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________________ prAkRta-jaina kathA-sAhitya kA mahattva sudhA khAbyA mAnava prArambha se hI kathA-premI rahA hai / bhAratIya sAhitya kA adhikAMza bhAga kathA-sAhitya hai jisameM eka se eka sundara kathAeM vaNita haiN| isa sAhitya meM jahAM loka-saMskRti, loka-jIvana Adi kI jhalaka dekhane ko milatI hai vahAM tatkAlIna bola-cAla kI bhASA kA AsvAdana bhI prApta hotA hai| bacce se lekara vRddha taka sabhI ke lie yaha manoraMjaka evaM jJAnavardhaka hai kyoMki inako samajhane meM mAnasika kasarata kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI, ye sahaja rUpa se samajha meM A jAtI haiN| vizva ke sampUrNa sAhitya kA adhikAMza bhAga kathA-sAhitya ke rUpa meM hai / laukika sAhitya ke kSetra meM hI nahIM, apitu dhArmika sAhitya ke kSetra meM bhI kathA-sAhitya kI bahulatA hai| jaina sAhitya kA loka-dRSTi se sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa sAhitya kathA-sAhitya hI hai| jaina dharma ke pracAra-prasAra ke lie jainAcAryoM ne nIti-kathAoM kI paramparA kA prArambha kiyaa| bhAratIya loka-kathA sAhitya meM bhI prAkRta-kathA-sAhitya kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| inake viSayoM meM maulikatA hai tathA ye bhautikatA se AdhyAtmikatA kI ora le jAtI haiM jisase vairAgya bhAvanA evaM sadAcAra kA vikAsa hotA hai| ye kathAeM aisA manovaijJAnika prabhAva DAlatI haiM jisase mAnava vaisA hI karane ke lie prerita hotA hai / jIvana ke utAra-car3hAvoM evaM punarjanmoM kA varNana jainAcAryoM dvArA kathA ke mAdhyama se isa DhaMga se kiyA jAtA hai jise sunate hI vyakti saMsAra ko asAra samajhane lagatA hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki kathAvicAroM ko abhivyakta karane kI aisI vidhA hai jisase kathA kahane vAlA vyakti zrotA para apanI icchAnusAra prabhAva DAlane meM saphala ho jAtA hai| jagannAthaprasAda zarmA ne apanI pustaka 'kahAnI kA racanA-vidhAna' meM kathA kI sarvajanapriyatA ke kAraNa meM kahA hai-"sAhitya ke mAdhyama se DAle jAne vAle jitane prabhAva ho sakate haiM; ve racanA ke isa prakAra meM acchI taraha se upasthita kie jA sakate haiN| cAhe siddhAnta pratipAdana abhipreta ho, cAhe caritra-citraNa kI sundaratA iSTa ho, cAhe kisI ghaTanA kA mahattva nirUpaNa karanA ho athavA kisI vAtAvaraNa kI sajIvatA kA udghATana hI lakSya ho yA kriyA kA vega aMkita karanA ho yA mAnasika sthiti kA sUkSma vizleSaNa karanA ho-sabhI kucha isake dvArA saMbhava hai|" kathA-sAhitya kA prArambha kaba se huA yaha batAnA utanA hI kaThina hai jitanA yaha batAnA ki mAnava kA janma kaba huaa| phira bhI vidvAnoM ne isake prArambha ko jAnane kA prayatna kiyA hai| DaoN0 yAkobI ne isake udbhava ko batAte hue likhA hai ki kathA-sAhitya kA udbhava IsA kI prathama zatAbdI pazcAt ke uttarArddha meM mAnA jAtA hai| prAkRta-kathA-sAhitya kA prArambha prAkRta-kathA-sAhitya kA mUla hameM Agama granthoM meM upalabdha hotA hai| jaina siddhAntoM ke prasAra ke lie sundara evaM preraNAspada aMga va upAMga sAhitya meM prApta hote haiN| isameM aise aneka AkhyAna haiM jo mAnava ke naitika, sAmAjika evaM dhArmika jIvana ko UMcA uThAne meM sahAyaka haiN| niyukti, cUNi Adi vyAkhyA sAhitya meM saikar3oM zikSAprada AkhyAna haiM jinake mAdhyama se darzana, siddhAnta evaM tattva sambandhI gar3ha samasyAoM ko bahuta acche DhaMga se sulajhAyA gayA hai| AgamasAhitya meM prAkRta kathAoM kA bIja vidyamAna hai kintu isameM kathAoM kA vistAra nahIM hai| jisa prakAra bone ke bAda khAda-pAnI Adi paryApta mAtrA meM dene para bIja dhIre-dhIre vRkSa kA rUpa dhAraNa karatA hai, usI prakAra prAkRta kathAoM kA bIja Agama-sAhitya rUpI bhUmi meM boyA gayA hai jo ki dhIre-dhIre ghaTanA, pAtra, kathopakathana, zIla nirUpaNa ke lie Avazyaka vAtAvaraNa Adi kI saMyojanA karane para cUNi, bhASya, TIkA Adi sAhitya ke rUpa meM vistRta huA hai| jainAgamoM meM darzana ke vibhinna siddhAntoM ko spaSTa karane ke lie choTI-bar3I kaI kathAoM kA sahArA liyA gayA hai| ina Agama-granthoM meM aise aneka dRSTAnta, rUpaka Adi prayukta hue haiM jo ki Age calakara prAkRta kathAsAhitya ko puSpita evaM pallavita karane meM sahAyaka hue haiM / prAkRta kathA sAhitya kI dRSTi se nAyAdhamma kahA, uvAsaga dasAo, vipAka sUtra jaina sAhityAnuzIlana
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________________ Adi Agama grantha vizeSa mahattvapUrNa haiN| inameM kathAeM upamA, pratIka Adi ke rUpa meM grathita haiM jisase hama kaha sakate haiM ki prAkRta kathA sAhitya kI utpatti upamA, pratIka, saMvAda, dRSTAnta, rUpaka Adi ke rUpa meM huii| prAkRta-kathA-sAhitya ke vikAsa kA dUsarA caraNa AgamoM para likhA gayA TIkA-sAhitya hai| isa yuga ko TIkA-yuga kahA jAtA hai| isameM AgamoM meM ullikhita upamAoM ko pUrNa kathAoM kA rUpa diyA gayA hai / Agama meM kathAeM 'vaNNao' se bojhila thIM kintu TIkA-yuga meM yaha pravRtti nahIM rahI tathA kathAoM ke sundara varNana hone lage evaM ekarUpatA kA sthAna vividhatA evaM navInatA tathA saMkSepa kA sthAna vistAra ne le liyaa| isa yuga meM kathA kA pariveza dhIre-dhIre vistRta hotA gayA kyoMki kathA kA rUpa vAtAvaraNa evaM AvazyakatA para AdhArita hotA hai| ye kathAeM Avazyaka bhASya yA vyAkhyA ke silasile meM nIti-vicAra yA tathya kI puSTi ke rUpa meM grahaNa kI gaI haiN| TIkA-sAhitya kI kathAoM meM dhIre-dhIre rasa kA samAveza bhI ho gyaa| DaoN0 viNTaranitsa ne apane grantha 'e hisTrI oNpha iNDiyana liTrecara' meM kahA hai.---"prAcIna bhAratIya kathA-zilpa ke aneka ratna jaina TIkAoM meM kathA-sAhitya ke mAdhyama se hameM prApta hote haiN| TIkAoM meM yadi inheM surakSita na rakhA jAtA to ye lupta ho gae hote| jaina-sAhitya ne asaMkhya nijadharI kathAoM ke aise bhI manoraMjaka rUpa surakSita rakhe haiM jo dUsare srotoM se jAne jAte haiN|" Agama TIkA-sAhitya meM vyavahAra bhASya, bRhat kalpa bhASya, uttarAdhyayana TIkA tathA anya niyukti, cUNi, bhASya sAhitya meM aneka prAkRta kathAeM prApta hotI haiN| prAkRta-kathAoM ke bheda moTe taura para kathA-sAhitya ko do bhAgoM meM bAMTA jAtA hai--1. loka-kathA sAhitya, 2. abhijAtya kathA-sAhitya / lokakathAoM meM loka-mAnasa, loka-jIvana Adi kI svAbhAvika abhivyakti rahatI hai| loka-kathAeM loka-bhASA meM nibaddha hone ke kAraNa tathA sAdhAraNa se sambandhita hone ke kAraNa logoM ko apanI ora zIghra hI AkRSTa kara letI haiN| inameM loka-tattvoM evaM vizvAsoM kA varNana hotA hai| abhijAtya kathAeM mizrita, susaMskRta tathA uccastarIya samAja se sambandhita hotI haiN| ye na to janasAmAnya se sambandhita hotI haiM na hI jana-bhASA meM nibaddha hotI haiM / ye pariSkRta bhASA meM likhI jAtI haiM / saMskRta bhASA meM nibaddha kathAeM abhijAtya varga se sambandha rakhatI haiN| inameM janasAdhAraNa kA citraNa nahIM hotaa| prAkata kathAeM loka-kathAoM meM AtI haiN| inakI bhASA jana-bhASA hai| inake pAtra samAja ke madhyama yA nimnavargIya haiN| ye janasAmAnya se jaDI haI haiN| inameM mAnava ko apane hI prayatnoM se siddha banane kI preraNA dI gaI hai| koI bhI vyakti eka bhava meM mukta nahIM hotaa| ata: inameM janma-janmAntaroM, acche-bure karmoM ke phala, Atma-zuddhi, vrata-sAdhanA, tapazcaraNa Adi kA citraNa kiyA gayA hai| makti prApta karane ke lie kaI janmoM taka prayatna karanA par3atA hai| vaira-virodha Adi kA phala janmAntaroM taka bhoganA par3atA hai| prAkRta Agama evaM TIkA-sAhitya meM mAtra kathAoM kA hI nahIM, apitu kathAoM ke svarUpa kA bhI nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| 'dazavakAlika' meM sAmAnya kathA ke bheda batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki "akahA kahA ya vikahA havijja purisaMtaraM ppp|" kathAeM tIna prakAra kI hotI haiM-akathA, kathA evaM vikathA / mithyAtva ke udaya se ajJAnI vyakti jisa kathA kA ullekha karatA hai vaha akathA hai| jisa kathA meM tapa, saMyama, dhyAna Adi kA nirUpaNa hotA hai vaha satkathA hai tathA jisameM pramAda, kaSAya, rAga-dveSa Adi samAja ko vikRta karane vAlI kathAeM hoM vaha vikathA hai / prAkRta sAhitya meM satkathA ko hI apanAyA gayA hai| prAkRta kathA-sAhitya ke vibhinna rUpoM ko dekhate hue ise varNya-viSaya, pAtra, zailI evaM bhASA kI dRSTi se aneka bhAgoM meM bAMTA gayA hai1. varNya viSaya kI dRSTi se-varNya viSaya kI dRSTi se dazavakAlika sUtra meM kathAoM ko cAra bhAgoM meM bAMTA gayA hai-- 'atthakahA kAmakahA dhammakahA ceva mIsiyA ya khaa| etto ekkekkAvi ya NegavihA hoi NAyavvA // " (gA. 118) arthAt arthakathA, kAmakathA, dharmakathA aura mizrita kathA-ina cAroM prakAroM kI kathAoM meM se pratyeka prakAra kI kathAoM ke aneka bheda haiN| samarAiccakahA meM bhI inhIM bhedoM ko mAnate hue kahA hai ____ "taM jahA-atthakahA, kAmakahA, dhammakahA saMkiNNa kahA y|" (pR02) jambUdIva paNNatti meM bhI kahA hai "atthakahA kAmakahA dhammakahA vaha ya sNkinnaa|" (jaMbU0pa0 u0 gA022) AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha
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________________ 2. pAtroM ke prakAroM kI dRSTi se - isa AdhAra para samarAiccakahA meM kathA ke tIna bheda karate hue kahA hai "divvaM divvamANusaM mANusaM c|" (pR02) arthAt divya, divyamAnuSa evaM mAnuSa ye tIna bheda haiN| lIlAvaIkahA meM bhI kahA hai "taM jaha-divvA taha divvamANusIM mANusIM thccey|" (gA0 35) 3. zailI ke AdhAra para-udyotana sUri ne kubalayamAlA kahA meM zailI ke AdhAra para kathA ke prakAroM ko abhivyakta karate hue kahA hai "tao puNa paMca khaao| taM jahA-sayalakahA, khaMDakahA, ullAvakahA, parihAsakahA / tahAvarA kahiyatti-saMkiNNakaha tti|" (pR0 4, anuccheda 7) arthAt sakala kathA, khaNDa kathA, ullApakathA, parihAsa kathA evaM saMkIrNa kthaa| 4. bhASA ke AdhAra para-lIlAvaIkahA meM bhASA ke AdhAra para sthUla rUpa se kathAoM ke saMskRta, prAkRta, mizra-ye tIna bheda batAe gae haiM : "aNNaM sakkaya-pAyaya-saMkiNNa-vihA suvnnnn-riyaao| suvvaMti mahA-kaipuMgavehi vivihAu sukhaau||" (gA0 36) isa prakAra prAkRta-kathA ke uparokta prakAra batAye gae haiN| prAkRta bhASA meM likhita kathA-sAhitya vistAra evaM guNa donoM dRSTiyoM se mahattvapUrNa hai| isameM kaI kathAeM nibaddha haiN| inakI saMkhyA itanI adhika hai ki eka sthAna para inakA saMkalana atyanta kaThina hI nahIM, asambhava-sA hai| prAkRta ke pramukha kathA-grantha Agama-sAhitya evaM TIkA-sAhitya meM prAkRta kathA-sAhitya prArambha ho cukA thA tathA usane apanA svarUpa bhI nizcita kara liyA thaa| yadyapi ye kathAeM viziSTa uddezya ko dhyAna meM rakhakara likhI gaIM kintu unameM kathA ke sabhI tattva prApta hote haiN| DaoN0 nemicanda zAstrI evaM DaoN. jagadIzacandra jaina ne apanI pustakoM meM isa para vistAra se prakAza DAlA hai| prAkRta kathA-sAhitya ke antargata aneka svataMtra grantha IsA kI prathama zatI se lekara Adhunika yuga taka likhe gae, jinheM tIna bhAgoM meM bAMTA gayA hai aura jinakA saMkSipta paricaya isa prakAra hai 1. haribhadrapUrva-yugIna svataMtra prAkRta-kathA-sAhitya isa sAhitya se hamArA abhiprAya usa kathA-sAhitya se hai jo haribhadra ke pUrva likhA gyaa| isakA samaya prathama zatAbdI se lekara AThavIM zatAbdI ke madhya kA hai| isa yuga ke pramukha grantha isa prakAra haiM (ka) taraMgavaI yaha eka prAcIna kRti hai / isake racayitA pAdalipta sUri haiM / yaha kathAgrantha Aja anupalabdha hai| isakA saMkSipta rUpa taraMgalolA ke nAma se prApta hotA hai| isakA samaya vikrama saMvat 151 se 216 ke madhya hai| (kha) vasudeva hiNDI-bhAratIya kathA-sAhitya meM hI nahIM vizva kathA-sAhitya meM bhI isakA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| yaha do khaNDoM meM vibhakta hai| prathama khaNDa ke racayitA saMghadAsa gaNi evaM dvitIya ke racayitA dharmadAsa gaNi haiM / isakA samaya tIsarI zatAbdI hai| 2. haribhadrayugIna prAkRta kathA-sAhitya ise pUrva se calI AtI kathA-paramparA kA saMghAta yuga bhI kahate haiM / isa yuga ke pramukha kathAkAra haribhadra haiM / inhoMne choTI-choTI racanAoM ke atirikta do vizAlakAya kathAgranthoM kI racanA bhI kI hai / isa yuga ke pramukha kathAgrantha nimna haiM-- (ka) samarAiccakahA- yaha dharma-kathA hai| isake racayitA haribhadra sUri haiM, jinakA samaya 730 se 830 IsvI mAnA jAtA hai| isameM samarAditya ke nau bhavoM kI kathA vaNita hai| (kha) dhUrtAkhyAna -isake racayitA bhI haribhadra sUri haiM / vyaMgya-pradhAna kathA-sAhitya meM yaha prathama kRti hai| isameM rAmAyaNa Adi kI asaMgata bAtoM para vyaMgya hai| (ga) lIlAvaIkahA-premAkhyAnaka AkhyAyikA meM isakA sthAna mahattvapUrNa hai| isake racanAkAra mahAkavi koahala haiN| isakA racanAkAla 8vIM zatAbdI hai| jaina sAhityAnuzIlana 16
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________________ 3. haribhadra uttarayugIna prAkRta-kathA-sAhitya haribhadra ke pazcAt prAkRta-kathA-sAhitya nirantara vikAsa ke mArga para bar3hatA gayA tathA nAnA rUpoM ko grahaNa kara samRddha rUpa meM pratiSThita huaa| isa yuga kI pramukha kRtiyAM nimna haiM (ka) kuvalayamAlAkahA-isakI racanA AcArya haribhadra ke ziSya udyotana sUri ne kii| inakA samaya 8vIM zatAbdI hai / yaha kathA sAhityika svarUpa kI dRSTi se campU vidhA ke antargata AtI hai, yadyapi yaha eka kathA-grantha hai| isameM pAMca kaSAyoM-kAma,krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha--ko pAtra rUpa meM upasthita kiyA gayA hai| (kha) nivvANa lIlAvaIkahA-jinezvara sUri ne isakI racanA vi0 saM0 1080 aura 1065 ke madhya kii| isakA mUla rUpa anupalabdha hai, saMskRta meM saMkSipta rUpa prApta hotA hai| (ga) kahAkosapagaraNa-isake racayitA bhI jinezvara sUri haiM jinhoMne vi0 saM0 1108 meM isakI racanA kii| (gha) saMvega raMgazAlA-jinezvara sUri ke ziSya jinacandra sUri isa kathA-grantha ke racayitA haiN| isakI racanA vi0 saM0 1125 meM kI gii| (Ga) NANapaMcamIkahA-vi0 saM0 1106 se pUrva mahezvara sUri ne isakI racanA kii| (ca) kahArayaNakosa- isa grantha kI racanA vi0 saM0 1158 meM kI gii| isake racayitA deva bhadrasUri yA guNacandra haiN| (cha) nammayA sundarIkahA-mahendrasUri ne vi0 saM0 1187 meM isakI racanA kii| (ja) kumAravAla vaDiboha-cAritrika niSThA ko jAgrata karane ke lie somaprabha sUri ne isa kathA-grantha kI racanA kii| isakA racanA-kAla vi0 saM0 1241 hai| (jha) AkhyAnamaNikosa- isameM laghu kathAoM kA saMkalana kiyA gayA hai| isake racayitA nemicanda sUri haiM / Amradeva sUri ne IsvI san 1134 meM isa para TIkA likhii| (a) jinadattAkhyAna-isake racanAkAra AcArya sumati sUri haiM jinhoMne isakI racanA vi0 saM0 1246 se pUrva kI / (Ta) sirisirivAlakahA- isake racayitA ratnazekhara sUri haiN| isakA racanA-kAla vi0 saM0 1428 hai| (Tha) rayaNaseharanivakahA-jinaharSa sUri ne cittaur3a meM vi0 saM01487 meM isakI racanA kii| yaha jAyasI ke padmAvata kA pUrva rUpa hai| isameM parva kI tithiyoM para kiye gaye dharma kA phala vaNita hai| (Da) mahivAlakahA-isake racayitA vIradeva gaNi ne isa kathA-grantha kI racanA 15vIM zatAbdI ke madhya meM kii| (Dha) pAiakahAsaMgaho--padmacandra sUri ke ajJAta nAmA ziSya ne isa grantha kI racanA kI, jisakA samaya vi0 saM0 1368 se pUrva kA hai| ina uparokta kathA-granthoM ke atirikta bhI kaI kathA-grantha prAkRta bhASA meM race gye| uparokta vivaraNa se spaSTa hai ki prAkRtakathA-sAhitya paryApta samRddha hai| yaha bhAratIya kathA-sAhitya ke itihAsa ke lie mahattvapUrNa kar3I hai| prAkRta-kathA-sAhitya kA mahattva racanAoM kI dRSTi se prAkRta kathA-sAhitya jitanA vizAla hai usameM zailI evaM viSaya-vaividhya bhI utanA hI hai| prAkRta-kathAsAhitya prAcIna sAmAjika, sAMskRtika, bhASA, kalA Adi kA eka akSaya koza hai jisameM bhASA, kalA, sAhitya, saMskRta, bhUgola Adi se sambandhita jo sAmagrI upalabdha hotI hai, vaha anyatra durlabha hai| jyoM-jyoM hama isa sAhitya kA manthana karate haiM tyoM-tyoM hameM isameM se eka se eka amUlya evaM alabhya ratnoM (sAmagrI) kI upalabdhi hotI hai| prAkRta-kathA-sAhitya kA mahattva saMkSipta rUpa se isa prakAra hai 1.premakathAoM ke vikAsa kA AdhAra-prAkata kathAoM se hI anya-saMskRta, apabhraza, hindI-bhASAoM meM prema-kathAoM kA vikAsa huaa| 'nAyAdhammakahAo' meM mallI kA eka AkhyAna milatA hai jisase cha: rAjakumAra prema karate haiN| 'taraMgavatI' premAkhyAnaka kAvya meM citra ke mAdhyama se premI kI prApti hotI hai| 'lIlAvaIka hA' bhI eka utkRSTa prema-kathA hai| 'rayaNaseharanivakahA' bhI eka sundara prema-kathA hai jo ki padmAvata kA pUrva rUpa hai| inake atirikta niyukti, TIkA, bhASya, cUNi Adi meM eka se eka sundara kathAeM nibaddha haiM jinake AdhAra para paMcataMtra ityAdi likhe gye| ina kathAoM meM prema kA udaya svapna-darzana, citra-darzana, rUpa-zravaNa, guNa-zravaNa Adi ke dvArA dikhAyA gayA hai| sAmAnyataH ina kathA-kAvyoM ke nAyaka evaM nAyikA uccavargIya na hokara madhyavargIya haiN| 2. campUkAvya ke svarUpa kA pratinidhi-gadya-padya mizrita kAvya ko campUkAvya kahate haiN| isameM bhAvoM kA nirUpaNa padya evaM vicAroM kA nirUpaNa gadya meM kiyA jAtA hai jinakA sambandha kramazaH hRdaya evaM mastiSka se hai| prAkRta-kathA-sAhitya kI adhikAMza kRtiyoM meM yaha guNa vidyamAna hai / prApta kathA-granthoM meM kathAoM ko prabhAvotpAdaka banAne ke lie kathAkAroM ne gadya meM padya evaM padya meM gadya kA mizraNa kiyA hai| AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha
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________________ saMskRta meM campU vidhA kA prArambha bhI prAkRta kathA-kAvyoM se mAnanA nyAyasaMgata hai kyoMki saMskRta meM madAlasA campU evaM nala campU ke pUrva koI bhI campU kAvya upalabdha nahIM hai| yadyapi daNDI ne campU kA ullekha kiyA hai kintu prAkRta meM daNDI se pUrva bhI gadya-padya mizrita kathAeM upalabdha hotI haiN| inakA adhyayana karane se jJAta hotA hai ki daNDI ne bhI campU kI paribhASA inhIM ke AdhAra para dI hai| taraMgavatI, samarAiccakahA, kuvalayamAlAkahA, kahAkosa pagaraNa, saMvega raMgazAlA, NANapaMcamIkahA, kahArayaNakosa, rayaNacUDArAyacariyaM, jinadattAkhyAna, rayaNaseharanivakahA Adi prAkRta kathAeM gadya-padya mizrita haiN| isase jJAta hotA hai ki campU kAvya kI dRSTi se bhI prAkRta-kathA-sAhitya mahattvapUrNa hai tathA saMskRta, apabhraza, hindI Adi anya bhASAoM ke lie upajIvya rahA hai| 3. pratIka kAvya kA mUla-pratIka kAvya kI dRSTi se prAkRta-kathA-sAhitya meM mahattvapUrNa sAmagrI prApta hotI hai| pratIka rUpa meM dhArmika zikSA prAkRta kathA kAvya kI hI dena hai| isameM kathA ke pAtra pratIka rUpa meM hote haiN| jaise 'kuvalayamAlAkahA~ ke pAtra krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha va moha haiN| ina cAra bhavoM kI kathA dvArA ina kaSAyoM ke duSpariNAmoM kA vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai| kahIM-kahIM kathA ke anta meM pratIkoM kI saiddhAntika vyAkhyA kI gaI hai jaise 'vasudevahiNDI' kA ibyputtkhaanng| isa prakAra jJAtA dharma kathA, sUtra kRtAMga, ThANAMga Adi Agama granthoM se lekara kuvalayamAlAkahA, vasudevahigaDI Adi kathA-kAvya pratIka-kAvya kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa haiM / inhIM ke AdhAra para pratIka kAvyoM kA vikAsa huaa| 4. vyaMgyapradhAna kAvya kA praNetA-vyaMgya-pradhAna kAvya prAkRta-kathA-sAhitya kI dena hai| prathama vyaMgyapradhAna kAvya dhUrtAkhyAna hai jisameM rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata, purANa Adi kI asambhava evaM avizvasanIya bAtoM para tIvra evaM tIkhA vyaMgya karate hue unakA pratyAkhyAna kiyA gayA hai| yaha prAkRta-kathA-sAhitya kI anupama kRti hai / isameM anAcAra para vyaMga kara sadAcAra kI ora mAnava ko pravRtta kiyA gayA hai| 5. lokatattva se samRddha sAhitya kA sambandha jana-sAdhAraNa se banA rahe, isake lie prAkRta kathAkAroM ne jo kucha bhI kahA hai, jana-sAdhAraNa se sambandhita hai evaM unhIM kI bhASA meM kahA hai| isIlie loka-kathA ke sabhI tattva isameM vidyamAna haiN| prAkRta kathAkAroM kA mUla uddezya jana-sAmAnya ke jIvana ko uttarottara UMcA uThAnA hai isIlie isameM loka-kathAoM ko pracura mAtrA meM grahaNa kiyA gayA hai| prArambha se hI prAkRta kathAoM meM loka-kathAoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| prAkRta kathA-sAhitya ko loka-kathAoM kA sAgara kahA jAya to koI atizayokti nahIM hogii| loka-kathAoM ke prasAra meM isakA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna hai| paizAcI bhASA meM guNADhya dvArA racita 'bRhatkathA' lokakathAoM kA vizvakoza hai| TIkA-yuga kI kathAoM meM loka-kathA ke tattva pracura parimANa meM milate haiM / 'Avazyaka cUNi' meM lAlaca burI balAya, paNDita kauna, caturAI kA mUlya, par3ho aura guno Adi kathAeM ; 'dazavakAlika cUNi' meM IrSyA mata karo, gIdar3a kI rAjanIti ityAdi kathAeM; 'vyavahAra bhASya' kI bhikhArI kA sapanA Adi kathAeM loka-kathAoM ke sundara namUne haiN| svataMtra prAkRta kathAoM meM bhI loka-kathAoM kA pracura mAtrA meM prayoga kiyA gayA hai jaise vasudevahiNDI meM zIlavatI, dhanazrI, vimalasenA Adi kI kthaaeN| isake atirikta taraMgavatI, samarAiccakahA, jJAnapaMcamI kahA, ratnazekhara kahA Adi kathA-sAhitya lokakathAoM se bharA par3A hai| 6. kathAnaka rUr3hiyAM--prAkRta-kathA-sAhitya kathAnaka rUr3hiyoM kI dRSTi se bhI samRddha hai| isameM kaI kathAnaka rUr3hiyoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / 'hindI sAhitya kA bRhat itihAsa' nAmaka pustaka meM prAkRta-kathA-sAhitya ke mahattva ko batalAte hue kahA gayA hai ki- "apabhraMza tathA prArambhika hindI ke prabandha kAvyoM meM prayukta kaI loka kathAtmaka rUr3hiyoM kA Adisrota prAkRta kathA sAhitya hI rahA hai / pRthvIrAja rAso Adi AdikAlIna hindI kAvyoM meM hI nahIM bAda ke sUphI premAkhyAnaka kAvyoM meM bhI ye lokakathAtmaka rUr3hiyAM vyavahRta huI haiM tathA ina kathAoM kA mUla srota kisI na kisI rUpa meM prAkRta-kathA-sAhitya meM vidyamAna hai|" kathAnaka rUr3hiyoM kA prayoga prAyaH sabhI prAkRta kathA-granthoM meM kiyA gayA hai| kucha kathAnakarUr3hiyAM draSTavya haiM jaise kAlpanika rUr3hiyAM, taMtra-maMtra sambandhI rUr3hiyAM, pazupakSI sambandhI rUr3hiyAM ityAdi / 7. kathAkalpa-prAkRta-kathA-sAhitya bhAratIya janatA ke pratyeka varga ke acAra-vicAra-vyavahAra kA yathArtha evaM vistAra se varNana karatA hai / kisI kathA kA nAyaka madhyamavargIya parivAra kA hai to kisI kA nimnvrgiiy| inameM jisa prakAra rAjA-mahArAjAoM kA varNana hai usI prakAra seTha-sAhakAra, juArI, cora ityAdi kA bhii| 8. pazu-pakSI kI kathAoM kA mUlAdhAra--sarvaprathama prAkRta-kathA-sAhitya meM pazu-pakSI-kathAeM prApta hotI haiN| Agama-yuga se hI prAkRta meM pazu-pakSI kathAeM milatI haiN| 'nAyAdhamma kahAo' meM kueM kA mer3haka, do kachue Adi kaI pazu-pakSI kathAeM haiM jinake mAdhyama se AcAra va dharma ke upadeza diye gaye haiM / niyuktiyoM, TIkAoM, bhASyoM Adi meM bhI pazu-pakSI kathAeM milatI haiM / taraMgavatI, ratnazekhara kathA, kahA-koza prakaraNa, kuvalayamAlAkahA Adi kathA granthoM meM pazu-pakSI sambandhI kathAeM grahaNa kI gaI haiN| DaoN0 e0 bI0 kItha ne 'saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa' nAmaka pustaka meM kahA hai ki "pazu kathA kSetra meM prAkRta kI pUrva sthiti ke pakSa kI puSTi meM aura bhI kama kahA jA sakatA hai|" jaina sAhityAnuzIlana
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________________ saMskRta-sAhitya meM pazu-pakSI kathAeM gupta sAmrAjya ke bAda racI gaI / ataH kahA jA sakatA hai ki paMcataMtra Adi meM pazu-pakSI kathAeM prAkRtakathA-sAhitya se hI grahaNa kI gaI haiN| 6. bhaugolika sAmagrI se bharapUra prAkRta-kathA-sAhitya meM bhaugolika jJAna kA bhaNDAra bharA par3A hai jisakA AdhAra jaina sAhitya hai| prAkRta-kathA-sAhitya meM jo bhaugolika ullekha prApta hote haiM unakA kSetra atyanta vyApaka hai| inameM bihAra, rAjasthAna, AsAma, mAlava, gurjaradeza, lATa, vatsa, sindha, saurASTra, mahilA rAjya Adi janapadoM kA ullekha hai| inake atirikta jambUdvIpa, cInadvIpa, siMhaladvIpa, svarNadvIpa, mahAkaTAha, svarNabhUmi, mahAvideha kSetra, ratnadvIpa Adi dvIpoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| nagaroM meM ayodhyA, vArANasI, prabhAsa, hastinApura, rAjagaha, mithilA, pATaliputra, pratiSThAna Adi kA ullekha kuvalayamAlAkahA meM prApta hotA hai| kuvalayamAlAkahA bhaugolika sAhitya kA mahattvapUrNa grantha hai| inake atirikta aTavI, vRkSa, parvata Adi ke ullekha bhI prApta hote haiN| samarAdityakathA, dhUrtAkhyAna, narmadAsundarI kathA, vasudeva hiNDI Adi kathA-granthoM meM pracura mAtrA meM bhaugolika sAmagrI prApta hotI hai| 10. sAMskRtika mahattva-tatkAlIna rAjatantra evaM zAsana-vyavasthA kI jAnakArI ke lie prAkRta-kathA-sAhitya mahattvapUrNa hai| rAjA kA cunAva, mantrI pariSad kA cunAva, zAsana-vyavasthA, uttarAdhikAra Adi kA vistRta varNana prAkRta-kathA-sAhitya meM prApta hotA hai| samasta rAja-kArya mantrI-maNDala kI sahAyatA se hotA thaa| deza va nagara kI surakSA ke lie mahAsenApati evaM senA kI vyavasthA hotI thii| inake atirikta mahA-purohita, kanyA antaHpura pAlaka, antaHpura mahattarikA Adi rAja karmacAriyoM kI niyukti hotI thii| rAja-sabhA meM bar3e-bar3e vidvAnoM ko sthAna prApta thaa| dUsare deza ke AkramaNa se surakSA ke lie senA ko vibhinna zastrAstroM-asi, kattiya, karavAla Adiko calAne kI pUrNa zikSA dI jAtI thii| kuvalayamAlAkahA, samarAdityakathA Adi kathA-granthoM meM tatkAlIna yuddha-praNAlI, zAsana-vyavasthA Adi para vistAra se prakAza DAlA gayA hai| janatA kI surakSA kA pUrA dhyAna rakhanA rAjA kA kartavya thaa| aparAdhiyoM ko kaThora daNDa diyA jAtA thA / samarAditya kathA meM cora kI sajA kA ullekha hai jisase jJAta hotA hai ki cora ke zarIra para kAlikha lagAkara DiDimanAda ke sAtha tathA ghoSaNA karate hue vadhya-sthala kI ora le jAyA jAtA thaa| 11. sAmAjika jIvana-prAkRta kathAoM meM prAya: madhyamavargIya pAtroM ke jIvana ko prastuta kiyA gayA hai| prAkRta-kathA-sAhitya meM prAyaH saMyukta parivAroM kA hI citraNa prApta hotA hai| parivAra ke sabhI sadasya sAtha rahate the| striyAM gRhakArya karatI thiiN| garIba evaM madhyamavargIya parivAroM ke sajIva aura yathArtha abhAvoM, kaThinAiyoM Adi kA jaisA citraNa prAkRta-kathA-sAhitya meM hai vaisA anyatra durlabha hai| jJAnapaMcamI kathA meM bhI daridra vyakti kI duHkhI avasthA kA varNana kiyA gayA hai "goTThI bisuTTha miTThA dAliddaviDaMbiyANa loehi / vajjijjai dUreNaM susalilacaMDAla kUvaM va // " jisakI bAta bahuta madhura ho lekina jo daridratA kI viDambanA se grasta hai, aise puruSa kA loga dUra se hI tyAga kara dete haiM, jaise mIThe jala vAlA cANDAla kA kuAM dUra se varjanIya hotA hai| 'kahArayaNakosa' meM bhI daridra vyakti kI mArmika sthiti kA citra khIMcA gayA hai "parigalai maI mailijjai jaso nA'daraMti sayaNAvi / AlassaM ca payaTTai viSphurai maNammi raNaraNao // uccharai aNucchAho pasarai savvaMgio mhaadaaho| kiM kiM va na hoi duhaM atyavihINassa purisassa // ' dhana ke abhAva meM mati bhraSTa ho jAtI hai, yaza malina ho jAtA hai, svajana bhI Adara nahIM karate, Alasya Ane lagatA hai, mana udvigna ho jAtA hai, kAma meM utsAha nahIM rahatA, samasta aMga meM mahAdAha utpanna ho jAtA hai / arthavihIna puruSa ko kauna-sA du:kha nahIM hotA? kanyAoM kA vivAha mAtA-pitA kI icchA evaM svayaMvara ke mAdhyama se kiyA jAtA thaa| bara-kanyA ke yogya saMyoga ko hI mahattva diyA jAtA thA / ratnazekharakathA meM isakA vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai| inake atirikta prAkRta-kathA-sAhitya putra-janma, vivAha, dhArmika anuSThAna Adi rIti-rivAjoM evaM basantotsava, rAjyAbhiSekotsava Adi parva-utsavoM ke varNanoM se bharA par3A hai| kuvalayamAlAkahA, prAkRtakathA saMgraha, samarAiccakahA, kathAkoza prakaraNa, prAkRta kathAkoza Adi kathA-granthoM meM sAmAjika jIvana, rIti-rivAja Adi kA vistRta varNana hai| 12. dharma ke vibhinna AyAma-prAkRta-kathA-sAhitya dhArmika dRSTi se bhI atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| pratyeka kathA dhArmika kathA hai| jaina dharma ke atirikta anya dharmoM ke tattvoM kA bhI inameM samAveza kiyA gayA hai| dhArmika zikSA kathAoM ke mAdhyama se dI gaI hai jisase AbAlavRddha sabhI dharmoM ke svarUpa va siddhAntoM ko jAna sakeM tathA unakA prayoga kara skeN| 102 AcAryaratna zrI dazabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha
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________________ prAkRta kathA saMgraha meM karma kI pradhAnatA batAte hue kahA hai "ahavA na dAyanvo doso kassavi keNa kiyaavi| puvajjiyakammAo havaMti jaM sukkhadukkhAI // " athavA kisI ko kabhI bhI doSa nahIM denA cAhie, pUrvopAjita karma se hI sukha-duHkha hote haiN| isI prakAra anya kathAoM meM bhI bhinna-bhinna kathAoM ke mAdhyama se dhArmika siddhAnta, darzana, karmaphala, punarjanma Adi ke bAre meM vistAra se batAyA gayA hai / taraMgavatI,vasudeva hiNDI, samarAditya kathA, kuvalayamAlA kathA,rayaNaseharIkahA, jJAna paMcamI kathA Adi sabhI kathAgrantha dhArmika haiM tathA jaina dharma ke mUlabhata siddhAntoM se bharapUra haiN| prAkRta kathA sAhitya ke AdhAra para hI anya dharmoM meM bhI dhAmika zikSA kathAoM ke mAdhyama se dI gaI hai| vibhinna bhAratIya darzanoM kA ullekha bhI isa kathA-sAhitya meM huA hai jaise bauddha, cArvAka, sAMkhya, yoga, mImAMsA, nyAya Adi darzanoM ke svarUpa va siddhAntoM kA vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai| jaise ratnazekhara kathA meM yoga ke svarUpa para prakAza DAlA hai| jaina darzana kI sAmagrI pracura mAtrA meM isa sAhitya meM upalabdha hotI hai| jaise--sAta tattva, anekAntavAda, syAdvAda, aSTakarma Adi jaina darzana ke pramukha siddhAntoM kA vistAra se ullekha kiyA hai| 13. zikSA-jIvana ke hara kSetra meM zikSA kI AvazyakatA hai / zikSA ke binA koI bhI kArya sahI DhaMga se nahIM ho paataa| prAkata kathAoM meM bhI sthAna-sthAna para zikSA kI paddhati, viSaya Adi kA ullekha upalabdha hotA hai| strI va puruSoM ke lie zikSA kI pUrNa vyavasthA thii| usa samaya sahazikSA paddhati thii| lar3ake-lar3akiyA~ sAtha-sAtha par3hate the| zikSA maTha, gurukula Adi meM dI jAtI thii| kuvalayamAlAkahA meM isakA vistRta varNana prApta hotA hai| isameM batAyA hai ki vidyArthiyoM ko vyAkaraNa-zAstra, darzana-zAstra Adi sabhI viziSTa kalAoM evaM zAstroM kI zikSA dI jAtI thii| jyotiSa-zAstra, svapna vidyA, sAmudrika-vidyA, nimittazAstra kI zikSA bhI dI jAtI thI tathA aise ullekha bhI prApta hote haiM jinase jJAta hotA hai ki bAhara se bhI vidyArthI vidyAdhyayana ke lie Ate the| isake atirikta samarAditya kathA tathA anya kathA-kAvyoM meM bhI zikSA ke sAdhanoM, viSayoM Adi kA vistRta varNana prApta hotA hai| jJAna paMcamI kathA meM pustakoM ke mahattva ko vaNita kiyA hai| 14. bhASA--bhASA vicAroM ke AdAna-pradAna kA sAdhana hai| isake mAdhyama se hama apane vicAroM ko likha yA bolakara dUsaroM para prakaTa kara sakate haiN| prAkRta jaina sAhitya meM saMskRta, apabhraMza, purAnI hindI, purAnI gujarAtI Adi ke zabda evaM uddharaNa sthAna-sthAna para prApta hote haiN| kuvalayamAlAkahA meM 18 dezoM kI boliyoM evaM bhASAoM kA prayoga vyApAriyoM kI bAtacIta ke prasaMga meM kiyA gayA hai| inake atirikta dravir3a bhASA, dakSiNI bhAratIya bhASA, rAkSasI evaM mizra bhASA Adi ke svarUpoM Adi kA ullekha bhI kathA meM kiyA gayA hai| kuvalayamAlA meM lagabhaga 250 zabda aise prayukta kiye gaye haiM jo ki bilkula navIna haiM tathA zabdakoza ke lie upayogI haiN| isa kathA ke atirikta samarA iccakahA, vasudeva hiNDI Adi kathA-grantha bhASA kI dRSTi se atyanta mahattvapUrNa grantha haiM / yadi prAkRta, saMskRta Adi bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kiyA jAya to patA calegA ki prAkRta zabda hI saMskRta, apabhraMza Adi meM jAkara kitanA badala jAtA hai| zabdoM ke artha-parivartana ko samajhane ke lie ye kathAeM mahattvapUrNa haiM / dezI zabdoM ke prayoga kA bhI bAhulya hai| yaha sAhitya lokoktiyoM, muhAvaroM, kahAvatoM, sUktiyoM Adi se samRddha hai / jJAnapaMcamI kathA meM prayukta lokokti dekhiye __"hatthaThiyaM kaMkaNayaM ko bhaNa joeha aarise|" kahAvatoM kA eka udAharaNa dekhiye "marai guDeNaM ciya tassa visaM dijjae ki v|" sUktiyoM kA AkhyAnamaNi koza meM eka udAharaNa dRSTavya hai--- "kira kassa thirA lacchI, kassa jae sAsayaM pie pemma / kassa va niccaM jIyaM, bhaNa ko va Na khaMDio vihinnaa||" (gA0 552) 15. samudra-yAtrA evaM vANijya-prAkRta-kathA-sAhitya meM samudra-yAtrAoM evaM vANijya kA vistRta varNana prApta hotA hai| prAkRta kathA ke pAtra adhikAMzataH madhyamavargIya tathA seTha-sAhUkAra Adi haiM jinakA vyApAra dezAntaroM taka phailA huA thaa| vyApArI loga samudra-mArga se svarNadvIpa, siMhala dvIpa Adi sthAnoM para jAte the tathA vyApAra karate the evaM vipula dhana kamAkara lAte the| samarAiccakahA, kuvalayamAlAkahA, nammayAsundarIkahA, NANa-paMcamIkahA, kahArayaNakosa Adi kathAoM meM samudra-yAtrA evaM vANijya kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| jaina sAhityAnuzIlana
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________________ isake atirikta dhanopArjana ke anya aneka sAdhanoM kA varNana isa sAhitya meM kiyA gayA hai / usa samaya vyakti juA, corI, gAMTha kATakara ThagI karake bhI dhanArjana karate the, kintu yaha acchA nahIM mAnA jAtA thaa| kuvalayamAlAkahA meM nirdoSa dhana-prApti kA upAya batAte hue kahA hai "atthassa puNa uvAyA disigamaNaM hoi nimittakaraNaM ca / Naravara sevA kusalattaNaM ca mANappamANesu // dhAtuvAo maMtaM ca devayArAhaNaM ca kesi c| sAyarataraNaM taha rohaNammi khaNaNaM vaNijjaM ca // NANAvihaM ca karma vijjAsippAI yruuvaaii| atthassa sahayAI aNidiyAiM ca eyaaii||" dizAgamana, dUsaroM se mitratA karanA, rAjA kI sevA, mAnapramANoM meM kuzalatA, dhAtuvAda, mantra, devatA kI ArAdhanA, samudra-yAtrA, pahAr3a khodanA, vANijya tathA aneka prakAra ke karma, vidhA aura zilpa-ye arthotpatti ke nirdoSa sAdhana haiN| dhana-prApti ke lie vyakti paradeza meM nIca karma bhI kara letA thA kyoMki vahAM svajana na hone se lajjA nahIM AtI thI "ucca nIyaM kammaM kIrai desaMtare dhaNanimittaM / sahavaDhiyANa majne lajjijjai nIyakammeNa // " / (nammayA0 gA0664) inake atirikta dhAtuvAda evaM rasa-vidyA dvArA bhI arthopArjana kiyA jAtA thaa| 16. roga evaM pratIkAra-roga evaM upacAra kA prAkRta-kathA-sAhitya meM pracura mAtrA meM ullekha milatA hai| samarAiccakahA meM zirokathA, kuSTha visUcikA, mUrchA, mAri, timira, badhiratA Adi rogoM kA ullekha hai / zirovyathA rAjagharAnoM kA pracalita roga thaa| guNasena kI zirokathA ke varNana meM kahA hai-vaidya cikitsA zAstroM ko dekha rahe the tathA vicitra ratnalepa lagAye jA rahe the| rogoM ke upacAra ke lie ArogyamaNi kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| carma rogoM ko dUra karane ke lie sahasrapAka kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| kuvalayamAlA meM sarpa kA viSa utArane ke lie nAbhi meM rAkha ragar3anA, bAIM ora ke nathune meM cAra aMgula kI DorI phirAnA, mastaka tAr3ita karanA Adi upAya batAye gae haiN| isI taraha prAkRta-kathA-sAhitya meM arisA, akSiroga, udararoga, jalodara, bhagaMdara, sarpadaMza Adi rogoM kA ullekha tathA inake lakSaNoM kA bhI varNana milatA hai| rogoM ke upacAra ke lie virecana, vibhinna auSadhiyoM Adi kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| rayaNaseharakahA meM dAhajvara ke upacAra ke lie ucita jala-pAna kA ullekha hai| inake atirikta anya kathAoM meM isa viSaya kI pracura sAmagrI prApta hotI hai| 17. kalA-prAkRta-kathA-sAhitya kA sthAna kalA kI dRSTi se atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| isameM mRdaMga, vINA, veNu, jhallarI, Damaruka, zaMkha, mRdaMga, tAla, DhakkA, tUra Adi vAditroM kA varNana pAyA jAtA hai / saMgIta kalA kI taraha hI citrakalA, sthApatyakalA, mUrtikalA Adi laukika kalAoM kI dRSTi se bhI yaha sAhitya mahattvapUrNa hai| kuvalayamAlAkahA, samarAiccakahA Adi prAkRta kathAkAvyoM meM kalAsAmagrI atyadhika mAtrA meM milatI hai| prAkRta jaina kathAoM kA dezATana mAnava ke AvAgamana ke sAdhanoM kA jaise-jaise vikAsa hotA gayA, vaise-vaise kathA-sAhitya bhI eka deza se dUsare deza meM pahuMcatA gyaa| jaina AcArya bhI upadeza dene eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna para jAte the tathA usa sthAna kI bhASA meM hI upadeza dete the jisase kathAeM sabhI sthAnoM para jAne lagI tathA zrotA unheM zravaNa kara apane anusAra anya logoM se kahane lage jisase ye kathAeM alaga-alaga bhASAoM meM anUdita hotI gaIM aura isI prakAra dezATana karatI huI videzoM meM bhI pahuMcI jahAM unakA svAgata kiyA gayA tathA vahAM svarUpa badala die jAne para bhI unakA mUla bhAva jyoM kA tyoM rahA / eka hI kathA ne bhinna-bhinna nAma evaM rUpa grahaNa kara liye| kaI kathAeM jarmana, phreMca Adi bhASAoM meM anUdita huii| meksamUlara evaM harTale ne apane adhyayanoM ke mAdhyama se yaha siddha kara diyA hai ki bhAratIya kathA sAhitya kA yaha pravAha niraMtara pAzcAtya dezoM kI ora pravAhita rahA hai| suprasiddha yUropIya vidvAn zrI sI0 eca0 TAna ne apane grantha 'TrejarI oNpha sTorIz2a' kI bhUmikA meM svIkAra kiyA hai ki jainoM ke kathAkoSoM meM saMgrahIta kathAoM evaM yUropIya kathAoM meM atyanta nikaTa sAmya hai| pUrva madhya kAla meM hI aneka jaina kathAeM bhArata ke pazcimI taTa se araba pahuMcIM, vahAM se IrAna, IrAna se yUropa / aneka prAkRta jaina kathAoM ko tibbata, hinda eziyA, rUsa, yUnAna, sisalI va iTalI ke tathA yahUdiyoM ke sAhitya kI akhila bhAratIya saMskRti kA pratIka mAnA jAnA cAhie aura yathArthataH hai bhI yahI / zrI TAne, balhara, lyUmena, tissitauri, jekobI Adi aneka yUropIya prAcyavidoM ne jaina prAkRta kathA 1.4 AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha
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________________ sAhitya ke kSetra meM mahattvapUrNa gaveSaNAeM kI haiN| vizva loka kathA sAhitya ke parizIlana se jJAta hotA hai ki aneka prAkRta jaina kathAeM sAgarapAra videzoM meM gaI tathA vahAM kI mAnyatAoM ke anurUpa vezabhUSA dhAraNa kara upasthita huIM kintu apanI AtmA jyoM kI tyoM rkhii| isa prakAra agara tulanAtmaka adhyayana kiyA jAya to hajAroM prAkRta jaina kathAeM upalabdha hoMgI jo sAmAnya parivartana ke sAtha pAzcAtya kathA - sAhitya meM gumphita haiN| subhASitoM se bharapUra prAkRta-kathA-sAhitya meM subhASitoM kA vizAla bhaNDAra bharA par3A hai| isameM paga-paga para eka se eka bar3hakara sundara subhASita bikhare milate haiN| vasudevahiNDI meM kahA gayA hai ki viSayoM se virakta vyakti sukha prApta karatA hai vaha sukhI hotA hai| -agni se prajvalita ulkA kI bhAMti aura bhujaMgI se yukta puSpita latA kI bhAMti jo paNDita kAmavartinI kA tyAga karatA hai kathAko prakaraNa meM prayukta subhASita dekhiye "ukkAmiva joimAliNi, sumuyaMgAyiva pulphiyaM lataM / vibudho jo kAmavarttAiNa, muyaI so suhio bhavissai // " - jisa strI ke anurUpa guNa-yauvana vAlA puruSa nahIM hai usake jIne se kyA lAbha ? use to mRtaka hI samajhanA cAhie / NAgapaMcamIkahA kI prathama jayasena kathA meM prayukta subhASita naitika AdarzoM kA khajAnA "aNuruvaguNaM aNuruvajonvaNaM mANusaM na jassatthi / ki teNa jiyaMteNa pi mAni navaraM mao eso // " --aneka patnI vAle sarvaguNa sampanna cakravartI rAjA kI apekSA guNa-vihIna eka patnI vAlA kisAna kahIM zreSTha hai| AkhyAna maNikoSa meM prayukta subhASita bari hasio viha bhattA anannabhajjo guNehi rahio vi saguNo bahubhajjo jai rAyA cakkavaTTI vi // " mA ---yadi dharma bahuta nahIM kara sakate ho to thor3A-thor3A kro| mahAnadiyoM ko dekho, bUMda-bUMda kara samudra bana jAtA hai / isI taraha kumArapAla pratibodha, jinadattAkhyAna, rayanaseharakahA Adi kathA-granthoM meM subhASitoM kA koSa bharA par3A hai| "yevaM devaM dhammaM kareha jar3a tA vaha na sakkeha / peccha mahAnaIo vihi samudbhUyAo // " prAkRta-kathA-sAhitya upadezAtmaka tathA nIti pradhAna hai| isameM sthAna-sthAna para nIti, sadAcAra Adi se saMbaMdhita upadeza milatA hai tathA yaha sAhitya naitika AdarzoM se bharapUra hai| isameM svahita ke sthAna para sarvabhUtahitAya kI bhAvanA milatI hai tathA hiMsA, corI Adi se virati sabako samAna samajhanA Adi naitika AdarzoM kA upadeza prApta hotA hai| ina sabhI naitika AdarzoM kA upadeza kathAkAra ne svayaM na dekara pAtroM ke AcaraNa, jIvana ke utAra-car3hAva Adi ke mAdhyama se diyA hai| jaina sAhityAnuzIlana nAgapaMcamIkahA se udbhuta eka nIti gAthA dekhie (1/75) -samasta bandhanoM kA kAraNa sneha hai| snehAdhikya se hI lajjA naSTa ho jAtI hai, snehAtireka hI durgati kA mUla hai aura snehAdhIna hone se hI manuSya ko pratidina duHkha prApta hotA hai| prAkRta kathA saMgraha meM bhI kahA hai "neho baMdhagataM neho sajjAinAsajI paayo| nehI dogaimUlaM padaviyahaM dukkhaho neho // " "nIyajaNeNa mitI kAyavvA neva puriseNa / " - sajjana puruSoM ke dvArA nIca vyakti ke sAtha mitratA nahIM kI jAnI caahie| "mahilAe vissAo kAyavvo neva kaiyA vi / " -mahilAoM kA vizvAsa kabhI nahIM karanA cAhie / 105
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________________ isI prakAra kuvalayamAlA, rayaNaseharakahA AkhyAna, maNikoSa Adi kathA-kAvya ahiMsA, acaurya, sajjana-saMgati Adi naitika AdarzoM se bharapUra haiN| isa prakAra bhAratIya saMskRti evaM sabhyatA, sAmAjika evaM naitika jIvana Adi kA vAstavika evaM sahI jJAna prApta karane ke lie varNana prAkRta kathAoM meM milatA hai utanA anyatra durlabha hai| upadezAtmaka hote hue bhI kalA kA atyadhika samAveza hai| mAnava-vizvAsa, devIdevatA, veza-bhUSA,vyavasAya Adi kA vizuddha citraNa ina kathAoM meM hI milatA hai| inameM jaina loka saMskRti ke virakti, karuNA, udAratA, sevA Adi ke madhura svara dhvanita hote haiN| ye prAkRta kathAeM bhUta ko vartamAna se jor3atI huI sIdhA upadeza nahIM detIM balki kathAnaka svayaM hI isa prakAra spaSTa hai ki prAkRta kathA-sAhitya hara dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hai tathA yaha sAhitya anya bhASAoM ke sAhitya ke lie upajIvya rahA hai / prAkRta kathAoM ke mahattva ko svIkAra karate hue viNTaranitsa ne 'e hisTrI Apha iNDiyana liTrecara' meM kahA hai- "janoM kA kathA sAhitya sacamuca vizAla hai| isakA mahattva kevala tulanAtmaka parikathA sAhitya ke vidyArthI ke lie hI nahIM hai, balki sAhitya kI anya zAkhAoM kI apekSA hameM isameM jana sAdhAraNa ke vAstavika jIvana kI jhAMkiyAM milatI haiN| jisa prakAra ina kathAoM kI bhASA aura janatA kI bhASA meM sAmya hai, usI prakAra unakA varNya viSaya bhI vibhinna vargoM ke vAstavika jIvana kA citra hamAre sAmane upasthita karatA hai| kevala rAjAoM aura purohitoM kA jIvana hI usa kathA sAhitya meM citrita nahIM hai apitu sAdhAraNa vyaktiyoM kA jIvana bhI aMkita hai|" pro0 harTale ne 'Ana dI liTrecara Apha dI zvetAmbarAja oNpha gujarAta' nAmaka pustaka meM kahA hai- "kahAnI kahane kI kalA kI viziSTatA jaina kahAniyoM meM pAI jAtI hai| ye kahAniyAM bhArata ke bhinna-bhinna varga ke logoM ke rasma-rivAja ko pUrI saccAI ke sAtha abhivyakta karatI haiM / ye kahAniyAM jana sAdhAraNa kI zikSA kA udgama sthAna hI nahIM hai varan bhAratIya sabhyatA kA itihAsa bhI haiN|" isa prakAra uparokta vivaraNa, vidvAnoM ke vicAroM tathA prAkRta-jaina-kathA-sAhitya ke videzoM meM pracAra-prasAra ko dekhane se jJAta hotA hai ki prAkRta-jaina-kathA-sAhitya ne bhArata meM hI nahIM apitu videzoM meM bhI apanA gauravapUrNa sthAna banAyA hai| isane bhAratIya sAhitya, saMskRti, sabhyatA Adi ko hI prabhAvita nahIM kiyA hai balki videzI sAhitya, saMskRti, sabhyatA Adi ko bhI prabhAvita kiyA hai tathA yaha mAtra bhAratIya sAhitya kA hI nahIM, apitu pAzcAtya-sAhitya kA bhI upajIvya rahA hai| isa deza kI bhASAgata unnati ke bhI jaina muni sahAyaka rahe haiM / brAhmaNa apane dharmagrantha saMskRta meM aura bauddha pAli meM likhate the, kintu, jaina-muniyoM ne prAkRta kI aneka rUpoM kA upayoga kiyA aura pratyeka kAla evaM pratyeka kSetra meM jaba jo bhASA cAlU thI, jainoM ne usI ke mAdhmama se apanA pracAra kiyA / isa prakAra, prAkRta se aneka rUpoM kI unhoMne sevA kii| mahAvIra ne ardha-mAgadhI ko isalie cunA thA ki mAgadhI aura zaura senI, donoM bhASAoM ke loga unakA upadeza samajha skeN| bAda ko, ye upadeza likha bhI liye gae aura unhIM ke lekhana meM hama ardha-mAgadhI bhASA pracalita thI usameM jainoM kA vizAla sAhitya hai jise apabhraMza sAhitya kahate haiN| bhArata kI bhASAoM meM eka ora to prAcIna bhASAeM, saMskRta aura prAkRta haiM tathA dUsarI ora, Aja kI desh-bhaassaaeN| apabhraMza bhASA ina donoM bhASA-samUhoM ke bIca kI kar3I hai| isalie, bhArata ke bhASA-viSayaka adhyayana kI dRSTi se apabhraza kA bar3A mahattva hai| jaina vidvAnoM ne saMskRta kI bhI kAphI sevA kii| saMskRta meM bhI jainoM ke likhe aneka grantha haiM jinameM se kucha to kAvya aura varNana haiM tathA kucha darzana ke saMbaMdha meM / vyAkaraNa, chandazAstra, koSa aura gaNita para bhI saMskRta meM jainAcAryoM ke grantha milate haiN| -zrI rAmadhArI siMha dinakara saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya, pR0 121 se uddhRta 106 AcAryaratna zrI deza bhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha