanyAsoM ke caritra ke rUpa meM kI hai| isa prakAra unhoMne vyavahAra ke stara para Astika cetanAyukta saMtatva kI AvazyakatA para bala diyA premacaMda aura nAgarajI ke madhya aMtara vivecita karane kA uddezya kisI ko bar3A yA choTA banAnA nahIM hai apitu yaha pratipAdita karanA hai ki ghaTanA pradhAna, tilasmI, jAsUsI upanyAsoM ke yuga se Age bar3hakara premacaMda ne hindI upanyAsa sAhitya ko jo navIna dizA dI... vahI gatizIlatA kucha navIna vizeSatAoM ke sAtha premacandottara kAla meM amRtalAla nAgara meM parilakSita hotI hai| ____ niSkarSataH premacaMda paramparA ko samRddha evaM sudRr3ha karane ke sAtha-sAtha use gatizIlatA pradAna karane meM nAgarajI kI mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA rahI hai| unhoMne na kevala paramparA ko navIna AyAma pradAna kiye apitu hindI upanyAsa sAhitya ko bhI svastha sAmAjika pariprekSya kI ucca bhUmikA para pratiSThita kiyaa| hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 38