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________________ 4-0--0--0-0--0--------------------------0-12 0 ramezakumAra jaina 2 rAjasthAnI sAhitya bhaNDAra vizva kI kisI bhI bhASA ke sAhitya bhaNDAra se kama nahIM hai| parimANa evaM zreSThatA / donoM hI dRSTiyoM se rAjasthAnI sAhitya kAphI samRddha hai| isa samRddhi meM cAra cA~da lagAne vAle jaina sAhityakAroM kA I eka vistRta paricaya yahA~ prastuta hai| 000000000000 000000000000 *-o----o--o-o-------o-----*-*--oo-oo-o------- rAjasthAnI jaina sAhitya rAjasthAnI jaina-sAhitya bahuta vizAla hai| vizAla itanA ki cAraNa sAhitya bhI usake samakSa nyUna hai| usakI maulika vizeSatAe~ bhI kama nahIM haiN| prathama vizeSatA yaha hai ki vaha jana-sAdhAraNa kI bhASA meM likhA gayA hai| ata: vaha sarala hai| caraNoM Adi ne jisa prakAra zabdoM ko tor3a-maror3akara apane granthoM kI bhASA ko durUha banA liyA hai vaisA jaina vidvAnoM ne nahIM kiyA hai| dUsarI vizeSatA hai jIvana ko ucca stara para le jAne vAle sAhitya kI prcurtaa| jaina muniyoM kA jIvana nivRtti pradhAna thA, ve kisI rAjA-mahArAjA Adi ke Azrita nahIM the, jisase ki unheM atizayokti pUrNa varNana karane kI AvazyakatA hotI / yuddha ke lie protsAhita karanA bhI unakA dharma nahIM thA aura zRGgAra sAhitya dvArA janatA ko vilAsitA kI ora agrasara karanA bhI unake AcAra se viruddha thaa| ataH unhoMne janatA ke kalyANakArI aura unake jIvana ko UMce uThAne vAle sAhitya kA hI nirmANa kiyaa| cAraNa-sAhitya vIra-rasa pradhAna hai aura usake bAda zRgAra-rasa kA sthAna AtA hai| bhakti racanAe~ bhI unakI prApta hai para, jaina sAhitya dharma aura naitikatA pradhAna hai| usameM zAnta rasa yatra-tatra-sarvatra dekhA jA sakatA hai| jaina kaviyoM kA uddezya jana-jIvana meM AdhyAtmika jAgRti paidA karanA thaa| naitika aura bhaktipUrNa jIvana hI unakA carama lakSya thaa| unhoMne apane isa uddezya ke lie kathA-sAhitya ko vizeSa rUpa se apanAyA / tattvajJAna sUkhA evaM kaThina viSaya hai / sAdhAraNa janatA kI vahA~ taka pahu~ca nahIM aura na usakI ruci hI ho sakatI hai| usako to kathAoM va dRSTAntoM dvArA dharma kA marma samajhAyA jAya tabhI usake hRdaya ko vaha dharma chU sakatA hai| kathA-kahAnI sabase adhika lokapriya viSaya hone ke kAraNa unake dvArA dhArmika tattvoM kA pracAra zIghratA se ho sakatA hai| isa bAta ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue unhoMne tapa, dAna, zIla tathA dhArmika vrataniyamoM kA mahAtmya pragaTa karane vAle kathAnakoM ko dharma-pracAra kA mAdhyama bnaayaa| isake pazcAt jaina tIrthaMkaroM evaM AcAryoM ke aitihAsika kAvya Ate haiM / isase janatA ke sAmane mahApuruSoM ke jIvana-Adarza sahaja rUpa se upasthita hote haiM / ina donoM prakAra ke sAhitya se janatA ko apane jIvana ko sudhArane meM evaM naitika tathA dhArmika AdoM se paripUrNa karane meM bar3I preraNA milii| rAjasthAnI jaina-sAhitya ke mahattva ke sambandha meM do bAteM ullekhanIya hai-prathama-bhASA-vijJAna kI dRSTi se usakA mahattva hai, dvitIya-13vIM se 15vIM zatAbdI taka ke ajaina rAjasthAnI grantha svatantra rUpa se upalabdha nahIM hai| usakI pUrti rAjasthAnI jaina-sAhitya karatA hai| ___aneka vidvAnoM kI yaha dhAraNA hai ki jaina-sAhitya jaina dharma se hI sambandhita hai, vaha janopayogI sAhitya - ForPriaTamace: ....... Hemainelibrary
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________________ 000088 000000000000 000000000000 2 98880 464 | pUjya pravartaka zrI ambAlAla jI mahArAja - abhinandana grantha nahIM hai para yaha dhAraNA nitAnta bhramapUrNa hai / vAstava meM jaina sAhitya kI jAnakArI ke abhAva meM hI unhoMne yaha dhAraNA banA rakhI hai| isaliye ve jaina sAhitya ke adhyayana se udAsIna raha jAte haiN| rAjasthAnI jaina sAhitya meM aise aneka grantha haiM jo jaina dharma ke kisI bhI viSaya se sambandhita na hokara sarvajanopayogI dRSTi se likhe gaye haiM 1 - vyAkaraNa - zAstra -- jaina kaviyoM kI aneka racanAe~ vyAkaraNa sAhitya para milatI hai| ina racanAoM meM se nimna racanAeM ullekhanIya haiM-- bAla zikSA, ukti ratnAkara, ukti samuccaya kAtantra vAlAvabodha, paMca-sandhi bAlAvabodha, hema vyAkaraNa bhASA TIkA, sArasvata bAlAvabodha Adi / 2 - chanda zAstra - rAjasthAnI jaina kaviyoM ne chanda-zAstra para bhI racanAe~ likhI haiM piMgala ziromaNi, dUhA candrikA, rAjasthAna gItoM kA chanda graMtha, vRtta ratnAkara bAlAvabodha Adi / 3 - alaMkAra - zAstra - vAgbhaTTAlaMkAra bAlAvabodha, vidagdha mukhamaMDana bAlAvabodha, rasika priyA bAlAvabodha Adi / 4 -- kAvya TIkAe~ bhartRharizataka-bhASA TIkA traya, amaruzataka, laghustava bAlAvabodha, kisana - rukmaNI kI TIkAe~, dhUrttAkhyAna kathAsAra, kAdambarI kathA sAra / 5 - vaidyaka zAstra -- mAdhavanidAna TabbA, sannipAta kalikA TabbAdvaya, pathyApathya TabbA, vaidya jIvana TabbA, zatazlokI TabbA va phuTakara saMgraha to rAjasthAnI bhASA meM hajAroM prApta haiM / 6 - gaNita zAstra - lIlAvatI bhASA caupAI, gaNita sAra caupAI Adi / 7 - jyotiSa zAstra - laghujAtaka vacanikA, jAtaka karma paddhati bAlAvabodha, vivAhapaDala bAlAvabodha, bhuvana dIpaka bAlAvabodha, camatkAra citAmaNi bAlAvabodha, muhUrtta cintAmaNi bAlAvabodha, vivAhapaDala bhASA, gaNita sAThIso, paMcAMga nayana caupAI, zakuna dIpikA caupAI, aMga phurakana caupAI, varSaphalAphala sajjhAya Adi / kavi hIrakalaza jyotiSa ke prakANDa paNDita the| inakI prAkRta bhASA meM racita 'jyotiSa sAra' tathA rAjasthAnI meM racita 'joisahIra' isa viSaya kI mahattvapUrNa racanAe~ haiM / isakI padya saMkhyA 1000 ke lagabhaga hai / 8- nIti, vyavahAra, zikSA, jJAna Adi- prAyaH pratyeka kavi ne inake lie kisI na kisI rUpa meM kahIM na kahIM sthAna DhU~Dha hI liyA hai| ina viSayoM se sambandhita svatantra racanAe~ bhI milatI haiM, jinameM "chIhala - bAvanI", "DUMgarabAvanI" Adi atyanta mahattvapUrNa kRtiyA~ haiN| inameM pravAhapUrNa bolacAla kI bhASA meM, vyavahAra aura nIti viSayaka bAtoM ko bar3e hI dhArmika DhaMga se kahA hai / ukta viSayoM se sambandhita anya racanAoM meM 'saMvAda, kakkA - mAtRkA - bAvanI' aura kulaka' Adi ke nAma liye jA sakate haiM / cANakya nIti TabbA, paMcAkhyAna caupAI va nIti prakAza Adi grantha bhI isa dizA meM ullekhanIya hai / E - aitihAsika grantha- muMhaNota naiNasI kI khyAta, rAThaur3a amarasiMha kI bAta, khumANa rAso, gorA-bAdala caupAI, jaitacandra prabandha caupAI, karmacandra vaMza prabandha Adi racanAeM aitihAsika granthoM meM apanA mahattvapUrNa sthAna rakhatI hai | inase itihAsa kI kAphI sAmagrI upalabdha ho sakatI hai| jaina gacchoM kI paTTAvaliyA~ va gurvAvaliyA~ gadya va padya donoM meM likhI gaI haiM / jainetara khyAtoM evaM aitihAsika bAteM Adi kI aneka pratiyA~ kaI jaina bhaNDAroM meM prApta haiM / 10 - subhASita - sUktiyA~ - rAjasthAnI sAhitya meM subhASita sUktiyoM kI saMkhyA bhI bahuta adhika hai / aneka subhASita uktiyA~ rAjasthAna ke jana-jana ke mukha va hRdaya meM ramI huI hai| kahAvatoM ke taura para unakA prayoga pada-pada para kiyA jAtA hai| jaina vidvAnoM ne bhI prAsaMgika vividha viSayaka rAjasthAnI saikar3oM dohe banAye haiM zrI agaracanda nAhaTA ne udayarAja va jinaharSa kI subhASita sUktiyoM kA eka saMgraha prakAzita kiyA hai / 11 - vinodAtmaka - rAjasthAnI sAhitya meM vinodAtmaka racanAe~ bhI pracura mAtrA meM upalabdha huI haiM / ina racanAoM meM UndararAso, mAMkaNa rAso, makhiyoM ro kajiyo, jatI jaMga Adi racanAe~ ullekhanIya haiM / 12 -- RtukAvya utsava kAvya- bArahamAse - caumAse saMjJaka aneka rAjasthAnI jaina racanAe~ upalabdha hai / ye racanAe~ adhikAMza neminAtha aura sthUlibhadra se sambandhita hone para bhI RtuoM ke varNana se paripUrita hai| sabase prAcIna RtukAvya bArahamAsa -- "jina dharma sUri bAraha nAvaU~" hai / IRF XX Qiu & Perse
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________________ rAjasthAnI jaina sAhitya 465 13. - samvAda - samvAda saMjJaka jaina racanAoM se bahuta soM kA sambandha jainadharma nahIM hai| inameM kaviyoM ne apanI sUjha evaM kavi pratibhA kA paricaya acche rUpa meM diyA hai| motIkapAsiyA samvAda, jIbha dAnta samvAda, A~kha kAna samvAda, udyama-karma samvAda, yauvana-jarA samvAda, locana - kAjala samvAda Adi racanAe~ ullekhanIya haiM / 14 - devatA- deviyoM ke chanda-yakSa, zanicara Adi graha, tripura Adi devoM kI stuti rUpa chanda, jaina kaviyoM dvArA racita milate haiM / ina devI-devatAoM kA jaina dharma se koI sambandha nahIM hai| rAmadeva jI, pAbUjI, sUrajajI aura amarasiMha jI kI stutirUpa bhI kaI racanAe~ prApta hotI hai| 15 - stuti kAvya-stuti-kAvyoM meM tIrthakaroM jaina mahApuruSoM, sAdhuoM, satiyoM, tIyoM Adi ke guNoM ke varNana rahate haiN| tIyoM kI nAmAvalI jise 'tIrthamAlA' kahate haiM isI ke antargata hai| ye racanAe~ aitihAsika dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa haiM / aura stuti, stavana, sajjhAya, vInatI, gIta, namaskAra Adi nAmoM se upalabdha hai| jaina sAhitya kA eka bar3A bhAga stutiparaka hai| 16 - loka kathAnaka sambandhI grantha - loka-sAhitya ke saMrakSaNa meM jaina vidvAnoM kI sevA mahattvapUrNa hai / saikar3oM lokavArtAoM ko unhoMne apane granthoM meM saMgrahita kI hai vahuta-sI lokavArtAeM yadi ve na apanAte to vismRti ke garbha meM kamI kI vilIna ho jaatii| loka-kathAnakoM ko lekara nimna kAvyoM kA sRjana huA-- (1) bhojadeva carita = mAladeva, sAraMga, hemAnanda / (2) abaMDa carita = vinaya samudra, maMgala mANikya / (3) dhanadeva carita ( siMhalasI carita) = malaya canda / (4) karpUra maMjarI matisAra / (5) DholA-mArU kuzala lAbha | (6) pacyAkhyAna baccharAja, ratnasundara, hIrakalaza / (7) naMda battIsI = siMha kula / (8) purandara kumAra caupAI = mAladeva / (6) zrIpAla carita sAhitya mAMDaNa jJAna sAgara, Izvara-sUri, patha sundara (10) vilhaNa paMcArIkA = jJAnAcArya, sAraMga / == = (11) zazikalA sAraMga | (12) mAdhavAnala kAmakandalA = kuzala lAbha / (13) lIlAvatI = kakka sUri ziSya / (14) vidyAvilAsa = hIrAnanda sUri, AjJA sundara / (15) sudayavaccha vIra carita = ajJAta kavi kRta, kIrtivarddhana / - = (16) canda rAjA malayAgirI caupAI : - bhadrasena jinaharSa sUri ke ziSya dvArA racita / (17) gorA-bAdala hema ratna, labdhodaya / (18) isI prakAra muni kIrti sundara dvArA saMgrahIta "vAgvilAsa laghu-kathA saMgraha' se vibhinna pracalita lokakathAoM kA patA calatA hai| mahArAja vikrama kA caritra vibhinna loka kathAoM kA mukhya AdhAra aura preraNA srota rahA hai / maru-gurjara bhASA meM bhI 45 racanAe~ prApta ho cukI haiN| unameM se kucha prasiddha racanAoM ke nAma ye haiM (1) vikrama carita kumAra rAsa = sAdhukIti / (2) vikrama sena rAsa udayabhAnu / (3) vikrama rAsa: -dharmasiMha | (4) vikrama rAsa = maMgala mANikya / (5) vaitAla paccIsI - jJAnacandra / (6) paMcadaNDa caupAI = mAladeva / u - 000000000000 000000000000 SCCODIFCEC this B3/
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________________ 466 / pUjya pravartaka zrI ambAlAlajI mahArAja-abhinandana grantha 000000000000 000000000000 (7) siMhAsana battIsI=malayacandra, jJAnacandra, vinaya samudra, hIrakalaza, siddha sUri / (8) vikrama khAparA cora caupAI=rAjazIla / (6) vikrama lIlAvatI caupAI-kakka sUri ziSya / loka-kathA sambandhI katipaya grantha ye haiM(1) zuka bahottarI ratna sundara, ratnacandra / (2) zRgAra maMjarI caupAI=jayavanta sUri / (3) strI carita rAsa=jJAnadAsa / (4) sagAlasA rAsa= kanaka sundara / (5) sadayavatsa savaMliMgA caupAI =kezava / (6) kAnhaDa kaThiyArA caupAI mAna sAgara / (7) ratanA hamIra rI bAta-uttamacanda bhaMDArI / (8) rAjA risUla kI bAta Ananda vijaya / (6) laghuvArtA saMgraha =kIti sundara / / lokavArtAoM ke atirikta loka-gItoM ko bhI jaina vidvAnoM ne vizeSa rUpa se apanAyA hai / loka gItoM kI rAganiyoM para bhI unhoMne apanI racanAe~ likhI haiN| rAjasthAnI jaina-sAhitya va kavi-rAjasthAnI racanAoM kI saMkhyA para dRSTi DAlane se patA calatA hai ki ajaina rAjasthAnI sAhitya ke bar3e grantha to bahata hI kama haiN| phuTakara dohe evaM gIta hI adhika haiN| jabaki rAjasthAnI jaina granthoM, rAsa Adi bar3e-bar3e granthoM kI saMkhyA saikar3oM meM hai| dohe aura DiMgala gIta hajAroM kI saMkhyA meM milate haiN| unakA sthAna jaina vidvAnoM ke stavana, sajjhAya, gIta, bhAsa-pada Adi laghu kRtiyA~ le letI haiM, jinakI saMkhyA hajAroM para hai| kaviyoM kI saMkhyA aura unake racita-sAhitya se pariNAma se tulanA karane para bhI jaina-sAhitya kA palar3A bahuta bhArI najara AtA hai / ajaina rAjasthAnI-sAhitya nirmAtAoM meM dohA va gIta nirmAtAoM ko chor3a dene para bar3e-bar3e svatantra grantha nirmAtA kavi thor3e se raha jAte haiN| unameM se bhI kisI kavi ne ullekhanIya 4-5 bar3I-bar3I aura choTI 20-30 racanAoM se adhika nahIM likhI / jainettara rAjasthAnI bhASA kA sabase bar3A grantha 'vaMza bhAskara' hai| jabaki jaina kaviyoM meM aise bahuta se kavi ho gaye haiM jinhoMne bar3e-bar3e rAsa hI adhika saMkhyA meM likhe haiN| yahA~ kucha pradhAna rAjasthAnI jaina kaviyoM kA paricaya diyA jA rahA hai (1) kavivara samaya sundara-inakA janma samaya anumAnataH saMvat 1620 hai| (jIvanakAla-160-1702), tathApi inakI bhASA kRtiyA~ AlocyakAla ke pazcAt likhI gaI hai| kavi ne satrahavIM zatAbdI ke uttarArddha se mRtyu paryanta, ardhazatAbdI taka nirantara, sabhIprakAra ke vizAla sAhitya kA nirmANa kiyA / isI se kahAvata hai-"samaya sundara rA gItar3A, kuMbha rANa rA bhiitdd'aa|" isase patA lagatA hai ki kavi ke gItoM kI saMkhyA aparimeya hai| isameM koI sandeha nahIM ki samaya sundara apane samaya ke prakhyAta kavi aura praur3ha vidvAna the| inakI pramukha kRtiyoM meM-sAmbaprA mana caupAI, sItArAma caupAI, nala-dayamantI rAsa, priya melaka rAsa, thAvaccA caupAI, kSullaka kumAra prabandha, caMpaka zreSThicaupAI, gautama pRcchA caupAI, ghanadatta caupAI, sAdhuvandanA, pUjA RSirAsa, draupadI caupAI, kezI prabandha, dAnAdi cauDhAliyA evaM kSamA chattIsI, karma chattIsI, puNya chattIsI, duSkAla varNana chattIsI, savaiyA chattIsI, AloyaNa chattIsI Adi ullekhanIya haiN| (2) jinaharSa-inakA dIkSA pUrva nAma jasarAja thaa| yaha rAjasthAnI ke bar3e bhArI kavi haiN| rAjasthAnI bhASA aura gujarAtI mizrita bhASA meM 50 ke lagabhaga rAsa evaM saikar3oM stavana Adi phuTakara racanAe~ likhI haiM / (3) begar3a jina samudra sUri-inhoMne bhI rAjasthAnI meM bahuta se rAsa, stavana Adi banAye haiM / kaI grantha apUrNa mile haiN| SA alen
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________________ rAjasthAnI jaina sAhitya | 467 000000000000 000000000000 ki yUmapAla . TA kASEX (4) teraha pantha ke pUjya jItamala jI (jayAcArya)-inakA "bhagavatI sUtra kI DhAlA" nAmaka grantha hI 60 hajAra zloka kA hai jo rAjasthAnI kA sabase baDA grantha hai| 17vIM zatAbdI prathamArddha ke kucha anya pramukha kaviyoM meM vijayadeva sUri, jaya soma, nayaraMga, kalyANadeva sAraMga, maMgala mANikya, sAdhukIti, dharma ratna, vijaya zekhara, cAritrasiMha Adi ke nAma smaraNIya haiN| rAjasthAnI jaina-sAhitya kI pramukha vizeSatAeM-rAjasthAnI jaina-sAhitya kA parivAra bar3A vizAla hai / isa sAhitya kA bahuta bar3A aMza abhI jaina-ajaina bhaNDAroM meM surakSita hai| aba jaina bhaMDAroM kI paryApta zodha ho rahI hai / ataH isa sAhitya kI jAnakArI meM uttarottara vRddhi hotI jA rahI hai| saMkSepa meM rAjasthAnI jaina-sAhitya kI vizeSatAe~ nimnalikhita haiM 1. eka viziSTa zailI sarvatra lakSita hotI hai, jisako jana-zailI kahA jA sakatA hai| 2. adhikAMza racanAe~ zAnta-rasAtmaka haiM / 3. kathA-kAvyoM, carita-kAvyoM aura stutiparaka racanAoM kI bahulatA hai| 4. mukhya svara dhAmika hai, dhArmika dRSTikoNa kI pradhAnatA hai| 5. prArambha se lekara Alocya-kAla taka aura usake pazcAt bhI sAhitya kI dhArA avicchinna rUpa se milatI hai| 6. vividha kAvya rUpa apanAe gaye, jinameM kucha pramukha ye haiM rAsa, caupAI, saMdhi, carcarI, DhAla, prabandha-carita-sambandha-AkhyAnaka-kathA, pavAr3o, phAgu, dhamAla, bArahamAsA, vivAhalo, beli, dhavala, maMgala, saMvAda, kakkA-mAtRkA-bAvanI, kuluka, hIyAlI, stuti, stavana, stotra, sajjhAya, mAlA, vInatI, vacanikA Adi-Adi / 7. sAhitya ke mAdhyama se jaina dharmAnusAra AtmotthAna kA sarvatra prayAsa hai| 8. parimANa aura vividhatA kI dRSTi se sampanna hai| 6. jaina kaviyoM ne lokagItoM aura kucha viziSTa prakAra ke loka kathAnakoM ko jIvita rakhane kA stutya prayAsa kiyA hai| 10. jaina kaviyoM ne rAjasthAnI ke atirikta saMskRta tathA prAkRta-apabhraza meM bhI racanAe~ kI haiN| 11. jaina sAhitya ke atirikta vipula ajaina sAhitya ke saMrakSaNa kA zreya jaina vidvAnoM aura kaviyoM ko hai| 12. bhASA-zAstrIya adhyayana ke lie jaina-sAhitya meM vividha prakAra kI pracura sAmagrI upalabdha hai / pratyeka zatAbdI ke pratyeka caraNa kI aneka racanAe~ prApta haiM, jinase bhASA ke vikAsakrama kA vaijJAnika vivecana kiyA jA sakatA hai| DaoN0 TaisITarIkA purAnI pazcimI rAjasthAnI sambandhI mahAna kArya jaina racanAoM ke AdhAra para hI hai| Aja rAjasthAnI jaina-sAhitya ke eka aise vRhad itihAsa kI AvazyakatA hai, jisameM kucha vargoM yA vicAroM ke vibhAjana ke AdhAra para usakA kramabaddha adhyayana prastuta kiyA jA sake / sphuTa rUpa se jaina-sAhitya para bahuta sAmagrI prakAza meM A cukI hai| kintu usakI kramabaddhatA kA abhI bhI abhAva banA huA hai| rAjasthAnI jaina-sAhitya kA aisA pratinidhi-itihAsa grantha na hone ke kAraNa tathA saMskRta, prAkRta aura apabhraMza sAhitya kI bahuta-sI unnata dizAe~ Aja bhI dhuMdhalI haiN| JOIN .... 1 rAjasthAnI bhASA aura sAhitya-DaoN0 hIrAlAla mAhezvarI, pRSTha 271 noTa :-prastuta lekha meM zrI agaracanda nAhaTA ke aneka lekhoM jo ki vibhinna patra-patrikAoM meM prakAzita ho cuke haiM, se sahAyatA lI gaI hai / unakA maiM hRdaya se AbhArI huuN|-lekhk SA - : ----::S.BRat1