Page #1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ veduarter-umarARMERAiruva n ana m paaninindenar.naria . .'-.. PADM . ..... yArsa 15NAcArya IYAR - - - OTO. SHRA Namoumar Mw.mmmonwermireonivernmwwwanmomvine -NNNN 0 prA0 esa0 esa0, phisake ema0 e0 (ardhamAgadhI), ema0 e0 (hindI) (prA0 chatrapati zivAjI kAleja, satArA, mahArASTra) naya prAkRta tathA ardhamAgadhI meM aMtara aura aikya prAkRta bhArata deza kI purAtana bhASA hai| hara eka bhASA kA apanA-apanA alaga-alaga sthAna va svarUpa hotA hai| 'bhASA' zabda kI vyAkhyA vividha prakAra se kI gaI hai-"manuSya ke bIca vastuoM ke viSaya meM apanI icchA aura vicAroM kA AdAna-pradAna karane ke lie vyakta dhvani-saMketoM ke vyavahAra ko bhASA kahate haiN|" "vicAra aura AtmAbhivyakti kA sAdhana bhASA hai"| bhASA-utpatti ke pratyakSa aura parokSa mArga hote haiM jaise anukaraNamUlakatA, vikAsa, asabhya jAtiyoM kI bhASA aadi| DA0 griyarsana ne bhASA kA vibhAjana aitihAsika aura vyAvahArika rUpa meM kiyA hai| aitihAsika bhASA vaha hai, jisakA choTA bhAga zabda, usakI vyutpatti hameM ceSTA karane se prApta ho sakatI hai| vyAvahArika bhASA kA rUpa aitihAsika bhASA se alaga hai / viruddha svarUpa hai| prAkRta aitihAsika bhASA hai| aitihAsika bhASA iNDo-jarmana, iNDo-Aryana nAma se bhI jJAta hai| griyarsana kA vicAra hai ki bhArata meM prathama do ToliyA~ AI thiiN| pahalI TolI paMjAba ke pAsa rahane lgii| bhaugolika paristhitiyoM se bhASA meM parivartana hone lgaa| dUsarI TolI paMjAba ke pAsa hI vAstavya ke lie A gii| usane apanI bhASA samaddha banAyI, usa bhASA meM sAhitya likhA hai| vahI bhASA vaidika bhASA ke nAma se prasiddha ho gii| vaidika bhASA ke samaya jo bolI bhASA thI use hI prAkRta kahate haiN| pANinI ne vaidika bhASA kA vyAkaraNa banAyA aura usakA saMskRta nAmAbhidhAna kiyA / vaidika aura prAkRta bhASA samakAlIna haiN| prAkRta bhASA kI tIna vikAsAvasthAe~ haiM / pahalI avasthA prathama TolI kI bolI bhASA, dUsarI avasthA sAhityika bhASA, tIsarI avasthA apabhraMza tathA prAdezika bhASA hai| prAkRta bhASA kI utpatti ke bAre meM do pravAha pracalita haiN| prAkRta bhASA kA vyAkaraNa saMskRtAcAryoM ne likhaa| saMskRta sAhityika bhASA hone ke kAraNa tathA U~ce logoM ko prAkRta bhASA kA rUpa-jJAna hone ke uddezya se saMskRta bhASA meM vyAkaraNa likhaa| unake matAnusAra saMskRta bhASA se prAkRta bhASA nirmita ho gii| sAhityika bhASA se bolI bhASA kA nirmANa bhASA-vijJAna ke anusAra siddha nahIM ho sakatA / prAkRta premI AcAryoM ne prAkRta se saMskRta bhASA ke nirmANa hone kA mata prakaTa kiyA hai /
Page #2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ prAkRta tathA ardhamAgadhI meM aMtara tathA aikya cA saMskRta AcAryoM kA mata (1) hemacandra (siddhahemazabdAnuzAsana)-prakRtiH saMskRtam tatra bhavaM, tata Agatam vA prAkRtam / (2) mArkaNDeya-(prAkRtasarvasva)-prakRti: saMskRtam tatra bhavaM prAkRtamucyate / (3) lakSmIdhara--(SaDbhASA-candrikA)-prakRte: saMskRtayAstu vikRtiH prAkRtI matA / (4) prAkRta saMjIvanI-prAkRtasya tu sarvameva saMskRtam yoniH / prAkRta premI namisAdhu, mahAkavi siddhasena divAkara, mahAkavi vAkpatirAja, rAjazekhara ne prAkRta bhASA ke bAre meM prabhAvaka vicAra spaSTa kiye haiN| namisAdhujI kA mata hai--prakRti zabda kA artha logoM kA vyAkaraNa Adi ke saMskAra rahita svAbhAvika vacana vyApAra, usase utpanna yA vahI prAkRta hai / mahAkavi siddhasena divAkara aura AcArya hemacandra jinadeva kI vANI ko akRtrima mAnate haiN| prAkRta janasAdhAraNa kI mAtRbhASA hone ke kAraNa akRtrima, svAbhAvika hai| vAkpatirAja ne 'gauDavaho' nAmaka mahAkAvya ke 63 zloka meM kahA hai--isI prAkRta bhASA meM saba bhASAe~ praveza karatI haiM aura isa prAkRta bhASA se hI saba bhASAe~ nirgata huI haiM, jaise jala Akara samudra meM hI praveza karatA hai aura samudra se hI vASpa rUpa se bAhara hotA hai| prAkRta bhASA kI utpatti anya kisI bhASA se nahIM huI hai, balki saMskRta Adi saba bhASAe~ prAkRta se hI utpanna huI haiN| prAkRta ke aneka zabda aura pratyayoM kA mela saMskRta bhASA se nahIM siddha hotA, ataH prAkRta mUla bhASA mAnanA ucita hogaa| prAkRta bhASA meM aneka bhASAe~ samAviSTa haiM, jaise-pAlI, paizAcI, zaurasenI, mAgadhI, ardhamAgadhI, mahArASTrI, apabhraMza / ardhamAgadhI prAkRta bhASA kA eka bhAga hogaa| ____ AgamagranthoM kI bhASA ardhamAgadhI hai| jaina dharma kA upadeza ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM kiyA gayA hai| gaNadhara sudharmAsvAmI ne ardhamAgadhI ko sAhityika bhASA kA rUpa de diyaa| ise ArSa prAkRta aura devatAoM kI bhASA kahA jAtA hai / ardhamAgadhI bhASA kI utpatti ke bAre meM mata isa taraha hai (1) mAgadhI bhASA kA AdhA bhAga jisa bhASA meM hai vaha bhASA ardhmaagdhii| (2) jinadAsagaNimahattara ke anusAra ardhamagadhadeza meM bolI jAne vAlI bhASA ardhamAgadhI hai| (3) magadhaddha visayabhAsA nibaddhaM / pizela ise ArSa nAma dete haiN| (4) namisAdhu kA mata-RSi, deva, siddhoM kI tathA purANoM kI bhASA ArSa bhASA hai| (5) pazcima kI ora zaurasenI aura pUraba kI ora mAgadhI, isake bIca bolI jAne vAlI bhASA ardhamAgadhI hai| dhvanitattvAnusAra dekhA jAye to ardhamAgadhI pAlI se arvAcIna lagatI hai lekina sAhityika rUpa se dekhA jAya to pAlI se ardhamAgadhI prAcIna hai, yaha siddha hotA hai| ardhamAgadhI kA mUla utpatti sthAna magadha yA zUrasena (ayodhyA) kA madhyavartI pradeza mAnA jAtA hai| griyarsana ne ardhamAgadhI bhASA madhyadeza aura ayodhyA kI bhASA kahA hai| bhANDArakara isa bhASA kA utpatti samaya I0 dvitIya zatAbdI, DaoN0 caTarjI tRtIya zatAbdI, DaoN0 jekobI I0 pU0 caturtha zatAbdI kA vaya ApAyapravara abhisApAyapravara abhinaya zrIAnandA anya5 zrIAnandagrantha WriMYVITY
Page #3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ DAMAKinARAAMunawwareAIIABADramirmaanindiasarwajaJAINMENMADARJAINAAAAAAAAADMAANBADEEPAL VivmarwYINHIVEen voviyanwiridvioviornvita 44 prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya mpn zeSa bhAga yA I0 pU0 tRtIya zatAbdI kA prathama bhAga mAnate haiN| ardhamAgadhI bhASA kA nirmANa vaidikakAlIna prAkRta se huA hai / ardhamAgadhI bhASA ke lakSaNa varNabheda-(1) do svaroM ke madhyavartI asaMyukta 'ka' ke sthAna meM prAya: sarvatra 'ga' aura aneka sthaloM meM 'ta' aura 'ya' hotA hai-jaise-AkAza-AgAsa, loka-loga, adhika-adhita, kuNika-kuNita, kAyika-kAiya, loka-loya / (2) do svaroM ke bIca kA asaMyukta 'ga'prAyaH kAyama rahatA hai, isakA 'ta' aura 'ya' hotA hai| jaise-Agamana-AgamaNa, atiga-atita, sAgara-sAyara / (3) anAdya, asaMyukta ka, ga, ca, ja, ta, da, pa, ya, va ina vyaMjanoM kA prAyaH lopa hotA hai / lupta vyaMjanoM ke donoM tarapha 'a' varNa hone para lupta vyaMjana ke sthAna 'ya' hotA hai / jaise-loka:-loo, rocitaroiya, bhojin-bhoi, Atura-Aura, Adezi-Aesi, kAyika-kAiya, Aveza-Aesa aadi| (4) zabda ke Adi, madhya, saMyoga meM sarvatra 'Na' kI taraha 'na' bhI hotA hai| jaise-nadI-naI, jJAtaputra-nAyaputta, anila-aNila / (5) yathA, yAvat, zabda ke 'ya' kA lopa aura ja donoM hI dekhe jAte haiN| jaise-yathAjAtaahAjAya, yAvajjIva-jAvajjIva / nAma vibhakti-(1) akArAnta puliMga zabda ke prathamA eka vacana meM 'e', 'o' pratyaya kA prayoga karate haiM--deve, devo| (2) saptamI ekavacana meM 'aMsi, pratyaya AtA hai-devaMsi, kammasi / (3) caturthI ke ekavacana meM Ae pratyaya AtA hai-savaNAe, knnhaae| dhAtu rUpa--(1) bhUtakAla ke lie ekavacana meM 'itthA' aura bahavacana meM 'iMsu' pratyaya Ate haiMkaritthA, karisu / (2) 'tvA' pratyaya ke aneka rUpa dikhAI dete haiM -kaTu, caittA, jANitu, kiccA, durUhiyA, laddha Adi / (3) 'tuma' pratyaya ke sthAna meM 'ittae' kA prayoga karate haiM, jaise-karittae, gcchitte| (4) taddhita rUpa banAne ke lie 'tara' pratyaya kA 'tarAya' rUpa hotA hai-jaise appatarAe, kNttraae| anya vizeSatAe~-(1) punarAvRtti na ho, isalie aMkoM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai, jaiseanna-4, khiirdhaaii-5| (2) vaiziSTyapUrNa vAkyaprayoga-kAlaM mAse kAlaM kiccA, jAmeva disI pAunbhUyA tAmeva disI pddigyaa| (3) saptamI vibhakti ke badale tRtIyA vibhakti kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai jaise--teNa kAleNaM teNaM smennN| (4) samAna varNana ho to kucha zabda, vAkya likhakara jAva....."tAva, vaNNao Adi kA prayoga kara zeSa varNana karate haiN| May Karmy
Page #4
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ prAkRta tathA ardhamAgadhI meM aMtara tathA aikya 45 baraneTa kA mata yaha hai ki ardhamAgadhI viziSTa zabdoM se yukta hone se tAntrika bhASA hai ata: racanA kliSTa lagatI hai| nUtanatA kA abhAva hai| anya prAkRta bhASA-premI vidvAnoM kA vicAra hai-ardhamAgadhI bhASA AsAna, samajhane ke lie acchI hai / nAyAdhammakahAo, uttarAjjhayaNa kI bhASA subodha hai| ___'prAkRta bhASA' yaha zabdaprayoga ardhamAgadhI tathA anya bhASAoM ke lie bhI kiyA jAtA hai| anyAnya vyAkaraNakAroM ne kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM mahArASTrI bhASA ko mahattva diyA hai| saMskRta bhASA kA apabhraSTa rUpa jo bhI bhASA yA rUpa prApta hogA use prAkRta mAnA gayA hai| pAlI aura ardhamAgadhI bhASA ko pahale-pahala prAkRta mAnA gayA / sUkSmatA se dekhA jAya to ardhamAgadhI bhASA kA rUpa alaga hI hai| ArSabhASA aura ardhamAgadhI bhASA ina donoM meM bheda nahIM hai, yaha DaoN. jekobI ne sapramANa siddha kiyA hai| jaina sUtroM kI bhASA ardhamAgadhI hai tathA paravartI kAla meM mahArASTrI kI vizeSatAoM se yukta hone se jaina mahArASTrI kahI jA sakatI hai| paMDita becaradAsa jI ne ardhamAgadhI bhASA ko mahArASTrI siddha karane kI viphala ceSTA kI hai / prAkRta zabda kA mukhya artha hai prAdezika kathyabhASA lokbhaassaa| jaina sUtroM kI ardhamAgadhI bhASA nATyazAstra yA prAkRta vyAkaraNoM kI ardhamAgadhI se samAna na hone ke kAraNa mahArASTrI na kahI jAkara ardhamAgadhI hI kahI jA sakatI hai| bharata ne jina sAta bhASAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, usameM ardhamAgadhI bhI hai| nATakoM meM prayukta ardhamAgadhI tathA jaina sUtroM kI ardhamAgadhI meM samAnatA kI apekSA bheda hI dikhAI detA hai / DaoN0 hona li ne jaina ardhamAgadhI ko hI ArSaprAkRta kahakara isI ko paravartI kAla meM utpanna anya bhASAoM kA mUla mAnA hai| hemacandra ne eka hI bhASA ke prAcIna rUpa ko ArSa prAkRta aura arvAcIna rUpa ko mahArASTrI mAnate hue ArSa prAkRta ko mahArASTrI kA mUla svIkAra kiyA hai| mahArASTrI meM ya zruti kA niyama hama dekhate haiM / ardhamAgadhI meM prAyaH usI niyama se sambandhita vyaMjanoM ke lie anyAnya vyaMjanoM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| mahArASTrI kI taraha lopa bhI dikhAI detA hai| gadya meM bhI aneka sthaloM meM samAsa ke uttara zabda ke pahale 'm' Agama hotA hai| mahArASTrI ke padya meM pAdapUrti ke lie hI kahIM-kahIM 'm' Agama dekhA jAtA hai, gadya meM nhiiN| ardhamAgadhI meM aise bahuta se zabda haiM, jinakA prayoga mahArASTrI meM upalabdha nahIM hotA jaise-bakka, viusa Adi / aise zabdoM kI saMkhyA bhI bahuta bar3I hai jinake rUpa ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI meM bhinna prakAra ke hote haiM; jaise--AharaNa -uAharaNa, docca-duia, pubbi-puvvaM / mahArASTrI meM saptamI vibhakti meM 'mmi', tRtIyA ekavacana meM 'eNa' pratyayoM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai / mahArASTrI meM bhUtakAla kA prayoga lupta ho gayA hai| mahArASTrI aura ardhamAgadhI meM sUkSma bheda bhI hai / ardhamAgadhI bhASA kI anya vizeSatAeM pUrva meM spaSTa kI haiN| una vizeSatAoM se bhI mahArASTrI se ardhamAgadhI bhASA alaga hai, yaha siddha hotA hai| bhASA parivartanazIla hai / ardhamAgadhI bhASA kA rUpa pahale vaiziSTyapUrNa thA, bAda meM use parivartita honA par3A / prAkRta zabda se sambandhita jo anya bhASAe~ haiM unakA tathA ardhamAgadhI kA sambandha mAtA aura putrI jaisA mAnA jAya to galata nahIM hogaa| vaidika kAlIna bolI-bhASA kA rUpa vizeSa hai| usase ardhamAgadhI bhASA kA nirmANa huaa| kisI mAtrA meM ardhamAgadhI khAsa vaiziSTyapUrNa bhASA hai, yaha mAnanA pdd'egaa| sandarbha grantha (1) bhASAvijJAna-DaoN0 bholAnAtha tivArI (2) prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa-DaoN0 jaina (3) pAiyasaddamahANNao-paM0 zeTha (CADA sara DDA namaAJANAJAamadhuriAARAMATIOTADADAINIK AcAryaprabhA AcAryapravacaAbhAra zrIAnanda atha zrIAnandakandha5