Professor Dr Walther Schubring

Author(s): F R Hamm
Publisher: F R Hamm
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/269241/1

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W. Schuebring

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Professor Dr. Walther Schubring (December 10, 1881--April 13, 1969) F. R. HAMM Walther Schubring was born at the town of Luebeck in the northern part of what is now Western Germany, on December 10, 1881. His father Julius Schubring was the Rector of an old and distinguished High School, the Katharineum, his mother was Anna Schubring, nee Nagel. The atmosphere in the house of his parents from an early age impregnated his spirit and soul wih the best trends of the humanistic tradition of the West. His father was a High School Professor for classical philology and musie. So at an early age his son received a sound knowledge of ;the Greek and Latin classics, and the German classics, notably the works of Goethe, were to become his favorites. These classics as also the arts, had a strong impact on his views and his character. Especially the composers of the Barocque, like Johann Sebastian Bach, his predecessors and his successors, to be followed by Beethoven and Brahms, became and remained his companions during his whole life. He himself was a very good piano player, while his wife, Clara Schubring, nee Rodenwaldt, was a painter. While a boy at high school he discovered in his father's library the the Vollstandige Grammatik der Sanskritsprache (Complete Grammar of the Sanskrit Language) by Benfey. He felt attracted to learn the difficult language and did it. After matriculation in 1900, he joined the University, first of Munich for one term, and then of Strasbourg in the Alsace which was at that time a German province. His foremost academic teacher became Ernst Leumann, one of the three or four most famous Prakritists of that day (the others being Weber and Pischel at Berlin, and Jacobi at Bonn). Leumann who perhaps had the widest knowledge of the canonical writings of the Svetambara literature, awakened the interest of his student in this rather difficult field of research. From the outset it became Schubring's chief concern to investigate the literary composition of these ancient texts, his aim it was to reach at a critical text, his ultimate goal

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being the wording of the text of the Council of Valabhi of the year 980 (or 993) after Mahavira. Ever so often in his later years he stressed the necessity of/editing the complete cannon of the Svetambaras. His training under Leumann proved to be an ideal one : Leumann himself possessed a sharp intellect, stupendous reading in the whole field of Indology (as understood in the West), and the highest acumen. He succeeded in passing on these gifts and his learning to his pupil. In 1904 Schubring submitted as a thesis for the Ph.D. degree a critical edition of the Kalpa-sutra with a German translation and glossary (s. Bibliography no. 1). In 1910 he edited the 1st Srutaskandha of the Ayara as a Prize Essay of the Max-Muller Bequest (Bibliography no. 2). From 1905 to 1920 he served as a librarian at the Koniglich Preu'ssische Staatsbibliothek (Royal Prussian State Library) at Berlin. The work a librarian had to perform in those years was much different from the duties of a librarian of to-day, at least in this country. At any rate Schubring was able, as he told me, to devote much of this time to his Prakrit studies, which led him in 1918 to submit a thesis to the Philosophical Faculty in Berlin which gained him the Venia legendi (teaching faculty) (Das Mahanisiha-sutta, Bibl. no. 4). It does not appear that in those disturbed times--it was at the end of the World War I, and the break-down of the monarchy in Germany, combined with difficulties in every-daylife, there have been many students while he was teaching Indology in Berlin as a "Privat-Dozent" (which, roughly speaking, somehow answers the "Reader" in England). In 1916 the University of Hamburg had been founded, and the first professor of Indology there was Sten Konow who however soon left for his native Norway. The Faculty in Hamburg elected Schubring to become Konow's successor in 1920. Schubring accepted the offer and remained as Head of the Department (Seminar) of Indology for thirty years to come, until his retirement in 1950. In 1924-25 he was elected to the Dean of the Philosophical Faculty. His successor to the chair of Indology is his own friend and former pupil, Prof. Dr. Ludwig Alsdorf. During these 30 years of patient and laborious work several books appeared from Schubring's pen. Two of them have proved to be real standard works for many years to come, viz., Die Lehre der Jainas, (Bibl. no. 23) which in 1962 was translated into English (Bibl. no. 41), and his Catalogue of the Jaina Mss in the Prussian State Library (Bibl. no. 31).

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In the first work, Die Lehre der Jainas, Schubring became the first author in the West to give a complete survey of the doctrines of the Svetambara Jainas based entirely on the ancient Prakrit texts, not on Sanskrit treatises, which it is far easier to work on. The second work is a descriptive catalogue of the 1127 manuscripts which had been acquired since 1892 when Albrecht Weber had listed the valuable Berlin Collection. Both these collection have been saved from any war damage. It is perhaps not necessary to give an account of all his other books, a bibliography of which is appended to this paper; but three works deserve a special interest, scientifically as well as biographically. In 1926 appeared his Wote Mahaviras (Sayings of Lord Mahavira, Bibl. no. 11). Here Schubring undertook to give a critical translation, mainly of parts of the Ayara and Suyagada. By calling it critical he meant to show chiefly by typographical device the stratification of these ancient texts, as he had done earlier in several of his text editions. These translations have been done for the benefit of those scholars who do not know Prakrit, that they may get an impression of the problems of the literary tradition of these writings. The second text, on which his patience did not grow tired, was the Mahanisiha. After finishing his Berlin thesis he was able to collect some more manuscripts and photostats of this text which had never been printed before. This new material was one of the fruits of his visit to India during the winter of 1927-28. I had my first tutoring by Schubring, whom all of his pupils reverently called their Guru (and a Guru he certainly was), during 1940 and 1941, after which I had to leave the university as I was called to the army. Soon after my return in 1945, he introduced me to the study of the Mahanisiha, and on my (rather pre-mature) request that I might be allowed to edit a part of it on the basis of his manuscripts he helped me to do so with never-failing patience and kindness. Often I was allowed to go to his home, where, as he had told at my first visit, there was the reign of the Graces and Musae, and where I was kindly received by his family. Here the two of us used to sit in the garden and I easily forgot the hardness of post-war times by listening to his discussions on difficult passages of the Mahanisiha. At the same time he himself took up again the study of this work, and this eventually resulted in a joint writing of chapters 6-8 (7 and 8 being his share, H 5

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15 the major one). (Studien zum Mahanifiha, Studies in the Mahanikiha, Bibl. no. 33). Twelve years later Schubring returned for the third time to the Mahanisiha, editing chapters 4 and 5, while the Belgian scholar, Jozef Deleu, edited chapters 1-3 (Bibl. no. 43). Finally in the memorial for Louis Renou, Schubring's contribution was a translation of part of chapter 6 of the Mahanisiha (Bibl. no. 47). The third work of his I want to mention in this context is a very small book, the Isibhasiyaim (Rsibhasitani). In 1942, he published the prakrit text (Bibl. no. 29); then after the last war there followed a Sanskrit-chaya (no. 34), and his last book was a German translation of the Isibhasiyaim, appearing only this year (no. 48). Actually the first copy of this book was given into his hands when he had already been taken to hospital, which he never was to leave while he was living. So to his last weeks, aged 87, his powers of intellect never failed him. Itt Lto While in his own research he rarely left the study of the ancient Prakrit texts, it was his ambition as an academic teacher to at least introduce his pupils to the whole range of Indology, beginning with the Rg-veda and Atharva-veda, particularly the later for which he had a special interest, the epics and the classical Sanskrit authors; then he regularly introduced us, his pupils, to epigraphical studies, especially of the inscriptions of Asoka. Then followed Pali (especially the chronicles of Ancient Ceylon), and, last though not least, Prakrit and Apabhramsa. He himself read also Hindi and Gujarati and in a way Marathi, though he did not force these modern Indian languages on his students. Indeed to force anything on anybody was the last thing he would ever think of. Though he was not particularly interested in philosophical problems, he considered it necessary for an aspirant to Indological studies to be introduced to Indian philosophical texts. So he read e.g. with me the Samkhyatattvakaumudi. His method of teaching was very helpful to his pupils ; it was lucid, encouraging and implicitly showed the way to tackle problems. Lhow Several honours were conferred on Professor Schubring. In 1938 he became a Corresponding Member of the Scientific Academy of Gottingen. The Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society elected him to their Honorary Membership in 1953. The Deutsche Morgenlandische Gesellschaft did the same in 1956. For several years he served as co-editor of the latter's Journal (Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandis

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schen Gesellschaft). Last, in 1964, he received the degree of Ph.D. honoris causa of the University of Gent. In 1951, at his 70th birthday there appeared a Festschrift Schubring, with 20 contributions. 10. The editor of the Jain Journal in his inviting letter has kindly asked me to write an article on Jainism, which also should show my connection with my revered teacher. Indeed, whenever I met in India Jaina scholars, I had only to mention his name and to say I was his pupil to be received with the greatest kindness. As at present my own research has somehow shifted to other branches of Indian culture I did not feel competent to offer a research paper on Jainism. However, I do feel it to be not only my pious duty to contribute to a memorial issue of this Journal dedicated to my German Guru, but I am grateful that I was privileged to draw for our Indian colleagues and for the Indological world at large the outlines of the life of one of the greatest teachers of the last decades in Oriental Research in Germany. With him as a teacher, Indology became for his students far more than the study of a seemingly dead culture ; he was firmly rooted in the humanistic tradition of the West, which meant with him that every great culture of the past can and should be revitalized by every new generation, for the benefit of any individual. In a world and at a time where and when the dark powers of aggression and hatred are gaining ground wherever we look, men like him should be remembered and be looked up to beyond space and time. I trust this to become true with the memory of Walther Schubring.

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Bibliography of Books, Articles and Reviews written by W. Schubring BOOKS AND ARTICLES 1. Das Kalpa-Sutra. Die alte Sammlung jinistischer Monchsvor schriften. Einleitung, Text, Anmerkungen, Ubersetzung, Glossar. (Indica..., herausgegeben von Ernst Leumann, Heft 2) Leipzig 1905. Englische Ubersetzung von M. S. Burgess: Indian Antiquary 1910, 257-267. 2. Acaranga-Sutra. Erster Srutaskandha. Text, Analyse und Glossar. (Preisschrift der Max Muller-Stiftung. Abhdlg. fur die Kunde d. Morgenlandes, XII. Bd. No. 4) Leipzig 1910. 3. Vavahara - und Nisiha-Sutta. (Abhdlg. fur die Kunde d. Morgenlandes, XV. Bd. No. 1) Leipzig 1918. 4. Das Mahanisiha-Sutta. (Abhdlg. d. Kgl. Preuss.Ak.d. Wiss., Jahrg. 1918, Phil.-Hist. K1.Nr.5) Berlin 1918. 5. Beitrage zur indischen Verskunde. 1. Ein Seitenstuck zum Pra kTta-Pingala : ZDMG 75, 1921, 97-121. 6. Jinismus in: Das Licht des Ostens. Herausgegeben von Maximilian Kern, Stuttgart, Berlin, Leipzig 1922, 118-141. 7. Zwei Heiligen-Paare im Preislied. Beitrage zur indischen Verg skunde Nr. 2. : ZII 2, 1923, 178-203. 8. Kalpa-Vyavahara-Nisitha-Sutrani. (Nagari-Transskripte der Texte aus Nr. 1 und 3. Jaina Sahityasamsodhaka Samiti.) Poona 1923. 9. Prakrit-Dichtung und Prakrit-Grammatik. Festgabe Hermann Jacobi, Bonn 1926, 89-97. 10. A Saying of Mahavira : The Voice of Ahimsa VI, No. 3-4, p. 57-68 (No further details known). 11. Worte Mahaviras. Kritische Ubersetzungen aus dem Kanon der Jaina. (Quellen der Religionsgeschichte, Bd.14.) Gottingen 1926.

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12. Verfall und Erhaltung der Religion im Jaina-Kanon: OLZ 29, 1926, 910-913. 13. Die Jainas. (Religionsgeschichtliches Lesebuch,...herausgegeben von A. Bertholet, 2. erw. Aufl. Heft 7.) Tubingen 1927. 14. Bei den Jainas im westlichen Indien: Forschungen und Fortschritte 1928, 301 f. 15. Die Voraussetzungen fur Indiens Freiheit. Die Norag, 1930, No. 25. 16. Artikel Mahavira, Jinismus, Siddhanta in : Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 2. Aufl., Tubingen, Bd. 3, 1929, Sp. 1852 u. 473; Bd. 5, 1931, Sp. 473f. 17. Neue Funde aus Indiens Urzeit. Hamburger Fremdenblatt 27.2.1932. 18. The Dasaveyaliya-Sutta. Edited by Dr. Ernst Leumann, and translated, with Introduction and Notes, by Dr. Walther Schubring. Ahmedabad 1932. 19. Ernst Leumann, Ubersicht uber die Avasyaka-Literatur. Aus dem Nachla herausgegeben von Walther Schubring. (Alt- /B und Neu-Indische Studien 4) Hamburg 1934. 20. Ernst Leumann. Ein, Nachruf: ZDMG N. F. 12. 1934, 69-75. 10 21. Aus indischen Bibliotheken. Zentralblatt fur Bibliothekswesen. Bd. 51 (Leipzig 1934), 625-628. 22. Eine alte Aufgabe der Jaina-Forschung: Forschungen und Fortschritte 1935, 266-268. 23. Die Lehre der Jainas. Nach den alten Quellen dargestellt. (Grundriss d. Indo-Arischen Phil. u. Altertumsk., III. Bd., /Ss 7. Heft) Berlin und Leipzig 1935. 24. Die brahmanische Kultur im heftigen Indien in: ligiosen Krafte Asiens, Hamburg 1937, 21-32. 9 Die re- /u

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25. (Nachruf) Hermann Jacobi. Jain Gazette 1937 (No further details known). 26. Heinrich Luders. (Zum 70. Geburtstag.): Forschungen und Fortschritte 1939, 237f. 27. Indische Reiseberichte. (Privatdruck der Druckerei J.J. Augustin, Gluckstadt.) Hamburg 1940. 28. R. Fick, Kielhorn-Hss. (Ein Nachtrag). (Darin S. 117-119.) Nachrichten der Gottinger Akademie, 1941. 29. Isibhasiyaim. Ein Jaina-Text der Fruhzeit. (Nachr.d. Ak. d. Wiss. in Gottingen, Philol.-Hist. Kl., 1942, 489-576.) Gottingen 1942. 30. Heinrich Luders. Ein Nachruf : ZDMG N.F. 22, 1943, 157 165. 31. Die Jaina-Handschriften der Preu Bischen Staatsbibliothek. Neu erwerbungen seit 1891. (Verz.d.Hss. im Deutschen Reich, T.3, R. I, Bd. 1) Leipzig 1944. 32. Else Luders. (Nachruf): ZDMG N.F. 24, 1949, 1-3. 33. Studien zum Mahanisiha Kapitel 6-8. Von Frank-Richard Hamm und Walther Schubring. (Alt-und Neu-Indische Studien 6.) (Von W. Schubring : Kap. 7-8, S. 61-116) Hamburg 1951. 34. Isibhasiyaim. II. SchluB-) Teil. (Nachrichten d.Akademie d. Wissenschaften in Gottingen, I. Philol.-Hist. Kl., 1942, 21-52) Gottingen 1952. 1 35. Lyrik Des Ostens, Herausg. von W. Gundert, A. Schimmel u. W. Schubring. Darin von Schubring :) Nachwort S. 489-498 ; Verzeichnis der Dichter u. Dichtungen S. 541-552. Munchen 1952. 36. 150 Strophen Niryukti : Ein Blick in die Jaina-Scholastik. Studia Indologica. Festschrift fur Willibald Kirfel. Herausgegeben von Otto Spies, Bonn 1955, S.297-319. 37. Jinasena, Mallinatha, Kalidasa. ZDMG 105 (1955) 331-337. 10

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38. Kundakunda echt und unecht, ZDMG 107 (1957) 557-574. 39. Artikel Jinismus in: Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 3. Aufl., Bd III, Tubingen 1959, Sp. 668-670. 40. Artikel Mahavira in : Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 3. Aufl. Bd IV, Tubingen 1960, Sp. 603. 41. The Doctrine of the Jainas described after the Old Sources. Translated from the revised German edition by W. Beurlen. Delhi-Varanasi-Patna 1962. 42. Sahajananda und die Svami-Narayaniyas, eine reformierte brahmanische Gemeinde. Nachr. der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Gottingen I. Philologisch-Historische Klasse, Jahrgang 1962, Nr. 4. 43. Studien zum Mahanisiha, Kapitel 1-5, von Jozef Deleu und... (Darin S. 169-240 von W.S.), Alt-und Neu-Indische Studien... 10. Hamburg 1963. 44. Der Jinismus. In : Die Religionen Indiens III von: Die Reli gionen der Menschheit, Herausgeber C.M. Schroder Bd 13. Stuttgart 1964, S. 217-240. 45. The Religion of the Jainas. Translated from the German by A. C. Sen and T. C. Burke (=Calcutta Sanskrit College Research Series No. L II), Calcutta 1966. 46. Drei Chedasutras des Jaina-Kanons. Xyaradasao, Vavahara, Nisiha. Mit einem Beitrag von Colette Caillat, Alt-und NeuIndische Studien ... 11, Hamburg 1966. 47. Zwei Reden Mahaviras in : Melanges d'Indianisme a la me moire de Louis Renon, Paris 1968, S. 658-669. 48. Isibhafiyaim . Ausspruche der Weisen. Aus dem Prakrit deris Jainas ubersetzt, nebst dem revidierten Text. Alt und NeuIndische Studien ... 14, Hamburg 1969. 49. Ganivijja. Indo-Iranian Journal XI (1969), S. 130-141. 11

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REVIEWS 1. Julius Jolly, Die Sanskrit-Hss. Nr. 287-413 der Kgl. Hofund Staatsbibliothek in Munchen. Munchen 1912. Oesterreichische Zeitschrift fuer Bibliothekswesen, 1. Jg. (Wien 1913), Heft 2-3. (No further details known). 2. W. Kirfel, Die Kosmographie der Inder nach den Quellen dargestellt: ZDMG 75, 1921, 254-275. 3. G. Morgenstierne, Uber das Verhaltnis zwischen Carudatta und Mrcchakatika: DLZ 1922, 540-542. 4. Ein neues Buch uber den Hinduismus (v. Glasenapp, Der Hinduismus) DLZ 1923, 93-96. 5. Indische Erzahler Bd. 1-3.4.5.7.9 OLZ 26, 1923, 629-631. 6. Radhakrishnan, Indian Philosophy I. London 1923. International Review of Missions XIII (1924) (No further details known.) 7. Mahatma Gandhi, Jung Indien. Auswahl von Romain Rolland. und Madeleine Rolland: DLZ 1924, 2314f. 8. R. Otto, Siddhanta des Ramanuja: OLZ 27, 1924, 225. 9. J. Charpentier, The Uttaradhyayana-Sutra: OLZ 27, 1924, 483-485. 10. P. L. Vaidya, The Uvasagadasao: OLZ 34, 1931, .1083f. 11. H. Jacobi, Buddhas und Mahaviras Nirvana und die politische Entwicklung Magadhas zu jener Zeit: OLZ 35, 1932, 143-145. vol. I. transl. 12. (Hemacandra,) Trisastisalakapurusacaritra into English by Helen M. Johnson: Gott. Gel. Anz. 1932, 291-298. .... 13. G. Hertz, Das britische Erziehungswesen: DLZ 1932, 2416-18. 14. Edwardes and Garrett, Mughal Rule in India: OLZ 35, 1932, 422f. 127

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15. (a) C. F. Andrews, Mahatma Gandhi. His own Story. (b) Mahatma Gandhi at Work. (c) M. G. Polak, Mr. Gandhi: the Man. (d) F. Standenath, Vier Monate Gast Mahatma Gandhis: OLZ 36, 1933, 262f. 16. P. L. Vaidya, Jasahacariu of Puspadanta: OLZ 36, 1933, 577. 17. W. N. Brown, The Story of Kalaka: OLZ 37, 1934, 449-451. 18. C. J. Shah, Jainism in North India: OLZ 37, 1934, 126-128. 19. B. Breloer, Alexanders Kampf gegen Poros : OLZ 37, 1934, 285-287. 20. W. N. Brown, Catalogue of Miniature Paintings of the Jaina Kalpa-Sutra: OLZ 38, 1935, 759-761. 21. B. Faddegon, The Pravacana-sara of Kundakunda Acarya, together with the commentary, Tattva-dipika: OLZ 39, 1936, 50-53. 22. A.B. Keith, Catalogue of the Sanskrit and Prakrit Manuscripts in the Library of the India Office, vol. II: OLZ 39, 1936, 117- 17 180. 23. S. Shah, The Traditional Chronology of the Jainas: OLZ 39, 1936, 324-326. 24. (a) H.R. Kapadia, Jaina Literature and Philosophy, Part I and II. (b) Darsanavijaya, Pattavalisamuccaya Bh. I. (c) Visalavijaya, Subhasitapadyaratnakara Bh. I. (d) Caturvijaya, Jainastotrasamdoha Bh. I: OLZ 40, 1937, 185-187. 25. J. F. Kohl, Die Suryaprajnapti: OLZ 41, 1938, 562-64. 13

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26. Sir George Dunbar, Geschtchte Indiens von den altesten Zeiten bis zur Gegenwart. Munchen 1937. Historische Zeitschrift Bd. 715) (Munchen-Berlin 1938), 610-611. 1-1 157 27. (a) Jayantavijaya, Abu. (b) Vijayendra, " Pracin Bharatavarsafnul Simhavalokan. (c) Dasasrutaskandha-Sutram. (d) Anuttaropapatikadasa-Sutram, (e) Shah, Prasastisamgrahah. (f) Bihat-Kalpa-Sutra. (g) Hemacandra, Trisastisalakapurusacaritram-mahakavyam ed. Charanavijaya: OLZ 42, 1939, 179-181. 28. Willibald Kirfel, Die Kultur der Inder (in Kindermann, Hand buch der Kulturgeschichte, Potsdam 1937, S. 111-160). Historische Zeitschrift Bd. 159 (Munchen-Berlin 1939) S. 166. Historische 29. Ernest Mackay, Die Induskultur, Leipzig 1938. Zeitschrift Bd.162 (Munchen-Berlin 1940) S. 627. 30. (Hemacandra), Trisastisalakapurusacaritra ..., vol II transl. into English by Helen M. Johnson : GOTT. GEL. ANZ. 1942, 309-313. 31. Singhi-Jaina-Granthamala ... Singhi Jain Series ... organised and directed by the General Editor Acarya Jina Vijaya Muni. No. 1, 2, 4, 6-28, 31. Bombay, 1933-49, OLZ 48 (1953) 80-84. 32. Jnanapitha-Murtidevi-Jaina-Granthamala ... Jnana-pitha Murti Devi Jain Granthamala... Samskrta-Grantha No. 1-10; Prakrta-Gr. No. 1, 3, 4; English Series No. 1 ; Jnanamandira-Pali-Granthamala No. 1, Banaras 1948-53. Bharatiya Jnanapitha : Tamil Series No. 1. Madras Tirukkural with English Translation and Commentary ... by A. Chakravarti Madras o.J. OLZ 49 (1954) 544-547. 14

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33. A. L. Basham: History and Doctrines of the Ajivikas, a vanished Indian Religion. London 1951, ZDMG 104 (1954) 256-363. 12 34. Vittorio Pisani (Ubers.) : Mahabharata. Episodi scelti con intro duzione e note. Torino 1954. ZDMG 105 (1955) 378. 35. Joseph Friedrich Kohl : Das physikalische und biologische Weltbild der indischen Jaina-Sekte. The World Jain Mission 1956. ZDMG 109 (1959) 226-8. 36. Angavijja Ed. by Muni Sri Punyavijayaji. (Prakrit Text Society Series No. 1), Banaras 1957. ZDMG 109 (1954) 449457. 37. Shantaram Bhalchandra Deo : History of Jaina Monachism from Inscriptions and Literature. (Deccan College Dissertation Series, 17), Poona 1956. ZDMG 109 (1959) 225f. 38. H. D. Velankar, A descriptive Catalogue of the Sanskrit Manus cripts in the " It$haram Suryaram Desai Collection' in the University of Bombay, Bombay 1953. ZDMG 109 (1959) 224f. lo 39. Vadiraja's Yasodharacarita ; a literary Epic, with a Sanskrit Commentary by Laksmana, critically ed. ... by K. Krishnamoorthy. Dharwar 1963. ZDMG 114 (1964) 204f. -40. R. Williams : Jaina Yoga. A Survey of the Mediaeval Sravakacaras. London 1963. ZDMG 114 (1964) 202-4. 41. Punyavijaya : Catalogue of Palm-leaf Manuscripts in the Santinatha Jain Bhandar, Cambay, P.1., 2. Baroda : Oriental Institute 1961-1966 (G.O.S. No. 135+149), ZDMG 118 ). (1968) 446f. 15