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________________ HAJIME NAKAMURA NOTES ON THE THIRD CHAPTER (ON JAINISM) OF THE SARVADARSANASAMGRAHA The Third Chapter (on Arhatadarsana) of the Sarvadarsanasamgraha by Madhava has been esteemed as a brief and good introduction to Jain philosophy and read by many students of Indian philosophy. It was translated into English by E. B. Cowell and A. E. Gough in The Sarva-darsana-samgraha or Review of the Different Systems of Hindu Philosophy (London, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner and Co. 4th ed., 1904), pp. 36-63, and by Paul Deussen in his Allgemeine Geschichte der Philosophie, I,3, Die Nachvedische Philosophie der Inder (Leipzig, F. A. Brockhaus, 1922), S. 231-258. As the work of translation was done by excellent scholars, the results are good. But, to our regret, they did not trace the citations to the originals. In the following we are going to trace the citations to the sources, and to give some critical comments. As the basis for the reference we shall use the edition by Vasudev Shastri Abhyankar (Government Oriental (Hindu) Series, No. 1. Published by the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona, 1924). The numbers of the lines refer to those in the third chapter of this edition. 1.9: pravaha = samtana. Cf. Bodhic.f. p. 255,1.8; p. 369, 1.3; MVI. p. 545, n. 6; AKV. p. 29,1.16; Trimsika, ed. by S. Levi, p. 22,1.2. 1.10: yat sat tat ksanikam... An argumentation for impermanence set forth by Dharmakirti. Cf. SDS. II, 1.117. 11.18-21: yasminn eva... This verse is cited from Slokavarttika, Niralambanavada, v. 200. Upasicyate instead of avasicyate. Cf. Bodhic. 1. ad IX,73 (p. 306,1.12). 1.22: Kasakusavalambana. Cf. SDS. XIII, 1.169. 1.26: Cf. arthakriyasamartham paramarthasad ucyate. Nyayabindutika (ed. by Stcherbatsky) ad I, 15. p. 13,1.19. 1.28: utpadavyaya... This is a citation from Umasvati's Tattvarthadhigamasutra V, 29. 11.28-29: samarthyasamarthya... Cf. SDS. II, 1.62f. 1.38: Siddhasena Divakara. He is by some scholars ascribed to the earlier centuries of the Christian era, and by others to a period as late as the 7th century (M. Winternitz: A History of Indian Literature, vol. II, p. 477). J. N. Farquhar (An Outline of the Religious Literature of India, p. 400) ascribes him to the 4th or 5th century. The verse cited here is Vitaragastuti, v. 18 of Hemacandra.
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________________ SARVADARSANASAMGRAHA 511 1.41: upeksya = anadstya (Mallisena 1.c.). On mahasahasika: mahasahasikah sahasa avimarsatmakena balena vartate sahasiko bhavinam anartham avibhavya yah pravartate sa evam ucyate. (Mallisena ad Vitaragastuti 18). 1.46: agrahyasya. Read grahyasya, following the correction by Cowell and Deussen, and adopting a v.l. in the AnSS edition. Cf. Abhyankar's comment. Alambana pratyaya is one of the four pratyayas in Buddhist philosophy of Abhidharma. 1.49: nirakarajnanavada. Cf. nirakaravadin, nirakaravadi-Yogacara, mentioned in the Tattvaratnavali included in the Advayavajrasamgraha (GOS. vol. 40, Baroda: 1927). 1.54; bahur. Read bahur. 11.71-72: sarvajno... This verse is Hemacandra's Yogasastra II, 4. 11.76-95: These ten verses are mentioned in Prabhacandra's Prameya-Kamalamar tanda, and Pathak cited the original text of these verses (Transactions of International Congresses of Orientalists, IX, p. 189). Many verses among them are from Kumarila's Slokavarttika, and are also cited in Santiraksita's Tattvasam graha. 1.76: SV. Codanasutra 117a. 11.76,77: TS.3186 (p. 830). 11.78,83: TS. 3187 (p.831). 1.78: nityasarva- = nityah sarva- (PK.) 1.79: tatrartha- = mantrartha- (PK.) api kalpyate = avakalpate (PK.) 1.83: tv asatyena = ca satyena (TS.) 11.84,85: TS. 3188 (p. 832). sarvajno 'jnah = sarvajno 'nyaih (SDS, BI; PK. TS.) prakalpyeta = prakalpeta (PK). 11.86,87: TS. 3189 (p. 832). siddhamulantarad = siddhan mulantarad (TS). 11.88,89: TS. 3190 (p. 832). svavakyat kim = tadvak yokam (SDS., BI). 11.92,93: TS.3217 (p. 838). upadeso 'pi Buddhasya = upadeso hi Buddhader (PK.; TS). sarvajnyam = sarvajnam (PK.) sarvajnyam yadi nabhavat = sarvajno yadi no bhavet (TS). 11.94,95: deest in BI. and PK. 1.105: Anvaya and vyatireka are implied here. 1.106f.: Cf. Sabarasvamin ad Mimamsa-sutra I, 1,2. 1.123. Cf. ...ityadidusanagrahagrastatvat. (SDS. II, 1.133). 1.154. samyagdarsana... iti. Tattvarthadhigamasutra I, 1. 11.157-158: The Tattvarthadhigamasutra 1,2 runs: Tattvarthasraddhanam samyagj nanam.
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________________ 512 HAJIME NAKAMURA 11.159-160: rucir... This verse is Hemacandra's Yogasastra, I. 17. 1.168: mati-... iti. Tattvarthadhigamasutra 1,9. 1.174: tatradyam. Read tatradye, according to the AnSS edition. Cf. adye paroksam (Tattvarthadhigamasutra I, 11); pratyaksam anyat. (ib. I, 12). 1.180: nirvrttih. Read nivsttih according to the BI edition. 11.181-182: Hemacandra's Yogasastra I, 18. 1.183: Yogasastra I, 19 ab. 11.184-185: Ibid. I, 20. 11.186-187: Ibid. 1,21. 11.188-189: Ibid. I, 22. 1.190: krtanumatakarita. Cf. ksta-karita-anumata. (Tattvarthadhigamasutra, VI,9). This threefold form can be traced in early Jain scriptures, and also in very early Buddhist scriptures. (Cf. Suttanipata 394-397). 1.190: On audarika, cf. Tattvarthadhigamasutra II, 37. 1.191: astadasadha. 2 X 3 X 3 = 18. divya keta manas audarika anumata vac karita kaya 11.190,191: Yogasastra 1,23. 11.192,193: Yogasastra I, 24. 11.194,195: Ibid. I, 25. 11.197,198: Ibid. I, 27. 11.203: Padmanandin. He is the same as Kundakunda. (M. Winternitz: A History of Indian Literature, vol. II, pp. 476, n.; 582.) 1.208: upayoga. Cf. Tattvarthadhigamasutra II,8: upayogo laksanam. H. Jacobi translated the term as "geistige Funktion". 1.208: jnanadarsane. Cf. Davvasamgaha, XX, 4. 11.208,209: parasparapradesanam. Read parasparam pradesanam. 11.224,225: jnanad... Cf. Haribhadra's Saddarsanasamuccaya, 48. 1.232. The term kaya is used in the same way as in Buddhist philosophy. 1.233: Verbatim the same as in the Tattvarthadhigamasutra, II, 10. The use of the term bhava is almost the same as in Buddhist philosophy. 1.234: Verbatim the same as in the Tattvarthadhigamasutra, II, 11. 1.235: Verbatim the same as in the Tattvarthadhigamasutra, Ibid. II, 25. 1.237: Cf. Ibid. II, 24. 1.244: Cf. Ibid. V,5. 1.255: Cf. Ibid. V,6. 1.246: Cf. Ibid. V, 13. 1.247: Cf. Ibid. V, 17. 11.250,251: Cf. Ibid. V, 25. 1.252: Cf. V, 27. 1.256: V,38. V,37 according to some editions.
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________________ SARVADARSANASAMGRAHA 513 1.256: V,49. Read V, 40. 1.264: nirjara-. In the Tattvarthadhigamasutra 1,4 the term is mentioned as nirjara. In all the passages of Vedantic works by Advaitins where Jainism is referred to and is discussed, in so far as I know, the term is always mentioned as nirjara. 1.265: audarika = sthula. Cf. Tattvarthadhigamasutra, II, 37. 11.272,273: krodho mano maya lobhas ca. Ibid. VIII, 10. Thi sset of the four can be traced in early Jain scriptures. (E.g. Uttarajjhayana, XXVIII, 20; XXIX, 1, cf. 67f.; XXXIV, 29; Suyagaoamga, I,1,3,7 etc.). These four are mentioned in the Suttanipata, 469. Cf. Ibid. 323; 631. But later Buddhist philosophy developed different kinds of systems of virtues and vices. 1.275: Cf. Davvasamgaha, 49-54. S. Radhakrishnan: Indian Philosophy, vol. I, p. 333, n. 1.286: Vacakacarya. Umasvamin was called Vacakacarya (reciter). (Winternitz: op. cit. vol. II, p. 578). 1.293: anubhava. Read anubhava as in the BI edition. . 1.293: VIII, 3. VIII, 4, according to some editions. 1.296: Cf. Tattvartharthadhigamasutra, VIII, 9. 1.304: VIII, 4. VIII, 5 according to some editions. 1.306: VIII, 5. VIII, 6, according to some editions. 1.310: VIII, 14. VIII, 15, according to some editions. 1.314: pradesa. Cf. Tattvarthadhigamasutra, VIII, 4; 1,9; VIII, 25. 1.315: samvara. Cf. Ibid. IX, 1. 1.317: gupti. Cf. Ibid. IX, 4. 1.318: samiti. Cf. Ibid. IX,9. 11.320-329: Yogasastra I, 35-39. 11.331,333: These two lines make up one verse and is cited in the Vedantakalpataru parimala (Vizss.), p. 443. 11:342-344: Yogasastra, IV, 85-86. 11.347-348: Tattvarthadhigamasutra, X, 2-3. 11.372-378: These verses are cited also in the Nyayanirnaya, vol. I, p. 594 (AnSS.) and the Vedantakalpataru (VizSs.), p. 299. 11.381,382: Vakyesv... This is Aptamimamsa, v. 103 by Samantabhadra, and is cited in the Bhamati II,2,33. 11.387,389: syadvadah... This is Aptamimamsa, v. 104, and is cited in the Bhamati (1.c.) and the Sarvamatasamgraha (p. 17). 11.415-438: These verses of Jinadattasuri were cited in R. G. Bhandarkar's Report on the Search for Sanskrit Manuscripts in the Bombay Presidency, 1884; 1887, according to the information of the late Dr. Hakuju Ui, but now I have no means for ascertaining them. 1.417: himsa. haso, according to R. G. Bhandarkar. 1.431: lokagudha. Lokagrasthitasya, according to R. G. Bhandarkar. Cf. Davva samgaha, 14.
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________________ 514 HAJIME NAKAMURA The sources which were identified and mentioned by the late Abhyankar, the editor, are not included in the list above. Many v.l. which are not very important have also been skipped here. In the preface to the English translation of the Sarvadarsanasamgraha by Madhava, E. B. Cowell said: "I can hardly imagine a better guide for the European reader who wishes to study any one of these Darsanas in its native authorities. In one or two cases (as notably in the Bauddha, and perhaps in the Jaina system) he could only draw his materials second-hand from the discussions in the works of Brahmanical controversialists; but in the great majority he quotes directly from the works of their founders or leading exponents, and he is continually following in their track even where he does not quote their exact words" (p. vii). When Cowell wrote these lines, Jain materials were not well known to the West. However, nowadays these materials are available, and in this short article the writer has traced unidentified quotations to the sources, and nearly all citations in the third chapter (Arhatadarsana) have been identified. What the writer of this short article aims at is to make clear that even in the chapter on the Jain system, Madhava based his description directly on authoritative and reliable sources, as in other chapters. TOKYO Abbreviations: AKV. Abhidharmakosavyakhya by Yasomitra. Edited by Unrai Wogihara (Tokyo, Taisho University, 1932f.). Bodhic.t. Louis de La Vallee Poussin: Bouddhisme, Etudes et materiaux, Adikarma pradipa, Bodhicaryavataratika, couronne par la classe des lettres dans la seance du 11 mai 1896, tome LV (London, 1898). MV;. Madhyamaka-Vrtti. Mulamadhyamaka-karikas de Nagarjuna avec la Commentaire de Candrakirti, publiee par L. de La Vallee Poussin (St.-Peters bourg, 1913). PK. Prameyakamalamartanda (Bombay, Nirnaya Sagara Press, 1912). SDS. Sarvadarsanasamgraha. SV. Slokavarttika. Edited by S. K. Ramanatha Sastri (University of Madras, 1940). TS. Tattvasamgraha of santiraksita with the Commentary of Kamalasila. Edited by Embar Krishnamacharya, 2 vols. GOS. No. 30 (Baroda, 1926). Editions: Aptamimamsa. Sanatana-Jaina-Grantha-Mala 7, published by Pandit Pannalal Jain Bakaliwal (Benares, 1914). Ayaranga. Acaranga-sutra, erster Srutaskandha. Herausgegeben von Walther Schub ring (Leipzig, F. A. Brockhaus, 1910).
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________________ SARVADARSANASAMGRAHA 515 Davvasamgaha. Edited by Sarat Chandra Ghoshal. Sacred Books of the Jains, 1 (Arrah, Central Jaina Publishing House, 1917). Tattvarthadhigamasutra. Herausgegeben von Hermann Jacobi, ZDMG. 60 (1906), S. 287-325; 512-551. Uttarajjhayana. The Uttaradhyayana sutra. Edited by Jarl Charpentier (Uppsala, Appelsbergs Boktryckeri Aktiebolag, 1922). Yogasastra. Herausgegeben von Ernst Windisch. ZDMG. 28 (1874), S. 185-262. Editions of other texts are mentioned in the article.