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________________ prAkRta bhASA : eka avicchinna dhArA ___DaoN0 kamalezakumAra jaina bhASAvaijJAnikoM ne prAkRta bhASA ko bhAropIya parivAra kI madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM ( 500 I0 pU0 se 1000 I0 taka ) ke antargata svIkAra kiyA hai| isa bhASA kA apanA vizeSa mahattva hai, kyoMki isake samucita jJAna ke abhAva meM anya kisI prAcIna athavA arvAcIna bhAratIya bhASA ke sAhitya kA samucita jJAna evaM Ananda prApta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| prAkRta bhASA ke udbhava evaM vikAsa ko lekara vidvAnoM meM paryApta vaimatya hai| saMskRta ke vidvAn prAkRta kI utpatti saMskRta se mAnakara saMskRta kI prAcInatA athavA zreSThatA siddha karate haiN| prAkRta bhASA ke mUla ke viSaya meM ve prAkRta-vaiyAkaraNoM dvArA prastuta vyutpattiyoM ko sAkSya banAte haiN| prAkRta-vaiyAkaraNoM ne prAkRta kI vyutpatti karate samaya prAkRta kA mUla saMskRta ko batalAyA hai| AcArya hemacandra prAkRta kI vyutpatti karate huye likhate haiM --"prakRtiH saMskRtaM tatra bhavaM tata AgataM vA prAkRtam'' arthAt prakRti saMskRta hai aura usase utpanna athavA AyI huI bhASA prAkRta hai| isI prakAra vAgbhaTAlaMkAra ke eka padya kI vyAkhyA karate huye siMhadevagaNi ne likhA hai ki-"prakRteH saMskRtAd AgataM prAkRtam"3 arthAt prakRti saMskRta hai aura usase AyI huI bhASA prAkRta hai| prAkRta kI saMskRtamUlaka ukta vyutpattiyoM kA vAstavika mantavya samajhe binA yaha mata vyakta kiyA jAtA hai ki prAkRta kA mUla saMskRta hai aura usI se prAkRta bhASA kA vikAsa huA hai| ataH yahA~ yaha vicAraNIya hai ki prAkRta kA mUla kyA hai tathA isa sandarbha meM prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM kI vyutpattiyA~ kahA~ taka tarkasaMgata haiN| 1. siddhahemazabdAnuzAsana, 1/1 vRtti / 2. saMskRtaM svargiNAM bhASA zabdazAstreSu nizcitA / prAkRtaM tajjatattulyadezyAdikamanekadhA / / ----vAgbhaTAlaMkAra ( siMhadevagaNikRta TIkA sahita ), hindI TIkAkAra-DaoN0 satyavratasiMha, caukhaMbA vidyAbhavana, cauka, vArANasI-1, san 1657, 2/2 / 3. vahI, 2/2 vRtti ( siMhadevagaNikRta ) / parisaMvAda-4
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________________ 258 jainavidyA evaM prAkRta : antarazAstrIya adhyayana prAkRta bhASA kA artha hai-jana sAdhAraNa ke bolacAla kI bhASA / ataH isa bolacAla kI prAkRta ko dezabhASA kahanA adhika upayukta hogaa| sAmAnya rUpa se vicAra karane para jJAta hotA hai ki prAkRta bhASA kA bolacAla ke rUpa meM prayukta prathama rUpa zuddha bolI kA rUpa thA, jise hama cAheM to suvidhA kI dRSTi se prAkRta bolI bhI kaha sakate haiN| isI kA vikasita rUpa Age calakara do dhArAoM meM vibhakta dikhAI detA hai-prathama vaha rUpa jo prAkRta bolI se vyAkaraNa vihIna kAvya racanA meM prayukta huA hai, aura dUsarA rUpa vaha jo prAkRta bhASA ke tatkAlIna vikasita rUpa ko dRSTigata rakhakara prAkRta-vaiyAkaraNoM dvArA vyAkaraNa ke kaThora niyamoM se jakar3a diyA gayA hai / yahI uttarakAlIna vyAkaraNa sammata rUpa sAhityika prAkRta ke rUpa meM sAmane AyA / isa uttarakAla meM jina prAkRta-granthoM kI racanA huI unakA AdhAra prAkRta vyAkaraNa sammata thaa| isa prakAra kI racanAoM ke udAharaNa ke rUpa meM udyotanasUri kI prAkRta racanA kuvalayamAlAkahA ( 779 I0 ) ko prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai| yaha sAhityika bhASA, vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM meM baddha hone ke kAraNa kramazaH kliSTa hotI gaI aura usakA vaha rUpa na rahA jo prArambha meM jana sAdhAraNa kI bolI ke rUpa meM vikasita huA thaa| ataH ise eka navIna nAma sAhityika prAkRta diyA gyaa| ise saMskRta prAkata, parimArjita prAkata athavA pariSkRta prAkRta bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| yahA~ yaha dhyAtavya hai ki isa pariSkRta prAkRta kA prayoga kAvya racanA meM to hone lagA, kintu jo bolacAla kI bhASA thI, vaha vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM meM baddha na ho sakI aura vaha apane nitya navIna rUpa meM satata vikasita hotI rahI, pravahamAna hotI rhii| prAkRta bhASA kA yaha rUpa Rgveda kAla se bhI pUrva pracalita janabolI kA vikasita rUpa hai, jo aneka thaper3oM se gujarakara apane isa vikasita rUpa ko prApta ho sakA hai| ataH yaha sahaja hI kahA jA sakatA hai ki vaidika saMskRta aura prAkRta kI jananI, vaidika kAla se pUrva pracalita eka janabolI thii| isaliye DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI ne saMskRta aura prAkRta ke madhya kArya-kAraNa athavA janya-janakabhAva ko asvIkAra karate huye jo donoM bhASAoM ko sahodarA kahA hai vaha yathArtha hai| paravartI kAla meM kucha viziSTa logoM ne vaidika saMskRta ko devabhASA ke rUpa meM pratiSThA pradAna kI aura use apane mUla rUpa meM surakSita rakhane ke liye aneka Thosa 4. dekhie -prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa, tArA pablikezansa, kamacchA, vArANasI, 1966, pRSTha 13 / parisaMvAda-4
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________________ prAkRta bhASA : eka avicchinna dhArA prayatna kiye, jisase vaidika bhASA Aja bhI ( kiJcit parivartana ke sAtha ) apane mUla rUpa meM surakSita hai| isa vaidika bhASA ke samAnAntara eka jo anya bhASA vikasita huI thI, vaha hai prAkRta bhaassaa| yataH donoM bhASAoM kI jananI eka anya pUrva pracalita janabolI hai, ataH usa janabolI ke kucha zabda donoM bhASAoM meM Aja bhI samAna rUpa se dekhe jA sakate haiN| DaoN. ricarDa pizala ne aise aneka zabdoM kA ullekha kiyA hai aura anta meM likhA hai ki-- "prAkRta kA mUla saMskRta ko batAnA sambhava nahIM hai aura bhramapUrNa hai|'' yahI kAraNa hai ki prAkRta bhASA laukika saMskRta kI apekSA vaidika saMskRta ke adhika nikaTa hai| vaidika saMskRta aura prAkRta ke zabdoM evaM dhAtuoM meM dvivacana kA abhAva ukta bhASAoM kI samAnatA kI eka mahattvapUrNa kar3I hai| isa prasaMga meM DaoN0 pizala kA yaha kathana bhI mananIya hai ki -"prAkRta bhASA kI jar3e janatA kI boliyoM ke bhItara jamI huI haiM aura inake mukhya tattva AdikAla meM jItI-jAgatI aura bolI jAne vAlI bhASA se liye gaye haiM; kintu bolacAla kI ve bhASAe~, jo bAda ko sAhityika bhASAoM ke pada para car3ha gaIM, saMskRta kI bhAMti hI Thoko-pITI gaIM, tAki unakA eka sugaThita rUpa bana jAya / "6 isa prakAra kI jo pariSkRta prAkRta athavA sAhityika bhASA bana gaI, usakA pravAha ruka gayA, kintu bolacAla kI prAkRta kA vikAsa avaruddha na ho skaa| bhinna-bhinna kSetroM meM bole jAne ke kAraNa isa bhASA ne aneka kSetrIya nAma bho dhAraNa kiye| bharatamuni ne kSetroM ke AdhAra para prAkRta ke sAta bhedoM kA ullekha kiyA hai mAgadhI, avantijA, prAcyA, saurasenI, ardhamAgadhI, bAlIkA, aura dAkSiNAtyA / ' vividha prAkRtoM ke ye nAma bhinna-bhinna kSetroM meM bole jAne kA spaSTa saMketa karate haiN| ina vividha prAkRtoM kA vikAsa bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM ke vikAsa kA itihAsa hai| mahAkavi rudraTakRta kAvyAlaMkAra kI TIkA 5. prAkRta bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa, ricarDa pizala, anuvAdaka---DaoN0 hemacandra jozI, bihAra rASTra-bhASA pariSad, paTanA-3, 1958, pairA 6, pRSTha 8-9 / 6. prAkRta bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa, pairA 9, pRSTha 14 / 7. mAgadhyavantijA prAcyA sUrasenyardhamAgadhI / bAlIkA dAkSiNAtyA ca saptabhASAH prakIrtitAH // -nATyazAstram ( kAvyamAlA 42 ), sampA0-paNDita kedAranAtha sAhityabhUSaNa, bhAratIya vidyA prakAzana, dillI, punarmudraNa 1983, 17/48 / parisaMvAda-4
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________________ 260 jainavidyA evaM prAkRta : antarazAstrIya adhyayana ( vi. saM. 1125 ) meM zvetAmbara jaina vidvAn namisAdhu ne eka padya kI vyAkhyA ke antargata likhA hai "prAkRteti / sakalajagajjantUnAM vyAkaraNAdibhiranAhitasaMskAraH sahajo vacanavyApAraH prkRtiH| tatra bhavaM saiva vA prAkRtam / .... .. prAkpUrva kRtaM prAkRtaM bAlamahilAdisubodhaM sakalabhASAnibandhanabhUtaM vacanamucyate / meghanirmuktajalamivakasvarUpaM tadeva ca dezavizeSAtsaMskArakaraNAcca samAsAditavizeSaM stsNskRtaadhuttrvibhedaanaapnoti| ataeva zAstrakRtA prAkRtamAdau nirdiSTaM tadanu sNskRtaadiini| pANinyAdi vyAkaraNoditazabdalakSaNena saMskaraNAtsaMskRtamucyate / " arthAt saMsAra ke samasta prANiyoM kA vyAkaraNAdi saMskAra se rahita sahaja vacana vyApAra prakRti hai aura usase hone vAlI athavA vahI prAkRta hai / prAkRta zabda do padoM se banA hai-prAk + kRt| jisakA artha hai pahale kiyA gyaa| bAlakoM aura mahilAoM ke lie yaha sahaja hai tathA samasta bhASAoM kA mUla ( kAraNabhUta ) hai| yaha prAkRta, meghanirgata jala kI bhA~ti pahale eka rUpa hai, punaH vahI prAkata deza athavA kSetravizeSa aura saMskAra vizeSa ke kAraNa bheda ko prApta karatI huI saMskRta Adi uttarabhedoM ko prApta hoto hai| isIlie zAstrakAra rudraTa ne pahale prAkRta kA nirdeza kiyA hai aura tatpazcAt saMskRta Adi kA / pANinI Adi vyAkaraNoM ke niyamAnusAra saMskAra kiye jAne ke kAraNa vahI prAkRta saMskRta kahalAtI hai| uparyukta tathyoM ko dhyAna meM rakhakara yadi hama gambhIratApUrvaka vicAra kareM to pratIta hotA hai ki bolacAla ke rUpa meM prayukta vibhinna prAkRteM hI bhAratIya AryabhASAoM ke vikAsa ke mUla me kAraNa haiN| jo prAkRteM saMskRta bhASA kI taraha prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM meM baddha ho gaIM, ve sImA meM baddha jalAzaya kI taraha sthira ho gaI aura unakA vikAsa avaruddha ho gayA, kintu bolacAla kI prAkateM unmukta bhAva se apanI svataMtra dhArA meM pravAhita hotI rahIM; kyoMki koI bhI vyakti bolacAla kI 8. prAkRta-saMskRta-mAgadha-pizAcabhASAzca sUrasenI ca / SaSTho'tra bhUribhedo dezavizeSAdapabhraMzaH / / --kAvyAlaMkAra (rudraTa), zrI namisAdhukRta saMskRta TIkA sahita, prakA0-motIlAla banArasIdAsa, baMgaloM roDa, javAharanagara, dillI-7, saMskaraNa 1983, 2/12, pRSTha 13 / 9. bahI, 2/2, pRSTha 13 / parisaMvAda-4
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________________ prAkRta bhASA : eka avicchinna dhArA 261 bhASA kI dhArA ko sAhityika bhASA ke svarUpa meM bA~dhane meM na to samartha huA hai aura na hogA / isa tathya ko eka choTe se udAharaNa ke mAdhyama se samajhA jA sakatA hai| gaMgA kI dhArA gaMgotrI se prArambha hokara gaMgAsAgara meM vilIna hotI hai| yahA~ yaha prazna svAbhAvika hai ki isa prAkatika rUpa se bahane vAlI gaMgA kI dhArA ko kyA koI roka sakatA hai / athavA kyA isa nimnagA dhArA ke pravAha ko avaruddha kiyA jA sakatA hai ? isakA uttara nakArAtmaka hI hogaa| kyoMki gaMgA kI dhArA ko rokane ke lie koI kitanA hI bar3A vA~dha banA de, kintu dhArA yA to usa bA~dha ko tor3akara yA Upara se bahakara Age bar3hegI yA apane pUrva mArga ko badalakara / lekina svataMtratApUrvaka Age bar3hegI avazya / yahI bAta prAkRta bhASAoM ke sAtha hai / jaba vibhinna prAqateM/dezI bhASAe~ sAhityArUr3ha hokara prAkRta vyAkaraNa sammata / ho gaI taba prAkRtoM/dezI bhASAoM kA pravAha taTabandha tor3akara Age bar3ha gayA aura vahA~ jo boliyoM kA sAhitya ke rUpa meM vikAsa huA, use kAlAntara meM apabhraMza kahA gyaa| apabhraMza bhI jaba sAhityArUr3ha ho gaI to usa taTabandha ko tor3akara jo janabolI Age bar3hI, usase jo boliyA~ vikasita huI, ve navya bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM ke rUpa meM vikasita huii| magahI, jUnI, gujarAtI, DhUMDhArI, bundelakhaNDI, baghelI Adi boliyA~ bhI isI prAkRta ke vikasita rUpa haiN| vibhinna kSetroM meM boliyoM ke rUpa meM jo vyavahAra hotA hai, usameM vibhinna prAkRtoM/apabhraMzoM ke zabda mUla rUpa meM athavA kiJcit parivartana ke sAtha pracura mAtrAmeM upalabdha hote haiN| tAtparya yaha ki prAkRta bhASA eka aisI dhArA hai, jo vaidika kAla ke pahale se hI Aja taka bahatI calI A rahI hai / Aja bhI striyoM evaM baccoM kI bolacAla kI bhASA meM idhara ko ihara, bAbU ko bAU, jAo ko jo Adi aneka rUpa dikheMge, jo prAkRta bhASA kI dhArA ke hI aMga haiN| yaha bolacAla meM prayukta hone vAlI bhASA samaya-samaya para gaMgA kI dhArA kI bhA~ti apanA AkAra-prakAra badalatI huI Age bar3ho hai, bar3ha rahI hai / ataH prAkRta bhASA kI utpatti saMskRta jaisI kisI sAhityika bhASA se mAnanA saMgata nahIM hai| prAkRta ko svabhAvasiddha prAcInakAla se calI Ane vAlI bhASA mAnane para yaha prazna sAmane AtA hai ki AcArya hemacandra Adi kucha prAkata vaiyAkaraNa prAkRta kI utpatti saMskRta se kyoM mAnate haiM ? isakA samAdhAna yaha hai ki prAkRta. vaiyAkaraNa mUlataH saMskRta ke vidvAna haiM aura unake samakSa prAkRta vyAkaraNa likhane ke lie saMskRta bhASA AdhArabhUta thii| ataH unhoMne prAkata zabdoM kI vyutpatti ke lie parisaMvAda-4
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________________ 262 jainavidyA evaM prAkRta : antarazAstrIya adhyayana saMskRta ko prakRti mAna liyA aura jisa prakAra prAkRta-vaiyAkaraNoM ne prAkRta zabdoM kA sarjana karate samaya saMskRta bhASA ke zabdoM ko AdhAra banAyA, kintu AdhAra banAne mAtra se saMskRta ko prAkRta kI jananI mAnanA tarkasaMgata nahIM hai| isI ko spaSTa karate huye DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI ne likhA hai ki-"prAkRta bhASA kI utpatti saMskRta se nahIM huI hai, kintu 'prakRtiH saMskRtam' kA artha hai prAkRta bhASA ko sIkhane ke lie saMskRta zabdoM ko mUlabhUta rakhakara unake sAtha uccAraNa bheda ke kAraNa prAkRta zabdoM kA jo sAmya-vaiSamya hai usako dikhAnA arthAt saMskRta bhASA ke dvArA prAkRta bhASA ko sIkhane kA prayatna karanA hai|"1. prAkRta bhASA ke upalabdha sabhI vyAkaraNa sambandhI grantha saMskRta meM haiN| eka bhau ukta kathana kI puSTi meM sahAyaka hai| niSkarSa yaha hai ki bhASA kisI vyakti, deza athavA sampradAya vizeSa kI nahIM hotI hai, apitu jana sAmAnya kI hotI hai| ataH prAkRta kI avicchinna dhArA kA adhyayana karane ke lie uparyukta tathyoM ko dhyAna meM rakhakara Age bar3hanA caahiye| isase prAkRtoM kA vAstavika rUpa aura navya bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM ke vikAsa meM prAkRta ke yogadAna kA samyak mUlyAMkana ho skegaa| jaina-bauddhadarzana vibhAga, saMskRtavidyA dharmavijJAna saMkAya, 10 sAlamA nikAyamA vAma ra 10. prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa, pRSTha 13 / parisaMvAda-4