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________________ na Agama sAhitya tathA anya jaina sAhitya kA adhyayana abhI taka jainadharma-darzana ke lie huA utanA anya viSaya ke lie nahIM huA / yaha mAnA ki jaina Agama sAhitya dhArmika grantha haiM / unameM jainadharma aura darzana viSayaka vipula sAmagrI hai| isakA artha yaha to nahIM ki una granthoM meM anya viSayoM se sambandhita sAmagrI nahIM hai / dharma-darzanapradhAna grantha viSaya hote hue bhI ina granthoM meM itihAsa, samAjazAstra, vijJAna, arthazAstra, gaNita, Ayurveda, rAjanIti vijJAna, prabhRti viSayoM se sambandhI jJAna paryApta mAtrA meM upalabdha hai / jaina adhyetA -muniyoM ne dharmadarzana ke atirikta kucha kArya jyotiSa para bhI kiyA hai| yadi vyavasthita rUpa se ina Agama granthoM aura inase sambandhita anya granthoM kA adhyayana kiyA jAye to uparyukta viSayoM se sambandhita naI-naI jAna - kAriyA~ mila sakatI haiM / isa laghu nibandha meM jaina sAhitya meM varNita daNDanIti para saMkSepa meM vicAra karane kA prayAsa kiyA jA rahA hai / abhI taka janamAnasa ke sammukha isa prakAra kI sAmagrI prakAza meM nahIM AI hai yA lAne kA prayAsa hI nahIM kiyA gayA hai / yadi isa nibandha se kahIM Age kucha kArya hotA hai to maiM apanA yaha prayAsa sArthaka samajhuMgA / isa nibandha se jaina sAhitya meM varNita daNDanIti kA vikAsa aura svarUpa samajhane meM sahAyatA milegI / isa prakAra ke saMketa haiM ki jaina sAhitya ke anusAra prArambha meM satayuga jaisI sthiti thii| kisI prakAra kA koI jhagar3A-phasAda nahIM thA / kulakaroM kI vyavasthA ke antargata saba kArya sucAru rUpa se cala rahe the kintu jaise-jaise kalpavRkSoM kI kSINatA bar3hatI gaI vaise-vaise yugaloM kA una para mamatva bar3hane lagA / isase kalaha aura vaimanasya kI bhAvanA kA janma huA aura aparAdhoM kA bhI janma huA / isase samAja meM avyavasthA phailane lagI / jana-jIvana trasta ho uThA aura taba aparAdhI manovRtti ko dabAne ke upAya khoje jAne lage / usI ke pariNAmasvarUpa daNDanIti kA prAdurbhAva huA / yahA~ yaha spaSTa karanA prAsaMgika hI hogA ki isake pUrva kisI prakAra kI koI daNDanIti nahIM thI, kyoMki usakI AvazyakatA hI nahIM huii| jaina sAhitya ke anusAra sarvaprathama 'hAkAra', 'mAkAra' aura 'dhikkAra nIti' kA pracalana huA / jinakA saMkSipta paricaya isa prakAra hai 1. daNDa: aparAdhinA manuzAsanastatra tasya vA sa eva vA nItiH tayo daNDanIti / - sthAnAMgavRtti pa. 366-401 caturtha khaNDa : jaina saMskRti ke vividha AyAma JaurEducation Internationa 00000 Private & Personal Use Only 11 aMkapAta mArga, galI naM0 2, kAjIbAr3A ujjaina (ma. pra. ) 456006 - DaoN0 tejasaha gaur3a sAdhvIratna grantha prAcIna bhAratIya daNDanIti jaina sAhitya meM varNita 323 www.jainubrary.org
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________________ ___ hAkAra nIti-isa nIti kA pracalana kulakara dhikkAra nIti-samAja meM abhAva bar3hatA jA ra vimalavAhana ke samaya huaa| isa nIti ke anusAra rahA thaa| usake sAtha hI asantoSa bhI bar3ha rahA aparAdhI ko khedapUrvaka pratAr3ita kiyA jAtA thA- thaa| jisake pariNAmasvarUpa ucchRkhalatA aura (hahA !' arthAta-tamane yaha kyA kiyA? dekhane meM dhaSTatA kA bhI eka prakAra se vikAsa hI ho rahA yaha kevala zabda-pratAr3anA hai kintu yaha daNDa bhI usa thA / aisI sthiti meM hAkAra aura mAkAra nIti se 70 samaya kA bahata bar3A daNDa thaa| isa 'hA' zabda se kaba taka vyavasthA cala sakatI thii| eka dina mAkAra pratADita hone mAtra se hI aparAdhI pAnI-pAnI ho nIti bhI viphala hotI dikhAI dene lagI aura aba jAtA thaa| isakA kAraNa yaha thA ki usa samaya kA usake sthAna para kisI naI nIti kI AvazyakatA manuSya vartamAna kAla ke manuSya kI bhA~ti ucchRkhala pratIta hone lgii| taba 'mAkAra nIti' kI asaphaevaM maryAdAhIna nahIM thA / vaha to svabhAva se saMkocI latA se 'dhikkAra nIti' kA janma huaa| yaha noti ] aura lajjAzIla thaa| isalie isa 'hA' vAle daNDa kulakara prasenajita se lekara antima kulakara nabhiko bhI vaha aisA samajhatA thA mAno use mRtyudaNDa rAya taka calatI rhii| isa 'dhikkAra nIti' ke anu- I mila rahA ho / ' yaha nIti kulakara cakSuSmAna ke sAra aparAdhI ko kahA jAtA thA-'dhik' arthAt // samaya taka barAvara calatI raha tujhe dhikkAra hai, jo aisA kArya kiyaa| mAkAra nIti-koI eka prakAra kI nIti sthAI jaina vidyA ke suvikhyAta vidvAna upAcArya zrI nahIM hotI hai / yahI bAta prathama 'hAkAra' nIti ke devendra munijI ne aparAdhoM ke mAna se ina nItiyoM se lie bhI satya pramANita hii| 'hAkAra' nIti kA vargIkaraNa isa prakAra kiyA hai.--- jaba viphala hone lagI to aparAdhoM meM aura vRddhi jaghanya aparAdha vAloM ke kie 'kheda' hone lagI, taba kisI navIna nIti kI AvazyakatA madhyama aparAdha vAloM ke lie 'niSedha' aura anubhava ko jAne lgii| taba caSmAna ke tatIya utkRSTa aparAdha vAloM ke lie 'tiraskAra' putra kulakara yazasvI ne aparAdha bheda kara arthAt- sUcaka daNDa mRtyudaNDa se bhI adhika prabhAvazAlI the|" choTe-bar3e aparAdha ke mAna se alaga-alaga nIti kA kulakara nAbhi taka aparAdha vRtti kA koI prayoga prArambha kiyaa| choTe aparAdhoM ke lie to vizeSa vikAsa nahIM huA thA, kyoMki usa yuga kA 'hAkAra nIti' kA hI prayoga rakhA tathA bar3e apa- mAnava svabhAva se sarala aura hRdaya se komala 6 rAdhoM ke lie 'mAkAra nIti' kA prayoga Arambha thaa|" kiyA / yadi isase bhI adhika koI aparAdha karatA antima kulakara nAbhi ke samaya meM hI jaba to aise aparAdhI ko donoM prakAra kI nItiyoM se unake dvArA aparAdha nirodha ke lie nirdhArita kI daNDita karanA prArambha kiyaa| 'mAkAra' kA artha gaI dhikkAra nIti kA ullaMghana hone lagA aura thA- 'mata kro|' yaha eka niSedhAtmaka mahAna daNDa aparAdha nivAraNa meM unakI noti prabhAvahIna siddha thaa| ina donoM prakAra kI daNDanItiyoM se vyavasthA- huI, taba yugalika loga ghabarA kara RSabhadeva ke pana kArya yazasvI ke putra 'abhicandra' taka calatA pAsa Ae aura unheM vastusthiti kA paricaya rhaa| karAte hue sahayoga kI prArthanA kii| ula 1 jambUdvIpaprajJapti, kAlAdhikAra 76 2. sthAnAMgavRtti pa. 366 3 triSaSTizalAkA 1/2/176-176 4 sthAnAMgavRtti pa. 366 5 RSabhadeva : eka parizIlana, pRSTha 123 6 jambUdvIpa prajJapti, vakSaskAra-sUtra 14 324 : jaina saMskRti ke vividha AyAma ( sAdhvIratna kusumavatI abhinandana grantha Plate & Personal use o
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________________ RSabhadeva ne kahA-"janatA meM aparAdhI mano- chaviccheda-karAdi aMgopAMgoM ke chedana kA vRtti nahIM phaile aura maryAdAoM kA yathocita pAlana daNDa denaa| ho usake lie tIna prakAra kI daNDa vyavasthAoM kA ye cAra nItiyA~ kaba calIM, inameM vidvAnoM meM pracalana haA thA, aba kAlAnusAra aparAdhoM meM vibhinna mata haiN| kucha vijJoM kA mantavya hai ki vaddhi ho rahI hai, maryAdAoM kA atikramaNa ho rahA prathama do nItiyA~ RSabhadeva ke samaya calIM aura 5 hai unake zamana-nimitta anya daNDa vyavasthAoM kA aura do bharata ke samaya / AcArya abhayadeva ke / vidhAna Avazyaka ho gayA hai aura yaha vyavasthA mantavyAnusAra ye cAroM nItiyA~ bharata ke samaya rAjA hI kara sakatA hai kyoMki zakti ke samasta calIM / (sthAnAMga vRtti 7/3/557, Avazyaka bhASya srota usameM kendrita hote haiN| tatpazcAt RSabhadeva gAthA 3) / AcArya bhadrabAhu aura AcArya malayaprathama rAjA bane aura unhoMne sArI vyavasthA kii| giri ke abhimatAnusAra bandha (ber3I kA prayoga) RSabhadeva ne apane zAsanakAla meM daNDa nIti kA aura ghAta (DaNDe kA prayoga) RSabhanAtha ke samaya jo nirdhAraNa kiyA usakA vivaraNa sAhitya manISI meM Arambha ho gaye the| (Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA || upAcArya zrI devendramuni jI ne isa prakAra diyA 217, Avazyaka malayagirivRtti, 196-202) / kA aura mRtyu daNDa kA Arambha bharata ke samaya huaa| "zAsana kI suvyavasthA ke lie daNDa parama (Avazyakaniryakti 218, 196/2) / jinasenAAvazyaka hai| daNDanIti sarva anIti rUpI sapoM ko cArya ke anasAra badha-bandhanAdi zArIrika daNDa vaza meM karane ke lie viSavidyAvat hai| aparAdhI bharata ke samaya cale / (mahApurANa 3/216/65) usa ko ucita daNDa na diyA jAye to aparAdhoM kI saMkhyA samaya tIna prakAra ke daNDa pracalita the jo aparAdha SH nirantara bar3hatI jAyegI evaM burAiyoM se rASTra kI ke anusAra diye jAte the-(1) arthaharaNa daNDa (2) rakSA nahIM ho skegii| ataH RSabhadeva ne apane zArIrika kleza rUpa daNDa (3) prANaharaNa rUpa daNDa / samaya meM cAra prakAra kI daNDa vyavasthA nimita (Adi purANa : 42/164) / " ___ upAcArya zrI devendra muni zAstrI saMskRta, (1) paribhASa, (1) maNDala bandha, (3) cAraka, prAkRta ke prakANDa vidvAn to haiM hI, ve Agama marmajJa ||KS (4) chaviccheda / bhI haiM / anekAneka granthoM kA Alor3ana kara adyAvadhika _paribhASa-kucha samaya ke lie aparAdhI vyakti Apane aneka amUlya grantha ratnoM se mA~ bhAratI ke | ko AkrozapUrNa zabdoM meM najarabanda rahane kA daNDa bhaNDAra ko abhivRddhi kI hai / 'bhagavAn mahAvIra : || denaa| eka anuzIlana' nAmaka zodha pradhAna graMtha meM Apane ____ maNDala bandha-sImita kSetra meM rahane kA daNDa uttarAdhyayana sukhabodhA, aMguttara nikAya, nizItha-15) denaa| bhASya, uttarAdhyayana cUrNi, uttarAdhyayana bRhad vRtti, || cAraka-bandIgRha meM banda rahane kA daNDa jJAtRdharmakathA, dazakumAra carita, vipAka sUtra, prazna denaa| vyAkaraNa Adi granthoM ke AdhAra para aparAdhoM aura kii| 1 RSabhadeva : eka parizIlana, pRSTha 140 2. vahI, pRSTha 143-144 325 caturtha khaNDa : jaina saMskRti ke vividha AyAma * < 40 sAdhvIratna kusumavatI abhinandana grantha Jain ration International FONrivate & Personal Use Only
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________________ vaale| daNDa-vidhAna para saMkSepa jo vivaraNa diyA hai, vaha usa samaya cora aneka taraha se seMdha lagAyA aparAdha zAstra para grantha taiyAra karane ke lie karate the-1. kapizIrSAkAra 2. kalazAkRti 3. naMdA paryApta mArgadarzana pradAna karatA hai| usI ko varta saMsthAna 4. padmAkRti 5. puruSAkRti 6. zrIvatsa / yahA~ uddhRta kiyA jAtA hai sNsthaan| cora-karma-usa samaya aparAdhoM meM caurya-karma cora pAnI kI mazaka aura tAlodghATinI vidyAra pramukha thaa| coroM ke aneka varga idhara-udhara kArya- Adi upakaraNoM se sajjita hokara prAyaH rAtri ke / rata rahate the| logoM ko coroM kA AtaMka hamezA samaya apane sAthiyoM ke sAtha nikalA karate the| ain banA rahatA thaa| coroM ke aneka prakAra the- cora apane sAthiyoM ke sAtha corapalliyoM meM (1) AmoSa-dhana-mAla ko lUTane vaale| rahA karate the| corapalliyAM viSama parvata aura gahana (2) lomahAra-dhana ke sAtha hI prANoM ko aTavI meM huA karatI thiiN| jahA~ para kisI kA pahu~lUTane vaale| canA sambhava nahIM thaa| (3) granthi-bhedaka-granthi-bheda karane vaale| daNDa-vidhAna-corI karane para bhayaMkara daNDa diyA jAtA thaa| usa samaya daNDa vyavasthA bar3I (4) taskara-pratidina corI karane vaale|| kaThora thii| rAjA coroM ko jIte jI lohe ke kumbha __ (5) kaNNuhara-kanyAoM kA apaharaNa karane meM banda kara dete the, unake hAtha kaTavA dete the| zUlI para car3hA dete the| kabhI aparAdhI kI kor3oM se pUjA __ lomahAra atyanta krU ra hote the| ve apane karate / coroM ko vastra yugala pahanAkara gale meM kanera | Apako bacAne ke lie mAnavoM kI hatyA kara dete ke phUloM kI mAlA DAlate aura unake zarIra ko tela the| granthi bhedaka ke pAsa vizeSa prakAra kI kaiMciyA~ se sikta kara bhasma lagAte aura caurAhoM para ghumAte hai hotI thI jo gA~ThoM ko kATakara dhana kA apaharaNa va lAtoM, ghUsoM, DaNDoM aura kor3oM se pITate / oMTha, karate the| nAka aura kAna kATa dete, rakta se mu~ha ko lipta ___nizIthabhASya meM AkrAnta, prAkRtika, grAmastena. karake phUTA Dhola bajAte hue aparAdhoM kI udghoSaNA dezastena, antarastena, adhvAnastena aura khetoM ko karate / khanakara corI karane vAle coroM kA ullekha hai| taskaroM kI taraha paradAragamana karane vAloM ko kitane hI cora dhana kI taraha strI-puruSoM ko bhI sira muMDAnA, tarjana, tAr3anA, liMgachedana, nirvAsana 21 bhI curA le jAte the| kitane hI cora itane niSThara aura mRtyudaNDa diye jAte the| puruSoM kI bhAMti C hote the ki ve curAyA huA apanA mAla chipAne ko striyA~ bhI daNDa kI bhAgI hotI thIM, kintu garbhavatI apane kuTumbIjanoM ko mAra bhI dete the| eka cora striyoM ko kSamA kara diyA jAtA thaa| hatyA karane apanA sampUrNa dhana eka kueM meM rakhatA thaa| eka vAle ko arthadaNDa aura mRtyudaNDa donoM diye dina usakI patnI ne use dekha liyA, bheda khulane ke jAte the|" bhaya se usane apanI patnI ko hI mAra diyaa| kArAgRha kA vivaraNa isa prakAra diyA gayA 4 usakA putra cillAyA aura logoM ne use pakar3a hailiyaa| 'kArAgRha kI dazA bar3I dayanIya thii| aparA 1. bhagavAna mahAvIra : eka anuzIlana, pRSTha 82-83 caturtha khaNDa : jaina saMskRti ke vividha AyAma 10 sAdhvIratna kusumavatI abhinandana grantha Jain ufation International rivate & Personal Use Only
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________________ dhiyoM ko dAruNa kaSTa die jAte / unheM vahA~ para kaThora daNDanIti kA vidhAna isalie kiyA gayA kSudhA, tRSA aura zIta-uSNa Adi aneka taraha ke pratIta hotA hai tAki aparAdha karane vAlA daNDanIti kaSTa sahana karane par3ate the| unakA mukha mlAna ho se Darakara aparAdha na kre| kaI bAra isa prakAra kI jAtA thaa| apane hI mala-mUtra meM par3e rahane ke kAraNa kaThora nIti saphala bhI rahI hai| mAnasa paTala para unake zarIra meM nAnA prakAra ke roga utpanna ho eka vicAra udbhUta hotA hai ki jaise-jaise sabhyatA jAte, unakA prANAnta ho jAne ke pazcAt unake aura saMskRti kA vikAsa hotA jA rahA hai vaise-vaise paira meM rassI bA~dhakara khAI meM pheMka dete| bher3ie, anAcAra, bhraSTAcAra, svArtha, rAga-dveSa, merA-terA, kutte, zRgAla, mArjAra Adi vanya pazu unakA hisA, corI-DakaitI, taskarI, apaharaNa, beImAnI bhakSaNa kara jaate| jaisI bhAvanAe~ aura aparAdhoM meM nirantara vRddhi ___kaidiyoM ko vividha prakAra ke bandhanoM se hotI jA rahI hai / isa prakAra kI pravRtti kA ThaharAva bA~dhate / bA~sa, beMta va camar3e ke cAbuka se unheM mArate kahA~ AegA ? kucha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / yahA~ to the| lohe kI tIkSNa zalAkAoM se, sUcikAoM se itanA hI kahanA hai ki jaina sAhitya kA samucita unake zarIra ko bIMdha dete the|1|| anuzIlana kara isa viSaya para vyavasthita rUpa se vistAra meM likhane kI AvazyakatA hai| ho sakatA uparya kta saMkSipta vivaraNa ke AdhAra para yaha ki jo likhA jAe vaha deza aura samAja kA 5) kahA jA sakatA hai ki samaya ke pravAha ke sAtha-sAtha mArgadarzana kre| * aparAdhoM meM bhI vRddhi hotI gaI aura usake anurUpa hI daNDa vyavasthA meM bhI parivartana hotA gyaa| 1. bhagavAna mahAvIra : eka anuzIlana, pRSTha 83-84 - (zeSa pRSTha 322 kA) karma ko gahita hI mAnate haiM aura isase sadA niSkarSataH jaba parakIya vastu meM kisI prakAra bacane kA prayAsa karate haiN| kA rAga na hogA to asteya meM pratiSThita hokara vartamAna yuga meM jitanA bhI tanAva, mAnasika sAdhaka kI ratnoM meM pratiSThA ho jAtI hai aura kuNThAeM aura trAsa manuSya barabasa bhugata rahA hai lakSmI usako cerI bana jAtI hai / jainetara bhAratIya usakA ekamAtra upAya asteya kA pAlana, kaTho- samAja kI apekSA Aja bhI jaina samAja meM bratoM ratA ke sAtha, karanA hai / corI ke nita naye hatha- kA pAlana bar3I niSThA aura AsthA se kiyA jAtA kaNDoM kA Ayojana jaise vaha chor3a degA vaise hI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki bhagavAn RSabhadeva se lekara usake samAja meM vyavasthA, zAnti aura samRddhi bhI Aja taka jaina dharma akSuNNa hai| AtI jAyegI aura vaha anya vratoM kA pAlana niSThApUrvaka karane lgegaa| 327 caturtha khaNDa : jaina saMskRti ke vividha AyAma ra sAdhvIratna kusumavatI abhinandana grantha Jain pucation International Private & Personal Use Only www.jaineiorary.org