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________________ rAmarAsokAra mahAkavi mAdhavadAsa dadhivADiyA ___ saubhAgya siMha zekhAvata kavikula gaurava mAdhavadAsa dadhivAr3iyA cAraNoMkI eka sau bIsa zAkhAoMmeM devala gotrake cAraNa the| yaha zAkhA kSatriyoMke sAMkhalA rAjavaMzakI polapAtra thii| rAjasthAnameM sAMkhalA kulake kSatriyoMkA rAjya mAravAr3akI saiMNa paTTI aura jAMgalU (bIkAnera) bhUbhAgapara thaa| jAMgalUpara zAsana rahaneke kAraNa jAMgalUvA sAMkhalA aura saiMNapara Adhipatya honese rUNecA sAMkhalA prasiddha hue| jAMgaluvA sAMkhaloMne vIThU cAraNoMko apanA bArahaThatva pradAna kiyA aura rUNecAne dadhivAr3iyA cAraNoMko / rUMNakA zAsaka rAjA sor3adeva sAMkhalA, bAdazAha alAuddIna khilajIkA samasAmayika thaa| alAuddInane rAjA sor3ha devakI rAjakumArIse balapUrvaka pANigrahaNa kiyA aura sAMkhaloMpara AkramaNakara unheM zaktihIna banA diyaa| zaktihIna aura rAjyacyuta sAMkhalA jAti rAjanaitika dRSTise prabhAvahIna aura nirbala ho gii| usa samaya sAMkhaloMkA polapAtra cAraNa meMhAjala devala bar3A vAkapaTa, nItimAna aura prabhAvazAlI byakti thaa| vaha apane nirAzrita AzrayadAtAoMkA pakSa grahaNakara bAdazAha alAuddInake pAsa gayA aura apanI kAvya zaktise bAdazAhako 'kurvA samudra'se sambodhitakara prasanna kiyaa| kUrvA samudrakA artha hai sAmAnakA samudra jo kabhI samApta nahIM hotA hai| alAuddInane isa gauravase prasanna hokara sAMkhaloMko rUNakA kSetra punaH lauTA diyaa| taba rUMNake kAraNa devala cAraNoMkI dadhivADiyA zAkhA prasiddha huii| kAlAntarameM mAravAr3ake rAva raNamallane rUNakA rAjya sAMkhaloMse chIna liyaa| mevAr3ake zAsaka mahArANA kumbhakarNa rUNake sAMkhaloMke bhAgneya the| sAMkhaloMke polapAtra honeke kAraNa dadhivAr3iyA cAraNa apane Azrita sAMkhaloMke sAtha mevAr3ameM cale ge| mahArANA kumbhakarNane dadhivADiyA jaitAko nAhara magarAke samIpastha dhAratA aura goThiyA~ nAmake do grAma diye| jaitAke cAra putra hae mahapA, mAMDaNa, devA aura brsii| saMvat 1575 vi0 meM mahArANA saMgrAmasiMha prathamane mAMDavake bAdazAhako parAjitakara baMdI banAyA taba vijaya darabArakA Ayojana kiyA aura apane yoddhAoM aura kaviyoMko sammAnita kiyaa| saMgrAmasiMhane usa avasara para mahapAko zAvara grAma diyaa| devAko dhAratA aura barasI goThiyANapara adhiSThita rhaa| mAMDaNa cittaur3ase mAravAr3ameM lauTa AyA thaa| vaha uccakoTikA bhakta hRdaya kavi thaa| usakI saMtAna mAravAr3ameM bAsanI, kUpar3Asa aura baladA Adi grAmoMmeM hai| mAdhavadAsakA janma mAravAr3ake balUdA grAmameM cUDA dadhivADiyAke gharameM huA thaa| cUMDA apane samayakA rAjya aura bhakta samAjameM samAdRta puruSa thaa| DA0 hIrAlAla mAhezvarIne mAdhavadAsako mahArAjA zUrasiMha jodhapurakA Azrita mAnA hai / para, prApta pramANoMse yaha ucita nahIM jAna par3atA hai| vastutaH mAdhavadAsa balUdAke svAmI ThAkura rAmadAsa cAMdAvata rAThaur3akA Azrita thaa| balUdA kAbAsa mAdhavadAsake pitA cUMDAko rAva 1. muMhatA naiNasIrI khyAta saM0 badariprasAda sAkariyA bhAga 15-353 / 2. vIravinoda kavirAjA zyAmaladAsa prathama bhAga pR0 180-181 / 3. rAjasthAna bhASA aura sAhitya DA0 mAhezvarI pR0 169 / 224 : agaracanda nAhaTA abhinandana-grantha
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________________ cAMdA vIrabhadevota ne apanA polapAtra banAkara pradAna kiyA thaa| yaha tathya cUDA dvArA rAva cAMdAkI prazaMsA meM kathita kavittoM meM abhivyakta hai maMDAvai // kIdhI akhiyAtAM / dIgha dharA dasa sahaMsa jarI paJca dUNa doya dIgha daMtAla narinda kIghA sAta dUNa asa vravI sAja suvanna motI AkhA samaNa hAtha iNa vidha dadhavAr3a kaha ghUhar3adhaNI, kamadhaja dAlida kappiyau / caMda rI pola ravi caMda laga thira kava caMDau thappiyau // 1 // mer3atiye mana moTa ilA jAve naMha jasavAsa jugAM cahu~vai hI dIgha kar3A mUMdar3A heka motAhalaM dIgha caMda narinda dujhala vIramade vAlA // lAkha kara diyA moTe kasaMgha caMdarA hoya so devasI / soha nega toraNa ghor3A sahata cUDa rA hoya so levasI // 2 // sAMmelai hika mohara anai hathalevai vara taha cauka hika sare mohara hika sahata avara rIjha jAtAM // mAlA / kar3A mUMdar3A aNamApa baghetI khaTatIsa varaggAM // vIrama taNA bIre cUDA samai mahapata thapa maMgaNAM / caMda kamaMdha diyA kava cUMDa ne jetA nega AkhaMDa iNAM // 3 // sajAmAM / jaganAmAM // baNAvai / sarapAva sa mohara cau ataH cUDA dadhivAr3iyA rAva cAMdA vIramadevota mer3atiyAkA polapAtra tathA Azrita kavi thA / cUDAko cAMdAne dasa hajAra bIghA bhUmi, mohareM Adi dekara apanA polapAtra niyata kiyA thaa| cUMDAne rAva cAMdA ke caudaha putroMkA nAmollekha apane eka chappayameM kiyA hai bAgo / bhAgo // karaggAM / pATa pati 'gopAla' 'rAmadAsa' tima rAjesara / 'dayAla' 'goiMdadAsa' 'rAghava' 'kesavadAsa' 'manohara' // 'bhagavaMta' 'bhagavAnadAsa' 'sAMvaladAsa' ane 'kisanasiMgha' / 'naraharadAsa' 'bisana' huvau cavadamo 'harIsiMgha' // cavadaha kaMvara candA tathA eka-eka thI AgalA / nava khaMDa nA~va karavA kamaMgha khAga cUMDAjI apane yuga pratiSThA prApta bhakta kavi the / inake racita guNa nimaMdhA nimaMdha, guNa cANakya velI, guNa bhAkhar3I, aura sphuTa kavitta (chappaya ) upalabdha haiM / inhIM bhakta kavi cUDAke tyAga jasa trammalA // putra ratna mAdhavadAsa yaha grAma rAva cAMdA the / mAdhavadAsa balUMdAke ThAkura rAmadAsake pAsa balUMdAkA bAsa upagrAmameM rahatA thA / dvArA pradatta dasa hajAra bIghA bhUmimeM AbAda kiyA gayA thA / mAdhavadAsane guNa rAso aura gajamokha nAmaka do granthoMkA praNayana kiyA thA / gajamokha choTI-sI kRti hai aura rAmarAso rAjasthAnI kA prathama mahAkAvya hai / rAmarAso jaisA ki nAmase hI prakaTa hai maryAdApuruSa zrI rAmacaMdrapara sarjita hai / rAmarAsokA rAjasthAna meM 29 bhASA aura sAhitya : 225
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________________ tulasIdAsake rAmacarita mAnasakI bhAMti ghara-gharameM pracAra aura sammAna rahA hai| bhakti kAlake isa mahAn kavine rAmarAsokI saMracanA Adi kavi kAlmIkikI rAmAyaNa, adhyAtma rAmAyaNa aura hanumannATakakI kathA bhUmipara kI hai / rAjasthAnake vidvAnoMmeM katipaya vidvAnoMne rAmarAsokI padya saMkhyA kI gaNanA alaga-alaga prakaTa kI hai| mAdhavadAsake jIvana sambandhameM bhI unameM matabheda hai| zrI sItArAma lAlasane mAdhavadAsa kA svargavAsa saM0 1690 vi0 mAnA hai| lAlasane mahArAjA ajitasiMha jodhapurake rAjakavi dvArikAdAsa dadhavADiyAko mAdhavadAsakA putra mAnA hai| isa prakAra usako saMtatike viSayameM aneka tathyaviparIta asaMgata mAnyatAe~ cala par3I haiM aura mAdhavadAsake jIvanake sambandhameM bhI AdhAra viruddha pravAda phaile hue haiN| mAdhavadAsakA nidhana vi0 saM0 1680 jeTha sudi 8 maMgalavArako mUMgadar3A grAmameM huA thaa| ghaTanA yaha hai ki ukta saMvatmeM mer3atAke zAhI hAkima abbU mahamadane rAjA bhImasiMha amarAvata - sIsodiyA ToDAkI sahAyatA prApta kara nImbolAke dhanADhya nandavAnA brAhmaNoMpara AkramaNa kara unakI atulita sampatti lUTa lI thI aura unake mukhiyoMko baMdI banA liyA thaa| yaha sUcanA jaitAraNameM ThAkUra kisanasiMha aura jaitAraNake hAkima rAghavadAsa paMcolIko milii| taba kizanasiMha aura rAghavadAsane abU mahamada kA pIchA kiyaa| aura balUdAke ThAkura rAmadAsase bhI apanI nijI senA sahita zIghra unake sAtha Akara yuddha meM sammilita honekI prArthanA kI / ThAkura rAmadAsa apane saradAroMko sAtha lekara yuddhAraMbha samayapara mUMgadar3A jA phuNcaa| mAdhavadAsa bhI ThAkura rAmadAsake sAtha thaa| jodhapura aura mer3atAkI zAhI senAmeM jamakara yuddha huaa| ThAkUra rAmadAsa, mAdhavadAsa aura kanaujiyA bhATa varajAMga prabhRti aneka vIra mAre ge| yaha yuddha mahArAjA gajasiMhake zAsana kAlameM huA thaa| ataH mAdhavadAsakA nidhana saMvat 1690 mAnanA ucita nahIM hai| balUdAmeM mAdhavadAsakI chatrIke lekhameM bhI nidhana tithi saM0 1680 hI aMkita hai / / dvArikAdAsako mAdhavadAsakA putra batalAnA bhI ucita nahIM hai / mAdhavadAsakA dehAvasAna 1680 meM huA thA aura dvArikAdAsane saMvat 1772meM mahArAjA 'ajita siMhakI davAvata' nAmaka racanA kI thii| dvArikAdAsane kahA hai davAveta dvAdasa duvA, tIna kavita doya gaah| satare saMvata bahotare, kavi dvAre kahiyAha / / ataH dvArikAdAsa 1772 meM vidyamAna thA aura mAdhavadAsakA 1680 meM nidhana ho gayA thaa| donoMke madhya 92 varSakA antara spaSTa hI dvArikAdAsako mAdhavadAsakA pautra siddha kara detA hai| mAdhavadAsake pitA cuDAko rAThor3a ratanasiMha rAyamalotane mer3atAvATIkA grAma jAror3o baiMNAM zAsanameM diyA thaa| neNasIkI paraganoMkI vigatameM likhA hai-taphe rAhaNa dhadhavAr3iyA caDA mAMDaNota na / hime paM0 sundaradAsa mohaNadAsa mAdhodAsotane visanadAsa sAMmadAsota ch| uparilikhita prasaMgase do tathya prakaTa hote haiN| pahalA to yaha ki mAdhavadAsa aura zyAmadAsa do bhAI the| mAdhavadAsa jyeSTha aura zyAmadAsa laghu thaa| dUsarA yaha ki mAdhavadAsake sundaradAsa 1. rAjasthAnI sabada kosa prastAvanA pR0 143 / 2. vahI , , , pR0 157 / 3. kUpAvatoMkA itihAsa pR0 271-272 / 4. zrI mAdhava prasAda sonI zodha chAtrake saMgrahakI pratilipi / 5. mAravAr3a rA paraganAM rI vigata, saM0 nArAyaNasiMha bhATI, bhA0 2 10 112 / 226 : agaracanda nAhaTA abhinandana-grantha
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________________ aura mohanadAsa nAmake do putra the| ye donoM rAjA jasavaMtasiMha prathama jodhapurake zAsanakAla 1721 vi0 taka vidyamAna the| ataH dvArikAdAsako mAdhavadAsakA putra prakaTa karanA pramANoMse galata ThaharatA hai| kAla kramase bhI yaha kathana tathya saMgata nahIM siddha hotA hai| rAjasthAnI kaviyoMke sambandhameM isa prakArakI asaMgatiyA~ rAjasthAnI aura hindI sAhityake vidvAnoMmeM bahudhA pracalita hai / rAjasthAnIke Adi mahAkAvya rAmarAsokI chaMda saMkhyAko lekara bhI vidvAn eka mata nahIM haiN| rAmarAsokI prApta pratiyoMmeM chaMda saMkhyA bhinna-bhinna milatI hai / isakA kAraNa rAmarAsokI pratilipiyoMkA bAhulya hI rahA hai| kaI pratiyoMmeM kSepaka pada bhI haiN| kucha pada aise haiM jo rAmarAso, pRthvIrAja rAso aura prAkRtakI gAhA satasaI meM nyUnAdhika parivartanake sAtha upalabdha haiN| aise upalabdha chaMda gAhA satasaIke haiM jo vidvAn lipikAroMkI ruci aura lipikauzalakA pariNAma hai| rAmarAsoko katipaya pratiyoMmeM ghaTanAoM aura prasaMgoMke anusAra zIrSaka aura adhyAya bhI aMkita milate haiM / jina pratiyoM meM adhyAyoMkA krama hai unameM alaga-alaga adhyAyoMkI alaga-alaga chaMda saMkhyA pAI jAtI haiM aura jisa pratimeM yaha krama nahIM hai vahA~ sampUrNa padyoMkI kramaza : chaMda saMkhyA hI dI huI milatI hai| mahAkavi mAdhavadAsake kAvya guruke sambandhameM zrI lAlasa prabhRti vidvAnoMne likhA hai ki mAdhavadAsane apane pitAse hI adhyayana kiyA thaa| yaha kathana bhI kalpanA prasUta hI lagatA hai| mAdhavadAsane rAmarAsoke prArambhameM hI apane guruke lie spaSTa saMketa kiyA hai| ""zravaNa sumitra sabadaM, jAsa pasAya pAya pada harijasa / ""munivara karamANaMdaM, niya guradeva tubhyo namaH // 2 // munivara karmAnanda hI mAdhavadAsake kAvya guru the| 'niya gura deva tubhyo namaH' maMgalAcaraNakI ye paMktiyA~ hI pramANa haiM / rAmarAsokI racanA tithi sabhI prApta pratiyoMmeM 1675 vi0 aMkita milatI hai| yadyapi rAmarAsoke sarjanake pazcAt mAdhavadAsa bahata kama varSa hI jIvita rahe, para rAmakathA tathA bhakti varNanake pratApase rAmarAsokA rAjasthAnake zikSita parivAroMmeM atyadhika pracAra rhaa| aura rAmarAsoke aneka chaMda 'piMgala ziromaNi' jaise chaMda zAstra granthoMmeM mile hue milate haiN| rAmarAsoke chaMdoMkA piMgala ziromaNimeM pAyA jAnA piMgala ziromaNike kartAoM rAvala hararAja bhATI(?) athavA kuzalalAbha(?) donoM hI ke lie sandeha utpanna kara dete haiN| rAmarAsokA racanAkAla 1675 hai aura piMgala ziromaNikA sarjanakAla saMvat 1618 vi0 se pUrva mAnA jAtA hai| donoMke racanAkAlameM bhArI antara hai| isa prakAra piMgala ziromaNikA racanAkAla bhI eka prazna rUpameM adhyetAoMke sAmane khar3A huA hai| mAdhavadAsa rAjasthAnI (DiMgala) aura saMskRta donoM bhASAoMkA vidvAn thaa| rAjAoM aura jAgIradAroMke Azraya evaM samparkake kAraNa usako arabI, phArasI aura turkI bhASAoMkI bhI jAnakArI rahI ho to koI vismaya nhiiN| rAmarAsomeM arabI, phArasI aura turkIke zabdoMkA prayoga huA hai| itanA hI nahIM rAmarAsomeM vyavahRta lokoktiyoM aura muhAvaroMse yaha bhI patA calatA hai ki mAdhavadAsa rAjasthAnoke lokabhASA rUpakA bhI sujJAtA thaa| rAmake mAyA mRgake pIche jAnepara rAmakI sahAyatAke lie lakSmaNako bhejate samaya sItAke mukhase kahalavAyA hai lakhamaNa dhAM mhAMlAra, mAta bharatarI melhiyo / bholo bho bharatAra, dekhe soha dholo dugadha // bhASA aura sAhitya : 227
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________________ vibhISaNane rAvaNako samajhAte hue kahA pANI pahilI baMghi pAli, rahe jima pAMNI rAMmaNa / sovana laMka kula paulasata, jAsI jima saMkara jraa| lakSmaNake zakti prahArase cetanA zUnya honepara kathita paMktiyoMmeM _dhUjI dharA sesa dhar3ahar3iyo, par3atI saMdhyA lakhamaNa par3iyo / rAma samarabhUmimeM rAvaNako lalakArate hue kahate haiM hU~ Ayo paga mAMDi cora hava, dekhavi kara mhArA kara dANava / isa prakAra mAdhavadAsane rAjasthAnIke loka pracalita rUpakA bhI rAmarAsomeM anekadhA prayoga kiyA hai| mahAkavi mAdhavadAsake guru, saMtati aura nidhana tithi aba anizcita nahIM rahI hai| para rAmarAsokI sabhI prApta pratiyoM meM yaha dohA milatA hai rAso nija jasa rAmarasa, vadiyo nigama bakhAMNa / kathitaM mAdhavadAsa kavi, likhataM bhagata kalyANa / / 1135 likhataM bhagata kalyANa' meM kalyANa spaSTataH hI rAmarAsokA prathama lipikAra hai / yahA~ kalyANa vyakti sUcaka hai| ataH rAsoke adhyayana-rata vidvAna kalyANake viSayameM bhI anasaMdhAna kareMge, aisI AzA hai| 228 : agaracanda nAhaTA abhinandana-grantha