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________________ [ zrI agaracandra jI nAhaTA [suprasiddha sAhityAnveSaka ] prAkRta sAhitya kI vividhatA aura vizAlatA mAnava kI svAbhAvika bolacAla kI bhASA kA nAma prAkRta hai| yaha bhASA dezakAla ke bheda se aneka rUpoM aura nAmoM se prasiddha hai / Age calakara yaha kucha prakAroM meM vibhakta ho gaI aura unhIM ke lie prAkRta saMjJA rUr3ha ho gaI / jaise - ardhamAgadhI, mahArASTrI, zaurasenI, paizAcI Adi / bolI ke rUpa meM to prAkRta kAphI purAnI hai / para sAhitya usakA itanA purAnA nahIM miltaa| isalie upalabdha granthoM meM sabase purAne 'veda' mAne jAte hai, jinakI bhASA vaidika saMskRta hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra aura buddha ne janabhASA meM dharma pracAra kiyaa| donoM hI samakAlIna mahApuruSa the aura unakA vihAra vicaraNa pradeza bhI prAyaH eka hI rahA hai / para donoM kI vANI jina bhASAoM meM upalabdha hai, unameM bhinnatA hai / pAlI nAma yadyapi bhASA ke rUpa meM prAcIna nAma nahIM hai, para bauddha tripiTakoM kI bhASA kA nAma pAlI prasiddha ho gayA / bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vANI jo jaina AgamoM meM prApta hai, use 'ardhamAgadhI' bhASA kI saMjJA dI gaI hai / kyoMki magadha janapada usa samaya kAphI prabhAvazAlI rahA hai aura usakI rAjadhAnI 'nAlandA' meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ne caudaha caumAse kiye / usake Asa-pAsa ke pradeza meM bhI unake kaI caumAse hue| isalie mAgadhI bhASA kI pradhAnatA svAbhAvika hI hai| para magadha janapada meM bhI anya prAntoM ke loga Ate-jAte rahate the aura basa gaye the tathA bhagavAn mahAvIra bhI anya pradezoM meM padhAre the ataH unakI vANI sabhI loga samajha sakeM, isa kAraNa milI-julI hone se usako 'ardhamAgadhI' kahA gayA hai| Age calakara jainadharma kA pracAra pazcima aura dakSiNa kI ora adhika hone lagA taba zvetAmbara sampradAya ke jo grantha race gaye, unakI bhASA ko mahArASTrI prAkRta aura digambara sampradAya ke granthoM kI bhASA ko 'zaurasenI' prAkRta kahA gayA / prAkRta kA prabhAva kaI zatAbdiyoM taka bahuta acchA rhaa| para bhASA to eka vikasanazIla tattva hai / ataH usameM parivartana hotA gayA aura pA~cavIM chaThavIM zatAbdI meM use 'apabhraMza' kI saMjJA prApta huii| apabhraMza meM bhI jaina kaviyoM ne bahuta bar3A sAhitya nirmANa kiyA hai / apabhraMza se hI Age calakara uttara-bhArata kI sabhI boliyA~ vikasita huiiN| unameM se rAjasthAnI, gujarAtI aura hindI meM bhI pracura jaina - sAhitya racA gayA / prAkRta ke pracAra aura prabhAva ke kAraNa hI saMskRta ke bar3e-bar3e kaviyoM ne jo nATaka likhe, unameM jana sAdhAraNa kI bhASA ke rUpa meM karIba AdhA bhAga prAkRta meM likhA hai / kAlidAsa, bhAsa, Adi ke D AyAyapravarupa abhinaMdana AAnanda anya
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________________ NROENITI, +OP . 64 prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya DATE nATaka isake pramANa haiN| zilA-lekhoM meM bhI bahata se lekha prAkRta bhASA meM utkIrNa milate haiN| isase prAkRta bhASA ke kaI rUpoM aura vikAsa kI acchI jAnakArI mila jAtI hai| yadyapi prAkRta meM sAhityaracanA kI paramparA jaisI jainoM meM rahI, vaisI anya kisI dharma-sampradAya yA samAja meM nahIM rahI, para janetara vidvAnoM ne bhI prAkRta bhASA ke vyAkaraNa banAye haiM aura kucha kAvyAdi racanAe~ bhI unakI milatI haiN| isase siddha hotA hai ki saMskRta kA prabhAva bar3ha jAne para bhI prAkuta sarvathA upekSita nahIM huI aura jainetara lekhaka bhI ise apanAte rhe| prAkRta sAhitya vividha prakAra kA aura bahuta hI vizAla hai| abhI taka bahuta-sI choTI-choTI racanAoM kI to pUrI jAnakArI bhI prakAza meM nahIM AyI hai / vAstava meM choTI hone para bhI ye racanAe~ upekSita nahIM honI caahie| kyoMki inameM se kaI to bahuta hI sAragarbhita aura preraNAdAyI haiN| bar3e-bar3e granthoM meM jo bAteM vistAra se pAyI jAtI haiM, unameM se jarUrI aura kAma kI bAteM choTe-choTe prakaraNa-granthoM aura kulakoM Adi meM gUMtha lI gaI haiM / unakA uddezya yahI thA ki bar3e-bar3e grantha yAda nahIM rakhe jA sakate aura choTe granthoM yA prakaraNoM ko yAda kara lenA sugama hogA, ataH sArabhUta bAteM batalAne va samajhAne meM suvidhA rhegii| aise bahuta se prakaraNa aura kulaka abhI taka aprakAzita haiN| unakA saMgraha eva prakAzana bahuta hI jarUrI hai- anyathA kucha samaya ke bAda ve aprApta ho jaayeNge| aisI racanAe~ phuTakara patroM aura saMgraha pratiyoM meM pAI jAtI haiN| hastalikhita granthoM kI sUcI banAte samaya bhI unakI upekSA kara dI jAtI hai| para saMgraha pratiyA~ aura guTakoM kI bhI pUrI sUcI banAnI cAhie, jisase prasiddha racanAoM ke atirikta aprakAzita evaM ajJAta racanAe~ kauna-sI haiM ? isakA ThIka se patA cala sake / prAkRta bhASA kA stotra-sAhitya' bhI ullekhanIya hai, ataH prakaraNoM, kUlakoM, stotroM, subhASita padyoM ke svatantra saMgraha-grantha prakAzita hone cAhie / maiMne jaina kulakoM kI eka sUcI apane lekha meM prakAzita kI thI, usameM zatAdhika kulakoM kI sUcI dI gaI thii| prAkRta jaina-sAhitya ko kaI bhedoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai / jaise--AgamikA, aMga-upAMga, chanda, sUtra-mUla Adi to prasiddha haiM / dArzanika sAhitya meM sammatiprakaraNa Adi aneka grantha haiM / aupadezika sAhitya meM 'upadeza mAlA' jaise granthoM kI eka lambI paramparA hai| prakaraNa sAhitya ma jIva-vicAra, navatatva, daNDaka, kSetra samAsa, saMghayaNI, karmagrantha Adi saikar3oM prakaraNa grantha haiN| mahApuruSoM sa sambandhita saikar3oM carita kAvya prApta haiN| kathAgrantha gadya aura padya meM haiN| saikar3oM choTI-bar3I kathAe~ svatantra rUpa se aura TIkAoM Adi meM pAI jAtI haiN| sarvajanopayogI sAhitya meM vyAkaraNa, chanda, koSa, alaMkAra Adi kAvyazAstrIya grantho kA samAveza hotA hai / prAkRta ke kaI koSa evaM chanda grantha prakAzita ho cuke hai / 'pAiya lacchI nAmamAlA' aura 'jayadAmana chanda' prasiddha haiN| alaMkAra kA ekamAtra grantha 'alakAra dappaNa' jaisalamara bhaNDAra kI tAr3apatrIya prati meM milA thA, jise mere bhatIje bhaMvaralAla ne hindI anuvAda ke sAtha marudharakesarI abhinandana grantha meM prakAzita karavA diyA hai| bhaMvaralAla ne prAkRta meM kucha padyoM kI racanA bhI kI hai aura jIvadayA desi
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________________ prAkRta sAhitya kI vividhatA aura vizAlatA RAA (ana CCIDHI prakaraNa, nAnA vRttaka prakaraNa aura bAlabodha prakaraNa ko bhI hindI anuvAda sahita hamAre "abhaya jainagranthAlaya" se prakAzita karavAyA hai| ThAkUra pherU ke 'dhAtotpati' 'dravya-parIkSA' aura 'ratna-parIkSA' kA bhI usane hindI anuvAda kiyA hai| inameM se 'ratna-parIkSA' to hamAre "abhaya jaina graMthAlaya" se prakAzita ho cukI hai| 'dhAtotpati' yU. pI. hisTorikala jarnala meM sAnuvAda DaoN0 vAsudevazaraNa agravAla ke dvArA prakAzita karavA dI hai / 'dravya-parIkSA' sAnuvAda TippaNI likhane ke lie DaoN0 dazaratha zarmA ko dI huI hai / isI taraha kAMgar3A rAjavaMza sambandhI eka mahatvapUrNa racanA kA bhI bhaMvaralAla ne anuvAda kiyA hai| usa para aitihAsika TippaNiyA~ DaoN0 dazaratha zarmA likha deMge, taba prakAzita kI jaayegii| ___ anupalabdha prAkRta racanAe~--prAkRta kA bahuta-sA sAhitya aba anupalabdha hai| udAharaNArtharathAnAMgasUtra meM daza dazAoM ke nAma va bheda milate haiN| unameM se bahuta se grantha aba prApta nahIM haiN| isI prakAra nandIsUtra meM samyag sUtra aura mithyA sUtra ke antargata jina sUtroM ke nAma milate haiM unameM bhI kaI grantha aba nahIM milate haiM / jaise--mahAkalpa mahApannavaNA, vijjAcAraNa, viNicchao, AyavisohI, khuDDiAvimANapavibhatI, mahalliyA vimANa vibhatI, aMgacUliyA, vaggacUliyA, vivAha-cUliyA ayaNovavAe, vasaNovavAe, guyalovavAe, dharaNovavAe, besamovavAe, veladharovavAe, deviMdovavAe, udANasuyaM, samuTThANasuyaM, nAgapariyAvaNiyAo, AsIvisabhAvaNANaM, diTThivisabhAvaNANaM, sumiNabhAvaNANaM, mahAsumiNabhAvaNANaM, teyagginisaggANaM / pAkSika sUtra meM bhI inakA ullekha milatA hai| vyavahAra sUtra Adi meM bhI jina Agama granthoM kA ullekha hai, unameM se bhI kucha prApta nahIM haiM / prAkRta bhASA ke kaI sundara kathA-grantha jinakA ullekha milatA hai, aba nahIM milte| udAharaNArthapAdaliptasUri kI 'taraMgavaI kahA' tathA vizeSAvazyaka bhASya Adi meM ullikhita 'naravAhanayatAkahA', magadhaseNA, malayavatI / isI taraha 11vIM zatAbdI ke jinezvarasUri kI 'lIlAvaI-kahA' bhI prApta nahIM hai| kaI grantha prAcIna granthoM ke nAma vAle milate haiM para ve pIche ke race hue haiM jisa prakAra 'joNIpAhur3a' / prAcIna graMtha kA ullekha milatA hai, para vaha aprApta hai / praznazramaNa ke racita yonipAhur3a kI bhI eka mAtra apUrNa prati bhANDArakara oriyaNTala insTITUTa, pUnA meM samvat 1582 kI likhI huI hai| isakI dUsarI prati kI khoja karake use sampAdita karake prakAzita karanA caahie| praznavyAkaraNa sUtra bhI aba mUla rUpa meM prApta nahIM hai, jisakA ki vivaraNa samavAyAMga aura nandI sUtra meM milatA hai| isI taraha ke nAma vAlA eka sUtra nepAla kI rAjakIya lAibrerI meM hai / maiMne isakI nakala prApta karane ke lie preraNA kI thI aura terApanthI munizrI nathamala jI ke kathanAnusAra ratanagar3ha ke zrI rAmalAla jI golachA jo nepAla ke bahuta bar3e jaina vyApArI haiM, unhoMne nakala karavA ke maiMgavA bhI lI hai| para abhI taka vaha dekhane meM nahIM AI ataH pATaNa aura jaisalamera bhaNDAra meM prApta jayapAhur3a aura praznavyAkaraNa se vaha kitanI bhinnatA rakhatA hai ? yaha binA milAna kiye nahIM kahA jA sktaa| paMjAba ke jaina bhaNDAroM kA aba rUpanagara dillI ke zvetAmbara jaina mandira meM acchA saMgraha ho gayA hai, unameM zodha karane para mujhe eka ajJAta bindUdizAsUtra kI prati prApta huI hai| phira isakI eka aura prati vinayacandra jJAna-bhaNDAra jayapura meM bhI milI hai| maiMne isa ajJAta sUtra ke sambandha meM zramaNa ke HEL PC PN maramandarmeramarinaKNOWASABALAJAJARimacmaidaanadaaraamaanMADrawANAMAAJHALALASARAMPALAMAama ApApabhisApAvara AbhAra zrIAnandasandhAzrIAnandasandhAna VARAwamir
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________________ AcArya pravara B 1 SAKAAAAAAAAAAA grantha 51 zrI Ananda grantha prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya 1 66 jUna 71 aMka meM saMkSipta prakAza DAlA hai / isakA sampAdana karane ke lie munizrI nathamalajI ko isakI kaoNpI dI gaI hai / prAkRta kA yaha sUtra grantha choTA-sA hai para hameM isase yaha preraNA milatI hai ki anya jJAna bhaNDAroM meM bhI khojane para aisI ajJAta racanAe~ aura bhI mila skeNgii| havIM zatI ke jainAcArya bappabhaTTisUri ke 'tArAgaNa' nAmaka grantha kA prabhAvaka caritra Adi meM ullekha hI milatA thA para kisI bhI bhaNDAra meM koI prati prApta nahIM thI, isakI bhI eka prati maiMne khoja nikAlI hai / vaise bahuta varSa pahale isakI yaha prati ajImagaMja meM yati jJAnacanda jI ke pAsa maiMne dekhI thI para phira prayatna karane para bhI vaha mila nahIM sakI thii| gatavarSa acAnaka bIkAnera ke zrIpUjyajI kA saMgraha jo ki rAjasthAna prAcyavidyApratiSThAna kI bIkAnera zAkhA meM de diyA gayA hai, usameM yaha prati mila gaI, to usakA vivaraNa maiMne 'vIravANI' meM tatkAla prakAzita kara diyaa| usakI racanA par3hate hI mujhe DA0 e0 ena0 upAdhyAya ne patra likhA aura unhoMne phoTo prati karavA lI hai| pUrva bhArata ke prAkRta jainetara kAmazAstra kI eka bhAga apUrNa prati mujhe anUpa prApta huI thI / prAkRta bhASA ke isa ekamAtra kAmazAstra kA nAma hai 'madanamukuTa' / yaha gosala brAhmaNa ne sindhu ke tIravartI mANika mahApura meM racA thaa| isakA vivaraNa maiMne tIsa varSa pahale "bhAratIya vidyA " varSa 2, aMka 2 meM prakAzita kara diyA thA / usa samaya kI prApta prati meM tIsare pariccheda kI paiMtIsa gAthAoM taka kA hI aMza milA thaa| abhI do-tIna varSa pahale jaba maiM lA0 da0 bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmandira, ahamadAbAda kA saMgraha dekha rahA thA to mujhe isakI pUrI prati prApta ho gaI, jo samvat 1566 kI likhI huI hai / isake anusAra yaha prAkRta kAmazAstra chaH paricchedoM meM pUrNa hotA hai / jainetara kavi ke racita prAkRta ke isa ekamAtra kAmazAstra ko zIghra prakAzita karanA cAhie / isI taraha 30 varSasaMskRta lAibrerI meM prAkRta kI bhA~ti apabhraMza sAhitya kA kaI dRSTiyoM se bahuta hI mahatva hai, para abhI taka isa dRSTi se adhyayana evaM mUlyAMkana nahIM kiyA gayA hai / anyathA jisa prakAra prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti, sAhityika paramparA aura bhASAvijJAna kI dRSTi se saMskRta sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana kiyA gayA va kiyA jAtA rahA hai, usI taraha prAkRta, apabhraMza sAhitya kA bhI hotA hai / jaisA ki pahale batalAyA gayA hai, loka bhASAoM kA utsa prAkRta bhASA meM hai| hajAroM lokapracalita zabda, prAkRta se apabhraMza meM hote hue vartamAna rUpa meM Aye haiM aura kaI zabda to jyoM-ke-tyoM varSoM se prayukta hote A rahe haiM / kaI vyAkaraNa ke pratyaya Adi bhI prAntIya bhASA meM prAkRta se sambandhita siddha hote haiM / isa sambandha meM abhI eka vistRta nibandha 'zramaNa' meM chapA hai / 'jaina bhAratI' meM prakAzita terApanthI sAdhvI ke lekha meM aura paM0 becaradAsa jI Adi ke granthoM meM aise saikar3oM zabda uddhRta kiye gaye haiM, jinakA mUla saMskRta meM na hokara prAkRta meM hai / jaina AgamoM meM prayukta hajAroM zabda sAmAnya parivartana ke sAtha Aja bhI prAntIya bhASAoM meM bole jAte haiM / prAkRta janabhASA thI, isalie janatA meM pracalita aneka kAvya vidhAe~ evaM prakAra apabhraMza aura prAntIya bhASA meM apanAye gaye / saikar3oM va hajAroM kahAvateM evaM muhAvare bhI prAkRta granthoM meM milate haiM evaM
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________________ prAkRta sAhitya kI vividhatA aura vizAlatA 67 Aja bhI lokavyavahAra meM pracalita haiN| prAkRta graMthoM kI kahAvata jo rAjasthAna meM aba bhI bolI jAtI haiM, unake sambandha meM DA0 kanhaiyAlAla sahala kA zodha-prabandha draSTavya hai| prAkRta sAhitya kA sAMskRtika mahatva sarvAdhika hai| kyoMki janajIvana kA jitanA adhika vAstavika citraNa prAkRta, apabhraMza sAhitya meM milatA hai, utanA saMskRta sAhitya meM nahIM milatA / kyoMki saMskRta ke vidvAna adhikAMza rAjyAzrita evaM nagaroM meM rahane vAle the ata: gA~voM aura sAdhAraNa nAgarikoM kA svAbhAvika citraNa ve adhika nahIM kara pAye / alaMkAroM Adi se saMskRta mahAkaviyoM ne apane kAvyoM ko bojhila banA diyA, kyoMki unakA uddezya pAMDitya-pradarzana hI adhika rahA / jabaki prAkRta sAhitya ke pradhAna nirmAtA jainamunigaNa, gA~voM meM aura janasAdhAraNa meM apane sAhitya kA pracAra adhika karate rahe haiM, isa dRSTi se lokaruci ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue loka-kathAoM, draSTAntoM ko sarala bhASA meM likhane kA prayAsa karate the| jisase sAdhAraNa loga bhI adhikAdhika lAbha uThA skeN| DA0 motIcandra jI Adi ne prAkRta sAhitya kI prazaMsA karate hae kuvalayamAlA Adi kA sAMskRtika mahattva bahuta adhika batalAyA hai| ataH bhAratIya jana-jIvana aura lokapracalita rIti-rivAja, vizvAsa Adi ke sambandha meM prAkRta sAhitya se bahuta mahatvapUrNa jAnakArI prApta ho sakatI hai| bahuta kama logoM ko yaha mAlUma hogA ki madhyakAla meM saMskRta evaM loka-bhASAoM kA itanA adhika prabhAva bar3ha jAne para bhI prAkRta sAhitya ke nirmANa kI paramparA nirantara calatI rahI hai, kisI bhI zatAbdI kA koI caraNa zAyada hI aisA mile jisameM thor3I-bahuta prAkRta racanAe~ na huI hoM, vartamAna meM bhI vaha paramparA cAla hai| vartamAna AcArya vijayapadmasUri' ne prAkRta meM kAphI likhA hai / vijayakastUrisUri ne bhI kaI saMskRta granthoM ko prAkRta meM banA diyA hai| terApanthI munizrI candanamuni jI racita saMskRta rayaNavAla kahA abhI-abhI prakAzita huI hai aura jayAcArya kA prAkRta jIvanacaritra jaina bhAratI meM nikala rahA hai / aura bhI kaI sAdhu-sAdhvI prAkRta meM likhate haiM tathA bhASaNa dete haiM aura prAkRta ke abhyAsa meM nirantara lage hue hai / para abhI koI grantha aisA nahIM likhA gayA jisameM pratyeka zatAbdI meM banI huI racanAoM kI kAla kramAnusAra sUcI dI gaI hai| merI rAya meM aisA eka grantha zIghra hI prakAzita karanA caahie| jisase DhAI hajAra varSoM kI prAkRta sAhitya kI pragati aura avicchinna-pravAha kI ThIka jAnakArI mila ske| prAkRta ke madhyakAlIna bahata se grantha aprakAzita haiN| unake prakAzana kI yojanA banAnI caahie| kucha prAkRta sAhitya pariSada se prakAzita hue haiN| para merA sujhAva yaha hai ki sabase pahale prAkRta kI choTI-choTI racanAe~ jitanI bhI haiM, unakA saMgraha kAvyamAlA saMskRta sirIja kI taraha prakAzita kiyA jaaye| anyathA ve thor3e samaya meM hI lupta ho jaayeNgii| abhI taka na to unakI jAnakArI hI ThIka se prakAza meM AI hai, na unake saMgraha grantha hI adhika nikalate haiN| 12vIM zatAbdI se aisI aneka saMgraha pratiyA~ milane lagatI haiM aura phuTakara grantha bhI hajAroM milate haiM / jo adyAvadhi sarvathA upekSita-se rahe hai| prAkRta se apabhraMza aura usase prAntIya bhASAe~ nikalI yaha bhI vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya hai ki paravartI hindI, rAjasthAnI, gujarAtI racanAoM meM una racanAoM kI bhASA ko kaviyoM ne svayaM prAkRta awanJaAIAIANRAVANABAJARIAAJAJASALASARAIAAnanAARADAJAJaduIMAMANGanda ANJANAAVAIAALAJANAMAAVALABAAJM newmvarnmen
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________________ mamarinaamaaranaanakarandaanarauasanarsusarmanandsamosamineractrendrammamaABASABudainancisailasreadmornine pravara AbhAgAvara abhi zrIAnanda anyazrIAnanda aorywwimmivirwirvindrawiwwimwwwIYYiwavintrovernormwaremories 68 prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya batalAyA hai / vahA~ prAkRta zabda kA artha jana-bhASA hI abhipreta hai| apabhraMza ke digambara carita-kAvya to kucha prakAzita hue haiM aura unakI jAnakArI bhI ThIka se prakAza meM AI hai para zvetAmbara apabhraMza racanAoM kA samucita adhyayana abhI taka nahIM ho pAyA hai / jitanI vividhatA zvetAmbara apabhraMza sAhitya meM hai, digambara apabhraMza sAhitya meM nahIM hai| ata: hindI, rAjasthAnI, gujarAtI kAvya-rUpoM yA prakAroM kA adhyayana karate samaya maiMne prAyaH sabhI kI paramparA apabhraMza se jor3ane yA batalAne kA prayatna kiyA hai| hamane aisI kaI racanAe~ apane aitihAsika jaina kAvya saMgraha, dAdAjinadattasUri, maNidhArI jinacandrasUri Adi granthoM meM tathA vividha lekhoM meM prakAzita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| hamArA abhI eka aisA saMgraha graMtha lA0 da. bhAratIya saMskRti vidyA-mandira ahamadAbAda se chapa rahA hai| isase prAcIna kAvya-rUpoM aura bhASA ke vikAsa ke adhyayana meM avazya hI sahAyatA milegii| prAkRta bhASA kA sAhitya bahuta hI vizAla hai| jyoM-jyoM khoja kI jAtI hai, nitya naI jAnakArI milatI rahatI hai| abhI-abhI hameM bhadrabAha kI ajJAta racanAe~ milI haiM, kaI graMthoM kI apUrNa evaM truTita pratiyA~ milI haiM, AvazyakatA hai prAkRta bhASA evaM sAhitya sambandhI eka traimAsika patrikA kI, jisameM choTI-choTI racanAe~ va bar3e graMthoM kI jAnakArI prakAza meM lAI jAtI rhe| CREDIOAA