Philological Remarks On Sakyamatis Pramanavarttikatika

Author(s): Ernst Steinkellner
Publisher: Ernst Steinkellner
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/269693/1

Page #1
E. STEINKELLNER PHILOLOGICAL REMARKS ON SAKYAMATI'S PRAMANAVARTTIKATIKA The literature of the Buddhist epistemological tradition in sheer volume consists mainly of direct or indirect commentaries on the different works of Dharmakirti'. As often observed in the philosophical literatare of India, in this Buddhist tradition, too, the doctrinal developments take place for a great part within the framework of commentaries and sequences of commentaries. The historian's interest in these commentaries, therefore, is usually multiplex: On the one hand it is necessary to use those explanations which prove to be useful for an understanding of the basic text, and to distinguish these explanations according to their degree of authority. And on the other hand the extensions and digressions are to be examined with regard to their value as a testimony for a development of the doctrine. Finally, if such development is to be met with, we have to pay attention to what extent this development has influenced the plain explanatory parts of the comments, too. The two oldest commentaries on the Pramanavarttikam (PV) have been written by a direct pupil of Dharmakirti, Devendrabuddhi?, and by a pupil of the latter, Sakyamati". While Devendrabuddhi wrote his commentary on PV, chapters II-IV - in continuation of Dharmakirti's own commentary (svavrttih) on chapter I-, Sakyamati composed his text as a sub-commentary on these earlier explanations, covering all four chapters of the PV. Both commentaries are essentially philological commentaries, that offer primarily explanations of the direct meaning of Dharmakirti's words without commenting on the philosophical implications and structures of his system in the manner of the later ones. Such- explanations looking beneath the surface and fully appreciating Dharmakirti's thought, do not begin to appear before the second half of the eighth century, but culminate soon in the detailed and thorough productions of Dharinottara (ca. 750-810 A.D.) and Prajnakaragupta (ca. 800 A.D.), which bear witness to their authors comprehension of Dharmakirti's teaching as well as to their independence as philosophers. Tibetan tradition records, that Dharmakirti had no great esteem for the commentary of his pupil Devendrabuddhi, for the very reason that he had concerned himself with the direct meaning only. Nevertheless we have to consider his expla1 From among the twenty tshad ma-volumes of the Peking edition (Ce-Ye) the commentaries on Dharmakirti's principal works occupy more than fourteen, over twelve volumes dealing with the PV and two with the PVin. 2 Frau wallner 1960, 119; 1961, 145 (ca. 630-690 A.D.) 3 Frau wallner 1933, 238 f.; 1961, 145 (ca. 660-720 A.D.) 4 Cf. Stcherbatsky 1932, 1, 39 f. 5 Frau wallner 1960, 119; the disparaging judgement on Devendrabuddhi's accomplishments derives from the lineage of Prajhakaragupta (cf. Stcherbatsky 1932, 1, 44).

Page #2
284 E. Steinkellner nations as ,,authentic in accordance with Dharmakirti. Yet it is strange, that neither within the literature of the school nor within that of its opponents does this oldest commentary seem to have been made particular use of, but rather that the commentary of Sakyamati has been considered to be of greater interest. Of course, Sakyainati's commentary has gained value by the fact that Dharmakirti explained the first chapter of the PV himself, for with regard to this first chapter Sakyamati is the oldest commentator extant. And this might have been the reason - because of this chapter's import for the doctrinal history of the school for the fact that attention has also been paid later on to his sub-commentary on the chapters II-IV. The exceptional position of the first chapter with its commentary as a literary document has brought about the consequence, that commentaries have been composed solely for this chapter and others on chapters II-IV. Only of Sakyamati and the late Manorathanandin do we know for sure - since they are extant - that they have commented upon all four chapters. That this literary polarization is present within Sakyamati's work, too, can be seen from the relative proportion of volume: compared with the 487 folios on the first chapter we have only 251 folios on the rest. This, of course, is due to the fact, that in the case of the first chapter the commentary of Dharmakirti, too, had to be explained in full, while in case of the other chapters what mattered were the basic verses, and Devendrabuddhi's commentary did not have to be explained in every detail. That Sakyamati's explanation of the first chapter with its commentary is older than that of Karnakagomin has finally been clarified". And that his explanations have been used by other Buddhist and non-Buddhist authors when dealing with Dharmakirti, has been shown by E. FRAUWALLNER even before a number of works of the school became available in the Sanskrit original through the rich manuscript finds by R. SANKRTYAYANA". Only today, with the help of these newly found Sanskrit materials and the much more easily accessible Tibetan translations, it becomes evident, that FRAUWALLNER's findings were not accidental, but rather, due to the fact that the tradition of the school has indeed valued the commentary of Sakyamati as the authoritative philological explanation of the Pramanavarttikam. Just in what way the explanations of Sakyamati have been used, is most clearly exemplified in the case of Karnakagomin's sub-commentary on the first chapter of 6 Frau wallner 1960, 120. 7 Regarding Karnakagomin cf. below; as to the possibility of other old commentatorial traditions cf. note 16. 8 Cr. Irauwallner 1954, 152. 9 As Frauwallner 1954, 147 f. demonstrated, it was originally an independent treatise con sisting of verses and a commentary which Frau wallner hypothctically calls the letuprakaranam (152). My impression is, however, that we do not actually have a verse-text with a commentary before us, but rather a treatise that has been composed as a unity, and where the parts in prose have sometimes a commentatorial and sometimes a developing function. 10 Steinkellner 1979. 11 Kamalasia (Frauwallner 1933, 238 f.), and the Jainas Haribhadra (Frauwallner 1937, 65 74) and Kalyanacandra (Frauwaliner 1933, 239 f.) have used the PVT.

Page #3
Philological Remarks on Sakyamati's Pramanavarttikatika 285 the PV together with its commentary. GNOLI has already pointed out, that the word explanations"? of Karnakagomin are identical with those of Sakyamati". But his conclusion, that Sakyamati had taken these parts from Karnakagomin's text, is wrong. The relationship of the two is just the reverse: Karnakagomin has simply used Sakyamati's word explanation for his own word-explanation, and has expand ed these by smaller glosses, by paying attention to and introducing other word explanations, but above all by adding large digressions, polemics and systematical explanations, the latter of which must be considered as Karnakagomin's original contribution. Another kind of utilization of the PVT is to be found in the textual material gathered in the appendix to the edition of Manorathanandin's PVV: a re-writing of word explanations by using Sakyamati's commentary, thus creating a new commentary into which Sakyamati's words and often long passages have been incorporated. Instances of this kind of secondary utilization of the Sakyamati-text are naturally difficult to trace. I can offer only a few examples for the commentary on chapters II-IV of the PV, but I would expect that material of this kind can be enlarged in time. There are two reasons that make it desirable to prepare a reconstruction of Sakyamati's commentary, which on the basis of the extant materials in Sanskrit would be possible for almost the whole of the first chapter and some interesting parts of the other chapters. In the first place an observation of his commentary's secondary utilization would allow for an easy delimitation of the creative sections in the new commentaries and, thus, the determination of the development of the Dharmakirti-exegesis. And in the second place, by regaining the original this commentary which is still very near to Dharmakirti would be re-established in its authoritative value with respect to the forms and peculiarities of its language, too, since the Tibetan translation in spite of its general accuracy often remains ambiguous as to details of expression. Considering the fact, however, that many important texts of the school still remain untreated, it would not be expedient at this time to attempt a reconstruction of Sakyamati's commentary as a whole. Yet it seems appropriate to point to the fact, that we are already in possession - if only in crude form -- of the original text of this authoritative explanation at least for the first chapter. And it is also evident, that on the other hand the Tibetan translation of the PVT provides us with an instance of control for large parts of Karnakagomin's commentary which has not been translated into Tibetan itself, but stands in need of such control considering its occasional gross corruption. In the following I would like to show, using a few examples, the prospects for regaining this important commentary as they present themselves on the basis of the material known so far. 12 I use the term word-explanation" for such explanations that are concerned only with the direct meaning, grammatical analyses etc. of a text, as opposed to systematical explanations that are mainly concerned with the philosophical meaning. 13 Gnoli 1960, XXI.

Page #4
286 . E. Steinkellner II. Pramanavarttikatika ! (svarthanumanam): Since Karnakagomin incorporates the commentary, of Sakyamati into his own with very few changes, and uses it there for that part of his own commentary that gives the word explanation, his PVSVT must be considered as the inain-source for the first chapter of Sakyamati's PVT. In this circumstance the original text of the PVT is preserved almost entirely. I have already presented some observations on the method of Karnakagomin's utilization of the PVT'4: it is evident, on closer inspection, that Karnakagomin has not been copying these explanations mechanically, but with a critical consideration of their value, as on occasion he discards them in favour of other explanations. The following synopsis for the beginning of the two texts serves as a good example for both the reconstructability of the PVT and the commentarial technique of the PVSVT. Identical texts (with only minor omissions or glosses) are printed in italics. PV I, PVSV Mangala (v.1) and Introduction (v.2) introductory sentence (PVSV 1,8-9) PVTPVSVT 1b1-262 1,6-1815 252-4a2 1,19-3,14 0 3,15-16 (anye !) 4a2-5 3,16-19 0 3,19-20 (grammatical gloss) 4a 5-562 3,20-4,2716 Sb2-7al 4.28-6,5 0 6,6-8.1217 0 . 8,13-14 Ta 2-3 8,14-16 7a3-5 0 7a5-6 8,19-20 0 8,20-23 7a6-761 8,24-29 9,1-12,1518 definition of hetu (v.3) 14 Steinkellner 1979, 149. 15 Different Mangala-verses and introductory words in both texts.. 16 PVT 4a7...Sb2 (= PVSVT 3.25 -4,27) is also extant, although with gross corruptions and long omissions in PVV, Appendix 1, 515.3--23. On this Appendix cf. below p. 288. This piece of text contains an alternative interpretation of Dharmakirti's second introductory verse within the frame: anye tv anyarha...... iti: Sakyamati, therefore, has already been able to refer to another, possibly earlier, commentatorial tradition on the first chapter. 17 Contains further discussion of various interpretations of PVSV 1,8f. 18 Contains further discussion of the hetu-definition and polemics against Jaina- and Mimamsa. positions.

Page #5
Philological Remarks on Sakyamati's Pramanavarttikatika 287 The relationship of the two texts remains much the same to the end. There are, however, passages where Karnakagomin does not take over Sakyamati's commentary but offers other explanations instead. These alternative word-explanations, too, are not his own, but are taken from commentaries on other works of Dharmakirti. For Dharmakirti has transferred shorter and longer texts from his PV and PVSV to two of his other works, to the Hetubinduh, and in particular to the Pramanaviniscayah. The polemics against Isvarasena e.g. from his commentary on PV I v. 1(= 3) (PVSV 1,12-2,10) is to be found again in HB 18.6 2*,5, and the second chapter of the PVin abounds in such texts. In these cases the Hetubindutika of Arcata?o and the Pramanaviniscayatika of Dharmottara?! have been used by Karnakagomin in addition to Sakyamati's Tika or instead of it. When these other explanations deviate from Sakyamati's commentary he often reports both explanations?2. Karnakagomin, of course, has probably been the first commentator of the tradition who was able to make such eclectic use of the whole coinmentatorial literature available to him'. To sum up: the first chapter of Sakyamati's PVT can be reconstructed more or less completely with the help of the material to be gained from Kamalasila's Tattvasangrahapanjika, Haribhadra's Anekantajayapatakavyakhya, Arcata's Hetubindutika and, above all, Karnakagomin's Pramanavarttika(sva)vittitika, since these authors have used his word explanations for composing their own commentarial texts. For the time being this oldest commentary on one of the most important texts of the whole tradition can be easily read in its original Sanskrit wording by looking up Karnakagomin's comments and comparing them with the respective passages of the Tibetan translation of the PVT. III. With regard to Sakyamati's commentary on the chapters II-IV of the PV we have to be aware of the fact that he does not directly explain Dharmakirti's verses, but the commentary of Devendrabuddhi?. The following materials come from the 19 Cf. the ..parallel texts" in my edition of the PVin II. 20 E.g. PVSVT 13,19 ff., where he made use of HBT 12,26 ff., or PVSVT 27,6 ff. of IIBT 150, 17 ff. There are identical pieces of the text in PVT, PVSVT and FIBT; but a passage like PVT 8a7 --8b4 has been substituted in PVSVT 13,22--14,7 with the explanation of HBT 13,217. Thus it is clear that Karnakagomin has used the HBT, but that Arcata, too, has made use of Sakyamati's PVT. 21 E.g. PVSVT 69,29 ff. uses PVinT 337a3 ff.; PVSVT 90,16-22 uses PVinT 31967-320a3, and for the composition of PVSVT 374,25-376,29 cf. Steinkellner 1979, 142-147. 22 Cf. Steinkcliner 1979, 143 f. and 145 f. 23 Cf. Steinkellner 1979, note 26. 24 A fact which is sometimes overlooked (e.g. Gnoli in his schema 1960, XXVII; R. Sankrtyaya na in his introduction to PyBh, tha). - Some pages of the original of this commentary have been found by G. Tucci in Nepal: ,,From Nepal I brought also a leaf only of the beginning of the Pramanavarttika of Dharmakirti, containing the beginning of the first Pariccheda,

Page #6
288 . -- . E. Steinkellner interesting Appendix I (515-531) in R. SANKRTYAYANA's edition of Manorathanandin's Pramanavarttikavrttih. This appendix contains shorter and longer unconnected pieces of texts of commentarial character. Vibhuticandra, the copyist of the manuscript', has not only added numerous footnotes to the manuscript, but also personal remarks and scholarly notes at the end of the manuscript8. I have not been able so far to find the original source for all of these texts. No. 1 (App 515) is a badly corrupted text from the beginning of Sakyamati's PVT29. The other texts - on the whole of unidentified origin -- have incorporated, however, some texts from Jinendrabuddhi's Visalamalavati" and a great number of texts from Sakyamati's PVT on the second, third and fourth chapter. Pramanavarttikatika II (pramanasiddhih): From the beginning of the second chapter which has a section of interest regarding the problem of the sequence of chapters in the PV (PVT 8563-8663), and corroborates, just by virtue of its giving an explanation, the sequence svarthanumana as the first and pramanasiddhi as the second chapter, we find extracts in the texts no. 2 and 3 of the appendix. Because of the import of this text'I present it as a whole and, since the text cannot be completely recovered from these fragments, I add the Tibetan translation in the version of Peking in order to fill the gaps. The pratikas from Devendrabuddhi's commentary are identified. Words without correspondence in the Tibetan translation are not in italics and additional words in the translation are added in brackets. (PVT 8563 (C 71a7f.):) rgol ba dan lan bstan pa'i zur gyis le'u dan po dan gnis pa'i brel pa bstan pa'i phyir / (fragment 1: App 516,31-517,3 = PVT 8563-5:) aha: acaryiyetyadi (PVP 162). iyan catrasanka: yady acaryadharmakirtina ('di bstan bcos) pranianasamuccayo vyakhyatum prastutas, tada sa eva vyakhyayatam; kimity adav utkramyanumanalaksanam" vyakhyatavan iti. asya pariharah: acaryiya (tshad ma'i mtshan nid kyi bstan bcos bsad pai) ityadi, acaryo 'tra dignagah (dod de). and some pages of the commentary upon the same work by Devendrabuddhi..." (On some aspects of the doctrine of Maitreya natha) and Asanga. Calcutta 1930, 39). The chapter in question is probably the second (pramanasiddhi). Prof. Tucci has confirmed the existence of these pages, but due to a reorganisation of the ISMEO-library they are not available at the moment. 25 Cf. PVV 513,4. 26 Cf. R. Sankrtyayana's preface to the PVV, I; E. Frauwallner has studied these notes and shown that many have been taken from Devendrabuddhi's commentary on the PV (1960, 119-123). 27 Cf. R. Sankrtyayana, Sanskrit Palm-Leaf MSS. in Tibet. JBORS 21, 1935, 11-13. 28 Cf. PVV, Appendix, 515, note 1: pustakante kargadapatresu vibhuticandrenaiva likhitam. 29 Cf. note 16. 30 Cf. my paper: Some Sanskrit-fragments of Jinendrabuddhi's Visalamalavati (to appear in the felicitation-volume for Prof. Gaurinath Sastri). 31 Compared with the version of Cone, where our text is found in Vol. Ne, 71 a6 ff. 32 adav utkramya (..neglecting the first chapter)") has been misunderstood and translated by dan por ran dban gis (,,at first on his own account").

Page #7
Philological Remarks on Sakyamati's Pramanavarttikatika 289 [PVT 8506-86al (C 7161-4):]" de' bstan bcos bsad par 'gyur ba nid yin pa'i phyir ro // de'i 'di ni slob dpon gyi'o // bstan bcos gari gis mion sum dai rjes su dpag pali tshad ma mtshon par byed pa de ni/ tshad ma'i mtshan nid kyi bstan bcos te / tshad ma kun las btus pa zes bya ba'o // mu stegs kyi dgra 'chos sin mi ses pa las skyob pa'i phyir nes pa 'i tshig gi tshul gyis bstan bcos so // slob dpon gyi yan de yin la tshad ma'i mtshan nid kyi bstan bcos kyan yin pas zes bya ba ni khyad par gyi bsdu ba'o // slob dpon gyi dul ba'i tika4 la sogs pa yod mod kyishad ma'i mtshan nid kyi bstan bcos ma yin no // de las gzan pas byas paitshad ma'i mtshan nid kyi bstan bcos yod mod kyi / slob dpon gyi ma yin no // de bas na grii ga smos so // (fragment 2: App 517,5-6 = PVT 86a1-2:) (de'i) purvatikakarasadvyakhyamus tirthikavimatin capaniya yathavasthita 6-vyakhyanam vyakhya, tasya nibandhanam anumanam. (PVT 86a2-6 (C7164-7):) de Itar na don dan don ma yin par rnam par 'byed pa'i mtshan nid can ni bsad pa yin no // de'i yon rjes su dpag pa rten yin te rnam par rtog pa dan bcas (: bcos C) pa nid kyi ph; ir ro // de bas na thabs su gyur ba nid kyi phyir de nid dan por mam par bzag pa yin no // gal te slob dpon phyogs kyi glan pos rjes su dpag pa'i mtshan nid mdzad pa de Ita na yan rgyas par rnam par dkrugs nas mam par bzag pa de Ita na skyon yod pa ma yin no // tshad ma mnam 'grel gyi le'u dan por tshad ma kun las btus pa'i ran gi don gyi rjes su dpag pa'l le'u rtsod nan lan btab pa'i sgo nas don gyis (: gyi P) rnam par bsad nas / de la ci'i phyir rim pa las brgal (: rgal C) nas mdzad ces bya ba'i rtsod pa 'di la / de'i phyir slob dpon gyi (PVP 162) zes bya ba la sogs pa smos te / (fragment 3: App 517,29-518,2 = PVT 86a6-7:) laksyante skandhadhatvayatanani yena sastrena tal laksanasastram tripitakam. pramanan ca tad, avisamvaditvat, laksana. sastram ceti pramanalaksanasastram bhagavatpravacanam ... iti bhavah. (PVT 86a7-8663 (C 72a1-3):) de'i bsad pa'i rgyu ni tshad ma'i mtshan nid kyi (: phyir C) bstani bcos bsad pa'i rgyu'o // slob dpon gyi yan de yin la (: pa P) tshad ma'i mtshan nid kyi bstan bcos bsad pa'i rgyu yan de yin pas na zes bya ba ni las dzin pa'o // de gan ze na / rjes su dpag pa ste / rjes su dpag pa ston pa'i phyir tshad ma kun las btus pa'i ran gi don gyi rjes su dpag pa'i le'u ni rjes su dpag pa'o // de skad du gan gi phyir rjes su dpag pa la brten nas bcom ldan 'das kyi bka'rigs pa dan Idan pa yin gyi / gzan mu stegs pa dag gi ni ma yin no des bstan par 'gyur ro // de skad du bsad pa ni rnam pa gzan yin no // rjes su dpag pa de yan ran gi don gyi rjes su dpag pa'i le'ur rnam par phye (: bye C) ba de bas na tshad ma kun las btus pa'i ran gi don gyi rjes su dpag pa'i le'u de nid rtsod nan lan btab pa'i sgo nas shar rnam par bsad pa nid yin no // After these introductory remarks Sakyamati comments upon Devendrabuddhi's 33 This explanation of the compound acaryiyapranitapramanalaksanasastra- has been stripped of its grammatical character and reformulated in the appendix in the following way: tena pranitam yat pramanalaksanasastram pratyaksinumana svarupaprakasakam pramanasamuccayakhyam tanniter evodyotayitum prastutatvat tasya vividhaprakaram visesera ca varttika rupena... (App 517,3-5). 34 Has Dignaga's Gunaparyan tastotratika (P 2045) been referred to as *Vinayatika? 35 The purvatikakara must be Isvarasena. 36 Tib.: khyad par du.

Page #8
290 E. Steinkellner explanation of Dharmakirti's pramana-definition (PV II v. 1a: pramanam avisarvadi jnanam). The later part of text no. 3 of the appendix contains a number of passages from this commentary. fragment 4 (App 521, 26-27 = PVT 8664-5): tad atra vrttikarah37 slokapatanikam f'grel pa) kurvan pramanabhutayety (PS I la) etat svayam vyacaste. pramanam jata iti (PVP 2a1) bhutasabdah pradurbhavarthah fragment 5 (App 522,1-5 = PVT 8666-87a2): nanu bhavanabalanispannanirmalavikalpabhranta-jnanatmakatvad bhagavatah pratyaksapramanasvabhavata saksad asty eva kiin upacarasrayeneti cet, adoso 'yam, savikalpajnanavasthasrayenabhidhanod ity eke. idam tv atra yuktam"deg; yady api yathoktapramanatmakah sada bhagaran, tathapy asamvyavahariko 'sau 'vasthabhedah. tatah samvyavaharikapramanenopamiyate (zes bya ba). fragment 6 (App 522,9-10 = PVT 87a2): pramanam avisamvadijnanam iti (PV II 1a) avisamraditvam jranatvan ca (mtshan gzi) anudya pramanyam vidhiyate". fragment 7 (App 522,23-26 = PVT 87a4-5): tad evam visayadharmasyapi samvadasya sambhavaj jnanagrahanam katam ity etat kathayan aha: sa punar artham paricchedvetyadi (PVP 2a5f.). sa punas samvado visayadharma ity (PVP 261) anena sambandhah, kada punar asau bhavatity aha: arthasy'a vicchidya pravrttav iti (PVP 2a6). fragment 8 (App 522,27-30 = PVT 87a6-8): pratyaksavikalpakatvan na niscayah, kintu tadabhasotpatt(imatram). anumane tu niscaya eva. yady evam, pratyaksenavikalpena (satyamithyajaladinam)** vivekasya kartumos asakyatvat katham tato 'tham paricchidya pravrttir iti cet, ucyate: dvidha pratyaksasraya pravrttir adyabhyasavati ca. fragment 9 (App 523,6-14 = PVT 8764-88al): katham tarhi paricchedyeti 46 vacanam etanmatena (?)"? iti cet, uktam atra tadakarotpattimatrena tatha vyapadesa iti. samsayena pravartamanah katham preksapurvakariti cet, ko virodho 'tra, na hi ya eva niscayena pravartate, sa eva preksapurvakari. tatha hi pravrttau hetudvayam arthasamsayo 'rthaniscayas ca. nivittav api dvayam evanarthaniscayo 'narthasamsayas ca. tatradyena hotudvayena yah pravartate nivartate ca pascad 37 I.e. Devendrabuddhi. 38 The following sentence has a parallel in fragment. I of the Visalamalavati which comes from App 519,3 f.: pramanan casou bhutas ceti pramanabhutah. Cf. my above-mentioned paper (note 30). 39 According to Tih. gruh ra dri ma med pa rnam par mi rtog pa 'khrul pa med pa't: -nispanna niskalpa vikalpavikalpabhranta. App. 40 rigs pa ma yin no C 7261. 41 Tib.: mtshan nid briod pa'o. 42 According to Tib. mi bslu ba de yah yohs su bcad nas "jug pa the pratika here would be sa punah paricchedya samvadah pravrttau; artham is, however, confirmed by PVP 2as (don yons su bcad nas). 43 According to Tih. skyes pa tsam yin no: -utpatteh App. 44 According to Tib. chu la sogs pa bden pa dan rdzun pa: mithyaphalavadinam App. 45 Tib. rnam par 'byed par must be corrected to rnam par 'byed pa byed par. 46 Tib.: don yons su bcad nas. 47 Tib. has only: shig ji Itar run.

Page #9
Philological Remarks on Sakyamati's'Pramanavarttikatika 291 yena", sa preksapurvakari bhanyate loke. yadi ca niscayenaiva pravstti", tada kssivaladinam kysyadisv apravsttih. na hi tesam anagatasasyadinispattau niscayakam pramanam asti. kimrupo 'sau visa yadharmah samvada ity aha: yatha samihitetyadi (PVP 2a6)So. yatha yena rupena sa... Pramanavarttikatika III (pratyaksam): A long fragment from Sakyamati's commentary on PVP on PV III 57 is contained in text no. 11 of the appendix. This verse offers the example of the shine of a lamp or a jewel in order to show that the validity of cognition results from practical efficiency. fragment 1 (App 528,17-529,14 = PVT 205b7-207a3): tadas? pratyaksamimanavyatiriktam tstiyam idam pramanam apatitam. tatha hi maniprabhayam manibuddher na pratyaksam, bhrantatvat savikalpakatvac ca, pratyaksatvam tv etadviparitam"napy anumanam, alingajatvat. na capramanam , vastu samvadat (ze na). atrocyate: anumanam evaitats. tatha hy anumanasya samanyalaksanamS6 anantaram sthapayisyate: paroksarthasya anyasambandhat pratipattir anumanam itis 7 iha ca manau maniprabhasambandhats atkaryatvat tasyam (mani)prabhayam"9 manibhrantir utpadyate. tatah karyalingajatvad anumanam eva tatha hi maniprabhayam adav abhrantam eva caksurvijnanam upajayate; tena ca karyalingasvarupam adhigatam, yatah svalaksanam eva lingam....60 na ca kalpitarupasyanyatvam tadatmyatadutpatti va stah. katham svalaksanenanvaya iti cet, na brumas tenaiveti, kin tu tajjatiyena svalaksanantarena, tatha coktam: tajjatiyo 'pi hi namabhedavivaksayam sa eveti62 48 Tib. adds: bsad pa gris kyis 49 Tib. adds: no mishar. 50 Tib. gives the full pratika: ji Itar 'dod pa'i don de Ita bu'l no bo'l. 51 Tib.: ji Itar no bo gan gis don du gfier ba'i me la sogs pa ni ji Itar 'dod pa ste. 52 According to Tib. the objection starts here: gal te de Ita na ni... S3 Tib. adds a third reason:...dan... bzlog pa nid yin pa'i phyir ro. 54 Tib. Ishad ma nid ma yin pa. 55 Tib.: tshad ma gdan du thal ba ma yin te rjes su dpag pa nid kyi nan du 'du ba phyir rol! 56 According to Tib. rjes su Page #10
292 E. Steinkellner tasmat samanajatiyasvalaksanany eva vijatiyavyavstyupadhikani sakalyenapeksitani samanyam ity ucyante. yatrapi krtakatvadayo (Idog pas tha dad pas) vyavasthapyante, tatrapi mudhapratipadanopayavidhanartho dharmadharmivibhagah. gamakan tu lirga-svalaksanam eva. tatha caha: dharmadharmitaya bhedo buddhyakarakrtonartho 'piti". dhumal lingal lingini jnanam utpadyamanam na dhuma eva (mer) adhyaropena pravartate, kin tv. 66 anyatra pradese. maniblirantis tu maniprabhakhya eva linge (na)67 linginam aropayantiti cer, tatah kim. na hiyata68 sambandhad utpannatvam hiyate, desabhrantir atradhikety etavat tu brimah. tatraiva dese maniprapakatve(na)69 ma bhut pramanyam, maninatraprapane tu kenanumanatyam varyate. sarvan canumanam bhrantam isyata eva, manibhrantav anvayavyatirekasmaranam nastiti cet, yadi nasti, na tavatanunanatvabhavah. yo hy anvayavyatirekav asmstva drag eva?' dhumad vahninampratyeti, tada kim tajjnanam anumanaljnanamy?? nesyate. trinipat tu lingat tad utpadyata ity etavatanumanam iti brumah. yady anumanam eva maniprabhayam manibhrantih. (ji Itar rjes su dpag pa tshad ma nid du "jog pa na / nor bu sgron ma'i 'od dag la (: las]?' zes bya ba la sogs pas)drstantikriyate.na hy anumanasya samanyenavisamvade sadhye 'numanasyaiva drstantatvam yuktam ayam apy adosah, yato manibhrantlaus bhrantatve 'pi (dnos po la)visamvadamatram icchati. (asya)?? tu dhumadilinga (janumanasya)78 abhrantatvam vastupratibhasitvam ca. anyatha hy avisamvaditvam na syadity ato manibhrantir drstantatvenopadiyate". Pramanavarttikatika IV (pararthanumanam): Text no. 9 of the appendix contains two fragments of Sakyamati's commentary on PVP 329a2 ff., commenting on PV IV 34ff., where Dharmakirti refutes a sadvitiyaprayoga of the Carvakas. That prayoga is quoted in PVP 329a3f. and extant in one of its forms in the original due to quotations in PVV 427,7 and PVBh 496, 31f.: abhivyaktacaitanyasariralaksanapurusaghasanyatarena sadvitiyo ghatah, anut 63 Tib. rtags kyi: lingam App. 64 Tib.blo Yrnan pas byas pa, PVSV -krto.-kalpito App. 65 PVSV 3,1 f. (hhedo dharmadharmitaya ...) 66 kin tu App: lib. o na ci yin te na. 67 Tib.: sto 'dogs par byed pa ma yin. 68 Tib. di isam gyis: iyaram App. 69 Tib. phrad par byed pa nid kyis: prapakatve App. 70 According to Tib. dran ba nid med par mod la, eva seems to go with asmrtva. 71 vahinam App. 72 Tib.rjes su drag pa 'i ses pa: anumanam App. 73 manipradipaprabhayoh (PV III 57a). 74 kimartham farhi sa App. 75 .bhrante App. 76 paro vak tr. App. 77 anyasya App. 78 According to Tib, rtags las skyes pa'i rjes su dpag pa 'di: lingasya App. 79 The text has an iti placed at its end, and the anonymous author of text no. 11, not agreeing with Sakyamati's explanation, offers his own interpretation of the example 529,17 ff.

Page #11
Philological Remarks on Sakyamati's Pramanavarttikatika palatvat, kudyavat. The following fragment is interesting for it begins with a refer. ence to a Carvaka-explanation of this prayoga fragment 1 (App 526,10-20 PVT 316a5-31665): mahabhutanam evabhivyaktiviteso madalaktivac caitanyam iti. abhivyaktam caitanyam yasmin dehe sa (mnon par bsal ba sems yod pa can nid do // de dag kyan de yin la lus can yin pas na zes bya ba las 'dzin par bya'o //) tathabhuto dehah svabhavo yasya purusasya sa tatha, pascad" ghatatabdena dvandvah, nirdharane sasthyah saptamya va dvivacanam etad avayavavayavisambandhe va sasthi tayor anyatarena ghatena purusena va saha dvitiyena vartata iti ca dvitiyah, asti hi drstante nutpalatmakasya" kudyasyanyatarena ghatena sadvitiyatvam; ekenapi sadvitiyatve" nyatarena sadvitiyatvam samanyena siddham iti na sadhyena niranvayata tatha ghanasyapi sadhyadharmino Sesaghatapaksikarane tenaiva sadvitiyatvam ayuktam iti samanyenapi sadhane tathablutena purusena sadvitiyatvan parisesyat sidhyatiti (anyo)6 manyate, atretyadi (PVP 329a4)" (gog par byed do). tadrsasya purusasya (gnis pa dan bcas pa) anuktav api icchavyaptasya sadhyatvat tasya casiddhatvad drstante 'nanvayadosah 88 fragment 2 (App 527,2-13 PVT 317a2-317b1):...(bum pa tha dad par rtog pa ni) ghatanityatvam sabdam pratijnayate tadablyupetavirodhah, sabde ghafanityatvasyanabhyupagamat. adisahdad (PVP 32965) amumanavirodho pi (gzun ste). anyadharmasyanyatra sadhya-manatvat sabdabhedena ca kalpune sadlyavikalatadoso drstante, siddheng vinaseneti (PV IV 36c) dharmivisesaparigralena vinasasamanyasya" siddhatvat. tadvata iti vinasavatah, anyenaiva prakarena savitiyatvaprayoge 'nvayavaikalyadikam asmabhir uktam, tvaya" tv anyathaiva parikalpya tulyadosatapadanam krtam ity etat kathayitum aha: na hityadi (PVP 329b 7). anyatararthantaratvam samanyam ghate sadhyadharmini kudye ca drstantadharmini upanitam iti pratiksiptam sadhyam istam parasya (so sor gnas pa ma yin pa ne bar god pa) sadhyadharmigatam vanyatararthantaratvam sadhyam, drstantadharmigatam veti yavat, na hy atranyatararthantaratvam kudyadharmo ghate 'sti 94 80 Tib.: gah la yod pa. 81 Tib.: de nas. 82 App inserts: vyajena ca mahabhutavyatiriktam caitanyam prayogena sadhayati. 83 'nutpatyatmakasya App. 84 Tib.: gnis pa yin na. 85 According to Tib. rjes su 'gro ba med pa nid: -anvitam nidarsanam App. 86 According to Tib. gtan dag: mano App. 87 Tib.: 'di la rjes su gro ba tes bya ba la sogs pas... 88 Tib.: bum pa la yod pa'i mi rtag pa flid. 89 badhya- App. 90 Tib.: stoi pa yin no. 91 asiddhena App. 293 92 correct phyi for ci P. 93 taya App. 94 Tib.: ston par. 95 I have difficulty interpreting the following sentence; except for the words without correspondence in Tib. the word-order, too, is different in the beginning. 96 Tib.: de spyi'i.

Page #12
294 E. Steinkellner sadhyam napi ghatadharmah kudye sadhyam istam anvetitio7 sadhyavaikalyadikamo brumah, yena" tulyado sata syato sadhyadharma eva tadrsa iti (PVP 329b 8) yathoktapuru saghasapeksanyatararthantarabhavalaksanah (snar bsad pali tshul gyis) nirupyamano na siddho 'sti. fragment 3 (App 527,30 = PVT 317b1f.): tadvan kumbha 100 ity (PV IV 37b) asya vivaranam anyatarasadvitiyaghata iti (PVP 330a2)... ABBREVIATIONS AND LITERATURE App PV PVin PVin 11 PVin T PVT PVP PVBh PVV, Appendix I, 515-531. Cone-edition Peking-edition. Tokyo-Kyoto 1955-1961. Pramanavarttikam: Pramanavarttika-Karika (Sanskrit and Tibetan). Ed. Yusho Miyasaka. Acta Indologica 2, 1971-72, 1-206. (Chapters I, II, III of my sequence correspond to chapters IJI, I, II with Miyasaka) Pramanaviniscayah E. Steinkellner, Dharmakirti's Pramanaviniscayah, 2. Kapitel: Svarthanumanam. Wien 1973. Pramanaviniscayatika: P 5727 (Dse, 1 -- 347a8; We, 1-20965) Pramanavarttikatika: P 5718 (Je, 1-402a8; Ne, 1-348a8) Pramanavarttikapanjika: P 5717(b) (Che, 1-390a8) Pramanavartikabhasyam or Vartikalankarah of Prajhakaragupta. Ed. R. Sankrtyayana. Patna 1953. Pramanavart tikavsttih: Dharmakirti's Pramanavarttika with a commentaty by Manorathanandin. Ed. R. Sankrtyayana. Patna 1938-40. Pramanavart tik a(sva)vrttih: G. Gnoli, The Pramanavarttikam of Dharmakirti, the first chapter with the autocommentary. Roma 1960. Pramanavarttikasva)vsttitika: Dharmakirteh Pramanavarttikam (svarthanumanaparicchedah) svopajsavrttya Karnakagomi-viracitaya tattikaya ca sahitam. Ed. R. Sahkrtyayana. Allahabad 1943. Pramanasamuccayah: M. Hattori, Dignaga, On Perception, being the Pratyaksapariccheda of Dignaga's Pramanasamuccaya from the Sanskrit fragments and the Tibetan versions. Cambridge, Mass., 1968. Hetubinduh: E. Steinkellner, Dharmakirti's Hetubindun. Teil I. Wien 1967. Hetubindutika of Bhatta Arcata with the Sub-Commentary entitled Aloka of Durveka Misra. Ed. S. Sanghavi, Muni Jinavijayaji. Baroda 1949. PVV PVSV PVSVT PSI HB HBT Gnoli, R. (1960): Introduction. In: PVSV. Frauwallner, E. (1933): Dignaga und anderes. Festschrift fur M. Winternitz zum sicbzigsten Ge burtstag. Leipzig. 237--242. Frauwallner, E. (1937): Zu den Fragmenten buddhistischer Autoren in Haribhadras Anekanta jayapataka. WZKM 44, 1937, 65-74. 97 Tib. differs considerably: de yan ji skad du bsad pa'l chos can tha dad pas ne bar bkod pa gan yan run ba-sna tshogs pa'i ngyu Nid kyis brgyud pas rjes su 'gro ba med pa'i phyir kho bo cag... (PVT 317a7f.) 98 Tib.: ston pa la sogs pa yin par. 99 Tib.: de skad du briod na skyon meshuhs par bstan par 'syur ro. 100 Tib.: de Idan pa yan. 101 It has recently been studied by Watanabe Shigeaki: Sadvitiyaprayogah - Indo ronrigaku no ichi damnien. Mikkyogaku 13-14 (Takai Ryushu kanreki kinengo), 1977, 194-209.

Page #13
Philological Remarks on sakyamati's Pramanavarttikatika 295 Frauwallner, E. (1954): Die Reihenfolge und Entstehung der Werke Dharmakirti's. Asiatica, Festschrift Friedrich Weller-zum 65. Geburtstag, Leipzig, 142-154. Frauwallner, E. (1960): Devendrabuddhi. WZKS 4, 119-123. Frauwallner, E. (1961): Landmarks in the History of Indian Logic. WZKS S, 125-148. Stcherbatsky, Th. (1932): Buddhist Logic. Vol. I. Leningrad. Steinkellner, E. (1979): Miszellen zur erkenntnistheoretisch-logischen Schule des Buddhismus I. Zur Datierung Karnakagomins. WZKS 23, 141-150.