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________________ pUrva madhyakAlIna bhAratIya nyAya evaM daNDa vyavasthA ( prAkRta kathA sAhitya ke sandarbha meM ) jhinakU yAdava prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa evaM saMskRti kI saMracanA meM abhilekha, mudrA, videzI yAtriyoM ke vivaraNa evaM khudAI se prApta sAmagriyoM ke sAtha-sAtha sAhityika srotoM kA bhI atyadhika mahattva hai| prAcIna bhArata meM itihAsa lekhana ko suvyavasthita paramparA kA abhAva thaa| aisI sthiti meM purAtattva evaM sAhitya hI bhAratIya itihAsa evaM saMskRti kI jAnakArI ke sAdhana haiN| sAhityika srotoM meM brAhmaNa, bauddha evaM jainadharma ke AcAryoM ne jina kathAnaka evaM ghaTanAoM kA varNana kiyA hai, ve nirarthaka nahIM haiN| ve pratyakSa athavA apratyakSa rUpa se itihAsa evaM saMskRti kI thAtI ke rUpa meM saMjoI gaI sAmagriyA~ haiN| brAhmaNa evaM bauddha sAhitya kI bhA~ti jaina sAhitya bhI bRhad rUpa meM likhA gayA / prArambhika jaina sAhitya to jaina dharma meM AcAra-niyama, saMyama-sAdhanA evaM darzana Adi kA saMkalita rUpa hai, jo Agama sAhitya ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA hai| jaina AgamoM ko AdhAra mAnakara DaoN0 jagadIza candra jaina ne 'jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja' nAmaka grantha kI racanA kI, jo jaina srotoM se prAcIna bhAratIya samAja ke vibhinna pakSoM kI jAnakArI kA mahattvapUrNa sAdhana hai / AgamoM kI racanA ke bAda una para niyukti, cUrNi, bhASya evaM TIkAe~ likhI gaIM / tatpazcAt kathA sAhitya evaM purANoM kI racanAe~ kI gii| jaina kathA sAhitya kI racanA lagabhaga chaThI-sAtavIM zatAbdI se lekara 12vIM-13vIM zatAbdI ke bIca meM kI gaI hai| prastuta nibandha samarAiccakahA, kuvalayamAlAkahA, kathAkoSaprakaraNa, jJAnapaMcamIkahA evaM kumArapAla pratibodha se lI gaI sAmagriyoM para AdhArita hai| nyAya-vyavasthA pUrva madhyakAlIna prAkRta kathA sAhitya ke ullekha se spaSTa hotA hai ki nyAyapAlikA kA pramukha adhikArI rAjA svayaM hotA thaa| Arambha meM aparAdhoM kI jA~ca mantrigaNa athavA anya adhikArI karate the aura tatpazcAt mukadame rAjA ko sauMpa diye jAte the| rAjA bhI nyAyapAlikA ke adhikAriyoM kI salAha se nirNaya detA thaa| kabhI-kabhI nagara ke pramukha vyakti milakara kisI vAda-vivAda sambandhI mAmaloM para nirNaya dete the aura nirNaya ubhaya pakSa ko mAnya hotA thA / rAjAjJA ke viruddha AcaraNa karane vAloM ko kaThora daNDa diyA jAtA thA / aparAdha karane vAlI 1. samarAiccakahA 4, 259; dekhie-manusmRti, 814-7 / 2. vahI 6,561 / 3. vahI 6, 498 / 4. vahI 7, 642 /
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________________ pUrva madhyakAlIna bhAratIya nyAya evaM daNDa vyavasthA 75 striyoM ko tathA rAjadrohI putra ko dezanirvAsana taka kI sajA dI jAtI thI / ' tatkAlIna dhArmika paramparA ke anusAra striyA~ avadhya mAnI jAtI thIM, ataH unheM mRtyudaNDa ke sthAna para dezanirvAsana kI sajA dI jAtI thI / rAjA-mahArAjA nyAya-priya hote the / nyAya meM bheda-bhAva nahIM kiyA jAtA thA / rAjA hI sarvocca nyAyAdhikArI thA tathA apane sAmane upasthita kiye gaye abhiyoga yA adhInastha nyAyAlayoM ke nirNayoM ke viruddha apIla sunatA thA / 3 kumArapAla pratibodha meM somaprabha sUri ne likhA hai ki cAlukya nareza kumArapAla dina ke cauthe prahara meM rAja sabhA meM baiThatA thA, jisameM rAjya se sambandhita anya kAryoM ke atirikta vaha nyAyika kArya bhI karatA thA / vasudevahiNDI ke ullekha se spaSTa hotA hai ki aparAdhoM kI jA~ca ke lie rAjA ke pAsa likhita apIla bhI dI jAtI thI / rAjA yathAsambhava svayaM nyAya karatA thA, para adhika kArya ke kAraNa 'prADvivAka' yA pradhAna nyAyAdhIza usakA kArya saMbhAlate the / rAjadroha kA aparAdha gurutara thA / sapta prakRti ( rAjA, amAtya Adi ) ke prati zatrubhAva rakhanA mahAn aparAdha thA aura usake lie jIvita agni meM jalAne kA vidhAna thA / manu ne rAjAjJA kA ullaMghana karane vAloM ko tathA corI karane vAloM ko usI prakAra kA aparAdhI mAnA hai / " vAdI tathA usakI sUcanA ke AdhAra para rAjA aparAdhI ko daNDa detA thA / samarAiccakahA meM strI ko avadhya batAkara use nirvAsita karane kA ullekha hai, kintu yAjJavalkya ne garbhapAtikI evaM puruSa ko mArane vAlI striyoM ko mRtyu daNDa kA bhAgI batAyA hai / " sambhavataH prAkRta kathA sAhitya meM striyoM ke prati udAra dRSTikoNa kA kAraNa jainoM kI ahiMsA nIti hI hai, jisake AdhAra para unheM avadhya batAkara dezanirvAsana kI sajA hI paryApta mAna lI gaI; kintu dharmazAstrIya vidhi ke anusAra striyoM ko bhI gurutara aparAdhoM ke lie puruSoM ke samAna daNDa kA bhAgI batAyA gayA hai / mauryakAla meM bhI ucita aus aratthA thI / aisI mAnyatA thI ki daNDa dene vAlA rAjA sadaiva pUjya hotA hai / kyoMki vidhipUrvaka zAstravihita diyA gayA daNDa prajA ko dharma, artha evaM kAma se yukta karatA hai / " " daNDa - vyavasthA - coro pUrva madhyakAlIna bhAratIya zAsana paddhati meM sAdhAraNa se sAdhAraNa aparAdha para kaThora daNDa kI vyavasthA thI / samarAiccakahA meM bhI dharmazAstroM ke samAna puruSa - ghAtaka tathA paradravyApahArI ko usake jIte hI A~kha, kAna, nAka, hAtha tathA pA~va kATakara aMga cheda kiye jAne kA vidhAna batAyA gayA hai / " 12 mauryakAla meM bhI balavAna vyakti nirbaloM ko kaSTa na pahu~cAye, isake lie 1. samarAiccakahA, 2, 115 4, 286, 7, 643 1 2 . vahI, 5, 362 6, 560-81 / 3. altekara - prAcIna bhAratIya zAsana paddhati, pR0 150 | 4. kumArapAla pratibodha, prastAvanA, pR0 13 - gAyakavADa oriyaNTala sIrIja 14, bar3audA 1920 / 5. vasudevahiNDI, pR0 253, 'lihiyaM se vayaNaM saMbhoiyo ya' ( bhAvanagara eDI0 ) / 150 | 6. altekara - prAcIna bhAratIya zAsana paddhati, pR0 7. bRhaspati, 17116 / 8. manusmati, 91275 9. harihara nAtha tripAThI - prAcIna bhArata meM rAjya aura nyAyapAlikA, pR0 215 10. yAjJavalkya smRti, 21268 | 11. arthazAstra, 114113 - yathArhadaNDaH pUjyateH 12. samarAiccakahA, 2, 117 4 326-27 1 -114114 1
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________________ 76 jhinakU yAdava kaThora daNDa-vyavasthA thii|' phAhiyAna ke anusAra uttara bhArata meM mRtyu-daNDa nahIM thaa| cola aura harSa ke zAsana-kAla meM aise daNDa kI kamI thI / 2 corI hone para rAjA dvArA nagara bhara meM yaha ghoSaNA karAyI jAtI thI ki yadi kisI ke ghara meM corI kA sAmAna milegA to use zArIrika daNDa diyA jAyagA tathA usakA sArA dhana bhI chIna liyA jAyagA / 3 pUre nagara meM coroM kA patA lagAyA jAtA thA aura aparAdha siddha hone para abhiyukta ko mRtyudaNDa diyA jAtA thaa| aparAdhI ke zarIra meM tRNa tathA kAlikha pota kara DimaDima kI AvAja ke sAtha yaha ghoSaNA karate hue nagara bhara meM ghumAyA jAtA thA ki isa vyakti ko apane kRtyoM ke anusAra daNDa diyA jA rahA hai| ataH yadi dUsarA vyakti bhI aisA aparAdha karegA to use bhI isI prakAra se kaThora daNDa diyA jAyagA aura tatpazcAt use cANDAla dvArA zmazAna bhUmi para le jAkara mRtyu-daNDa diyA jAtA thaa| abhiyukta ko nagara bhara meM vAdya ke sAtha ghoSaNA pUrvaka ghumAne kA tAtparya logoM ko aparAdha na karane ke lie bhayabhIta karanA thA, tAki nagara athavA rAjya meM aparAdhoM kI kamI ho tathA loga rAjAjJA kA pAlana karate hue zAnti evaM vyavasthA banAye rkheN| samarAiccakahA meM aparAdha siddha hone para abhiyuktoM ke lie ATha prakAra ke daNDa dene kA nirdeza hai, yathA-kheda prakaTa karanA, niSedha, dhikkAranA, DA~TanA-phaTakAranA, saMsImana (kisI sImA taka bAhara rahane kA Adeza ), kArAvAsa, zArIrika daNDa aura Arthika daNDa denaa| seMdha lagAkara corI karane vAloM kA aparAdha siddha hone para rAjAjJA dvArA aparAdhI ko zUlI para laTakA kara mRtyu-daNDa diyA jAtA thA / ' chala-kapaTa tathA dhUrtatA karanevAloM ko bhI mRtyu-daNDa diyA jAtA thA / AcArAMgacUNi se patA calatA hai ki corI karane vAle ko kor3e lagavAye jAte the athavA viSTA bhakSaNa karAyA jAtA thaa|' AdipurANakAra ke anusAra aparAdha siddha hone para abhiyukta ko mRttikA-bhakSaNa, viSTA-bhakSaNa, malloM dvArA mukke se piTavAnA tathA sarvasva haraNa Adi daNDa diye jAte the| vaidika kAla meM bhI corI ko aparAdha mAnA gayA hai|'' gAya evaM vastra Adi ke coroM ko 'tAyus' kahA gayA hai|' corI ke aparAdhI ko rAjA ke sAmane upasthita kiyA jAtA thA tathA una para cora ke cihna lagAne kA ullekha hai / 12 smRtiyoM meM coroM kA patA lagAne ke vividha prakAra batAye gaye haiM, yathA-jo vyakti apane nivAsa sthAna kA patA nahIM batAtA, saMdehapUrNa dRSTi 1. arthazAstra, 114113, 114116--'apraNIto hi mAtsyanyAyamudbhAvayati / ' 2. hariharanAtha tripAThI-prAcIna bhArata meM rAjya aura nyAyapAlikA, pR0 246 / 3. samarAiccakahA, 2, 111 / 4. vahI 4, 259-60, 272; 5, 367;6, 523-24, 507-8; 9, 957 / 5. vahI, 5, 358 / 6. vahI 3, 184, 210; 7, 669, 716 / 7. vahI, 6, 560-61 / 8. AcArAMga cUNi 2, pR0 65; dekhie-pataMjali mahAbhASya 5-1-64, 65, 66 / 9. AdipurANa 461292-93 / 10. Rgved 413815; 511515 / 11. vahI, 101416; 413815; 611215 / / 12. vahI, 1124114-15; 718615; 517919; 1124112-13 /
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________________ pUrva madhyakAlIna bhAratIya nyAya evaM daNDa vyavasthA 77 se dekhatA ho, anucita sthAna para rahatA ho, pUrva-karma se aparAdhI ho, jAti Adi chipAtA ho, surA aura sundarI ke samparka meM rahatA ho, svara badala kara bAta karatA ho, adhika kharca karatA ho, para Aya ke srota kA patA na ho, khoI vastu yA purAnA mAla becane vAlA ho, dUsare ke ghara ke pAsa veSa badala kara rahatA ho, use cora samajhanA cAhiye / ' smRtiyoM meM corI karane vAloM ko kaThora daNDa kA bhAgI batAyA gayA hai| bahumUlya ratnoM kI corI ke lie manu ne mRtyu-daNDa kA vidhAna kiyA hai / 2 seMdha lagAkara corI karane vAloM ko zUlI kI sajA diye jAne kA nirdeza hai / 3 manusmRti meM eka anya sthAna para rAjakoSa evaM mandira kI vastu, azva, ratha, gaja Adi kI corI karane vAloM ko mRtyu kA bhAgI batAyA gayA hai| smRtiyoM meM cora ke kArya meM sahAyatA karane vAle ko bhI cora ke samAna daNDa diye jAne kA ullekha hai|5 pulisa-vibhAga-daNDapAzika samarAiccakahA, kuvalayamAlAkahA aura kumArapAla pratibodha Adi granthoM meM pulisa vibhAga ke eka pramukha adhikArI ko daNDapAzika kahA gayA hai| usakI niyukti rAjA ke dvArA kI jAtI thii| vaha aparAdha kA satarkatA pUrvaka nirIkSaNa karane ke bAda samucita daNDa detA thaa| vaha aparAdhiyoM kA patA lagAtA thA aura aparAdha siddha hone para daNDa kI AjJA detA thaa| mukadameM daNDapAzika ke bAda mantrimaNDala meM lAye jAte the aura tatpazcAt rAjA usa para antima nirNaya detA thaa| daNDapAzika ( coroM ko pakar3ane kA phandA dhAraNa karane vAle ) kA ullekha pAla, paramAra tathA pratihAra ke abhilekhoM meM prApta hotA hai| uttara bhArata meM pUrva madhyakAlIna rAjAoM ke kendrIya prazAsana meM daNDapAzika, mahApratihAra, daNDanAyaka evaM balAdhikRta jaise pramukha adhikArI hote the| ye apane-apane vibhAga ke pramukha athavA adhyakSa hote the / 1deg daNDapAzika pulisa vibhAga kA eka adhikArI thA, jo vibhinna bhAgoM meM niyukta rahate the tathA aparAdhiyoM ko daNDa dene kA kArya karate the / daNDapAzika daNDabhogika ke samAna thA, jise pulisa majisTreTa kahA jA sakatA hai|" 1. yAjJavalkya smRti, 21226-683; nArada pariziSTa, 9112 / manusmRti, 81323 / 3. vahI, 91276 / 4. vahI, 9180 / 5. vahI, 91271; yAjJa0, 21286 / samarAiccakahA, 4,358-59-60%; 6, 508-520-5233; 7,714,715-716, 7183; 8, 847-483 9,957%; dekhie-iMDi0 hisTA0 kvArTa, disambara 1960, pR0 266 / 7. samarAiccakahA, 6, 597-98-99; dekhie-DI sI0 sarakAra-iMDiyana ipigrephikala glAsarIja, pR0 81 / 8. samarAiccakahA, 8, 849-50 / 9. hisTro Apha baMgAla, bhAga 1, pR0 285; ipigrephiyA iMDikA, 19, pR0 73; 9, pR0 6, dekhie-sindhI jaina granthamAlA, 1, pR0 77; DI0 sI0 sarakAra-iNDiyana ipigrephI-pa0 76 / 10. ipigrephiyA iNDikA, 13, pR0 339 / 11. dI eja Apha impIriyala kannauja, pR0 240 /
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________________ 78 jhinakU yAdava samarAiccakahA meM kAladaNDapAzika' kA bhI ullekha AyA hai| sambhavataH yaha daNDapAzika se ucca adhikArI hotA thA, jo gaMbhIra mukadamoM kI nigarAnI kara abhiyukta ko mRtyu-daNDa detA thaa| arthazAstra tathA kAmasUtra meM nagara ke pramukha adhikArI ko nAgaraka kahA gayA hai| kucha samAlocakoM ne nAgaraka kI vyAkhyA daNDapAzika ke samAna kI hai| samarAiccakahA meM ullikhita daNDapAzika aura kAladaNDapAzika tathA anya uparyukta sAkSyoM se spaSTa hotA hai ki daNDapAzika pulisa vibhAga kA pramukha adhikArI thA, jo cora-DAkuoM kA patA lagAkara unako daNDita bhI karatA thA / vaha nyAyika jA~ca ke pazcAt daNDa dene kA bhI kArya karatA thaa| pulisa vibhAga kA dUsarA karmacArI prAharika' kahalAtA thA, jo nagaroM tathA gA~voM ko coraDAkuoM se surakSita rakhane meM sahAyatA karatA thaa| ye praharI ( paharA dene vAle ) pulisa karmacArI hote the| kuvalayamAlA meM jAmailla ( yAmaDala ) zabda kA prayoga huA hai| isI prakAra : graMtha meM puramahalla' aura nagaramahalla' zabda kA bhI prayoga haA hai| yahAM jAmailla zabda kA artha prAharika yA paharedAra batAyA gayA hai|' kAdambarI meM bhI prAharika' yAmika aura yAmika loka 2 ( pahare ke sipAhI ) kA ullekha hai| yahA~ ye adhikArI yAma arthAt rAtri ke samaya nagara Adi meM surakSA kI dRSTi se paharA dene vAle yAmika aura yAmikaloka kahe gaye haiN| __samarAiccakahA meM anya pulisa karmacArI yathA nagararakSaka tathA ArakSaka 4 Adi kA bhI ullekha hai / pro0 dazaratha zarmA ke anusAra rAjya kI ora se gA~voM ko surakSA evaM zAnti vyavasthA ke lie rakSakAra niyukta kiye jAte the / 15 kintu samarAiccakahA meM kevala nagararakSaka kA hI ullekha hai, sambhavataH nagara kI rakSA ke lie pulisa athavA sainikoM kA eka jatthA niyukta rahatA thaa| ArakSaka kA tAtparya surakSA sainika se hai, jo nagaroM aura gA~voM meM zAnti evaM surakSA banAe rakhane meM sahAyatA karate the| ArakSakoM ko Adhunika pI0 e0 sI0 kI zreNI meM rakhA jA sakatA hai, jo kevala Antarika surakSA ke hI kAma Ate the| 1. samarAicakahA, 3, 212; 4, 321 / 2. arthazAstra, 2, 36 11 / 3. kAmasUtra, paMkti 5-9 / 4. DI0 sI0 sarakAra-iMDiyana ipigraphI glAsarI, pR0 269 / 5. samarAiccakahA, 8, 825 / 6. kuvalayamAlAkahA, 84124; 135118 / 7. vahI, 18314 / 8. vahI, 127131; 24713-4 / 9. dekhie-pAiasaddamahaNNavo, pR0 354 / 10. agravAla-kAdambarI eka sAMskRtika adhyayana, pR0 267, 270 / 11. vahI, pR0 94, 111, 217-232 / 12. vahI, 268, 270 / 13. samarAiccakahA, 4, 270 ( tao AulIhUya nAyarayA nayarAraviSayA); 5, 387 / 14. vahI, 2, 155-56; 4, 326; 5, 457; 6-509, 519, 522, 597 / 15, dazaratha zarmA-arlI cauhAna DAyanesTIja, pR0 207 /
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________________ pUrva madhyakAlIna bhAratIya nyAya evaM daNDa vyavasthA grAma tathA nagara zAsana 'paMcakula' samarAiccakahA meM 'paMcakula" kA ullekha huA hai / yaha pA~ca nyAyika adhikAriyoM kI eka samiti hotI thI / samarAiccakahA meM ullikhita paMcakula Adhunika grAma paMcAyata kI bhA~ti pA~ca adhikAriyoM kI eka nyAyika samiti hotI thI / inakA nirvAcana dhana aura kula ke AdhAra para hotA thA / ataH spaSTa hotA hai ki paMcakula ke ye sadasya dhanI, sampanna evaM kulIna hote the / kauTilya ke anusAra rAjA ko cAhie ki pratyeka adhikaraNa ( vibhAga ) meM bahuta se mukhyoM ( pramukha adhikArI) kI niyukti kare, jo nyAyika jA~ca kareM tathA unheM sthAyI nahIM rahane diyA jAya / 2 spaSTataH maurya kAla meM bhI isakA saMketa prApta hotA hai / megasthanIja ne nagara tathA sainika- prabandha ke lie pA~ca sadasyoM kI samiti kA ullekha kiyA hai / " guptakAla meM bhI pA~ca sadasyoM kI grAma samiti ko paMca maMDalI kahA jAtA thA / isase patA calatA hai ki pA~ca vyaktiyoM kA yaha borDa bahuta prAcIna kAla se calA A rahA hai / hai gujarAta meM vizAla deva porabandara abhilekha se patA calatA hai ki paMcakula ko saurASTra kA prazAsana niyukta kiyA gayA thA / AThavIM zatAbdI ke anta meM kuMDa (prAcIna udmaNDapura ) ke sAradA abhilekha meM paMcakula kA ullekha / gujarAta meM pratihAra nareza ke siyAdono abhilekha meM paMcakula kA pA~ca bAra ullekha AyA hai| vikrama saMvat 1306 ke cAhamAna abhilekha' tathA vikrama saMvat 1336 ke bhImanAla abhilekha meM paMcakula kA ullekha huA hai aura donoM abhilekhoM se patA calatA hai ki paMcakula rAjA dvArA niyukta kiye jAte the / 1345 I0 ke cAhamAna abhilekha "" meM bhI paMcakula kA ullekha hai / eka anya sthAna para to grAma paMcakula 11 zabda kA ullekha AyA hai / isI prakAra eka abhilekha meM paMcakula ko mahAmAtya ke sAtha uddhRta kiyA gayA hai / 12 saurASTra ke zaka saMvat 839 ke eka abhilekha meM paMcakulika kA ullekha hai, jo sambhavataH paMcakula ke pA~ca sadasyoM kI samiti meM se eka thaa|'' isI prakAra saMgrAmagupta ke eka abhilekha meM mahApaMcakulika kA ullekha hai, jo eka ucca adhikArI jAna par3atA hai| isI prakAra gupta samrAToM ke dAmodara pleTa meM prathama kulika kA 4 1. samarAiccakahA, 4, 270-71 6, 560-611 2. nizIthacUrNi 2, pR0 101 4. maikkriDila -- maigasthanIja phraigameMTa, 31, pR0 86-88 1 5. altekara -- prAcIna bhAratIya zAsana paddhati, pR0 177 | 6. ipigrAphiyA iMDikA, 22, pR0 97 7. vahI, 1, pR0 173 / 9. bAmbe gajeTiyara, 1, 480 naM0 12 / 3. arthazAstra, 219 / 8. vahI, 11, pR0 57 / 10. ipigrAphiyA iMDikA, 11, pR0 58 / 11. vahI 11, pR0 50 / 12. nAhara -- jaina iMskripsansa 248 - mahAmAtya prabhRti paMcakulA / 13. iMDiyana eMTIkyUrI, 12, pR0 193-94 / 14. jarnala Apha dI bihAra eNDa ur3isA risarca sosAyaTI, 588 / 79
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________________ jhinakU yAdava ullekha hai / " yahA~ majUmadAra ne bhI paMcakula ke pA~ca sadasyoM kA eka borDa mAnA hai, jinameM se pratyeka at paMcakulika aura unake mukhya adhikArI ko mahApaMcakulika batAyA hai / samarAiccakahA meM paMcakula ko rAjA ke sAtha baiThakara mukadamoM kI nigarAnI tathA unake ( paMcakula ) parAmarza se rAjA dvArA ucita nirNaya dene kA ullekha hai / 3 harSacarita bhI patA calatA hai ki pratyeka gAMva meM paMcakula saMjJaka pA~ca adhikArI gA~va ke karaNa yA kAryAlaya ke vyavahAra ( nyAya aura rAjakAja ) calAte the / prabandhacintAmaNi tathA anya kathAoM meM bhI paMcakula kA ullekha hai / 80 Upara ke abhilekhIya tathA sAhityika sAkSyoM se patA calatA hai ki paMcakula kA nirvAcana rAjA dvArA kiyA jAtA thA, jo gA~va tathA nagara ke mukadamoM kI nyAyika jA~ca kara rAjA, amAtya tathA anya adhikAriyoM ke parAmarza se nirNaya bhI dete the / rAjapUtAnA meM 1277 I0 ke bhImanAla abhilekha meM paMcakula ke sadasyoM dvArA eka dAna dene kA varNana hai / abhilekhoM ke AdhAra para yaha prakaTa hotA hai ki paMcakula maMtrI aura gavarnaroM se sambandhita the tathA kabhI-kabhI nagara ke adhIkSaka bhI kArya karate the, kintu anya vidvAnoM ke anusAra unake ( paMcakula ) kArya kisI nizcita sImA ( nagara-gA~va athavA mantrI ) taka sImita na the / 7 kAraNika paMcakula kI bhA~ti samarAiccakahA meM aparAdhoM kI nyAyika jA~ca karate hue kAraNika' kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai / anya prAcIna jaina graMthoM meM nyAyAdhIza ke lie kAraNika athavA rUpa-yakSa ( pAli meM rUpa dakSa ) zabda kA prayoga huA hai / ' rUpa-yakSa ko mAThara ke nItizAstra aura kauDinya kI daNDanIti meM kuzala honA batAyA gayA hai tathA use nirNaya dete samaya niSpakSa rahane kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai / " uttarAdhyayana TIkA meM" ullikhita hai ki karakaNDu aura kisI brAhmaNa meM eka bA~sa ke DaNDe ko lekara jhagar3A ho gayA / donoM kAraNika ke pAsa gaye / bA~sa karakaNDu ke zmazAna meM ugA thA, isalie use de diyA gayA / bRhatkalpabhASya 13 meM bhI ullikhita hai ki aparAdhI ko rAjakula ke kAraNikoM ke pAsa le jAyA jAtA thA aura aparAdha siddha hone para ghoSaNApUrvaka daNDita kiyA jAtA thA / somadeva ne karNI ( kANika ) ke pA~ca prakAra ke kArya evaM adhikAra ginAye haiM, yathA 1. ipigrAphiyA iMDikA 15, 113-145 1 2. e0 ke0 majUmadAra - cAlukyAja Apha gujarAta, pR. 239 / 3. samarAiccakahA, 6, 560-31 1 4. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla - harSacarita eka sAMskRtika adhyayana, pR0 203 1 5. sindhIjainagranthamAlA, 1, pR0 12, 57, 82 6. altekara -- prAcIna bhAratIya zAsana paddhati, pR0 178 | 7. e0 ke0 majUmadAra - cAlukyAja Apha gujarAta, pR0 240 | 8. samarAiccakahA 4, 271-'nIyA paMcaula samIyaM pucchiyA paMcauliehi kao tumbhetti / tehi bhaNiyaM----sAvatthIo' / kAraNiehi bhaNiyaM kahi gamitsaha tti / tehi bhaNiyaM susamma nayaraM / kAraNie hiM bhaNiyaM kinimitta tti - kAraNiehi bhaNiyaM Athe tumhANAM kiMcidaviNAjAyaM 1 ...... 9. jagadIzacandra jaina - jainAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR0 64 / 10. vyavahAra bhASya, 1 bhAga 3, pR0 132 12. bRhatkalpabhASya, 11900, 904-5 1 11. uttarAdhyayana TIkA, 9, pR0 234 1
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________________ pUrva madhyakAlIna bhAratIya nyAya evaM daNDa vyavasthA (1) adAyaka ( rAjya kI Aya ko ekatra karane vAlA ), (2) nibandhaka ( lekhA-jokhA kA kArya karane vAlA), (3) pratibandhaka (sIla kA adhyakSa ), (4) nIti grAhaka (vitta vibhAga kA kArya), (5) rAjyAdhyakSa ( ina cAroM kA adhyakSa )' / karNATaka ke kalacuri zAsana meM pA~ca adhikArI niyukta kiye jAte the| inheM 'karaNama' kahate the| inakA kArya yaha dekhanA thA ki sArvajanika dhana kA durupayoga na ho, nyAya kI vyavasthA ThIka ho tathA rAjadrohiyoM aura upadraviyoM ko samucita daNDa mile| prAkRta jaina kathA granthoM meM ullikhita kAraNika rAjya ke Aya-vyaya Adi kA lekhA-jokhA taiyAra karane ke sAtha-sAtha nyAyika jA~ca kA bhI kArya karatA thA, jaisAki Upara ke sAkSyoM dvArA puSTa hotA hai| 1. jI0 sI0 caudharI-poliTikala hisTrI Apha nArdarna iMDiyA phrAma jaina sorseja, pR0 362 / 2. ipiraeNphiyA karNATikA, bhAga, 7, zikArapura saMvat 102 aura 123 /