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HAJIME NAKAMURA
NOTES ON THE THIRD CHAPTER (ON JAINISM)
OF THE SARVADARŠANASAMGRAHA
The Third Chapter (on Ārhatadarśana) of the Sarvadarśanasamgraha by Madhava has been esteemed as a brief and good introduction to Jain philosophy and read by many students of Indian philosophy. It was translated into English by E. B. Cowell and A. E. Gough in The Sarva-darśana-samgraha or Review of the Different Systems of Hindu Philosophy (London, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner and Co. 4th ed., 1904), pp. 36-63, and by Paul Deussen in his Allgemeine Geschichte der Philosophie, I,3, Die Nachvedische Philosophie der Inder (Leipzig, F. A. Brockhaus, 1922), S. 231-258. As the work of translation was done by excellent scholars, the results are good. But, to our regret, they did not trace the citations to the originals. In the following we are going to trace the citations to the sources, and to give some critical comments. As the basis for the reference we shall use the edition by Vasudev Shastri Abhyankar (Government Oriental (Hindu) Series, No. 1. Published by the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona, 1924). The numbers of the lines refer to those in the third chapter of this edition. 1.9: praváha = samtāna. Cf. Bodhic.f. p. 255,1.8; p. 369, 1.3; MVỊ. p. 545, n. 6;
AKV. p. 29,1.16; Trimsikā, ed. by S. Lévi, p. 22,1.2. 1.10: yat sat tat kşaņikam... An argumentation for impermanence set forth by
Dharmakirti. Cf. SDS. II, 1.117. 11.18-21: yasminn eva... This verse is cited from Slokavārttika, Nirālambanavāda,
v. 200. Upasicyate instead of avasicyate. Cf. Bodhic. 1. ad IX,73 (p. 306,1.12). 1.22: Kāśakuśāvalambana. Cf. SDS. XIII, 1.169. 1.26: Cf. arthakriyasamartham paramarthasad ucyate. Nyāyabinduţikā (ed. by
Stcherbatsky) ad I, 15. p. 13,1.19. 1.28: utpädavyaya... This is a citation from Umāsvāti's Tattvärthadhigamasutra V, 29. 11.28-29: samarthyāsāmarthya... Cf. SDS. II, 1.62f. 1.38: Siddhasena Divākara. He is by some scholars ascribed to the earlier centuries
of the Christian era, and by others to a period as late as the 7th century (M. Winternitz: A History of Indian Literature, vol. II, p. 477). J. N. Farquhar (An Outline of the Religious Literature of India, p. 400) ascribes him to the 4th or 5th century. The verse cited here is Vitarāgastuti, v. 18 of Hemacandra.
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511 1.41: upekşya = anādstya (Mallişeņa 1.c.).
On mahāsähasika: mahāsähasikaḥ sahasă avimarśātmakena balena vartate sähasiko bhāvinam anartham avibhavya yaḥ pravartate sa evam ucyate. (Mallişeņa
ad Vitaragastuti 18). 1.46: agrāhyasya. Read grāhyasya, following the correction by Cowell and Deussen,
and adopting a v.l. in the ĀnSS edition. Cf. Abhyankar's comment. Ālambana
pratyaya is one of the four pratyayas in Buddhist philosophy of Abhidharma. 1.49: nirākārajñanavāda. Cf. nirakaravādin, niräkāravādi-Yogăcăra, mentioned in
the Tattvaratnávali included in the Advayavajrasamgraha (GOS. vol. 40, Baroda:
1927). 1.54; bāhur. Read bahur. 11.71-72: sarvajño... This verse is Hemacandra's Yogaśāstra II, 4. 11.76-95: These ten verses are mentioned in Prabhācandra's Prameya-Kamalamar
tanda, and Pathak cited the original text of these verses (Transactions of International Congresses of Orientalists, IX, p. 189). Many verses among them are from Kumārila's Slokavārttika, and are also cited in Sāntirakṣita's Tattvasam
graha. 1.76: SV. Codanāsūtra 117a. 11.76,77: TS.3186 (p. 830). 11.78,83: TS. 3187 (p.831). 1.78: nityasarva- = nityaḥ sarva- (PK.) 1.79: taträrtha- = manträrtha- (PK.)
api kalpyate = avakalpate (PK.) 1.83: tv asatyena = ca satyena (TS.) 11.84,85: TS. 3188 (p. 832).
sarvajño 'jñaḥ = sarvajño 'nyaiḥ (SDS, BI; PK. TS.)
prakalpyeta = prakalpeta (PK). 11.86,87: TS. 3189 (p. 832).
siddhamūlantarād = siddhan mulantarád (TS). 11.88,89: TS. 3190 (p. 832).
svavákyāt kim = tadvāk yokam (SDS., BI). 11.92,93: TS.3217 (p. 838).
upadeso 'pi Buddhasya = upadeśo hi Buddhäder (PK.; TS). sarvajñyam = sarvajñam (PK.)
särvajñyam yadi näbhavat = sarvajño yadi no bhavet (TS). 11.94,95: deest in BI. and PK. 1.105: Anvaya and vyatireka are implied here. 1.106f.: Cf. Sabarasvāmin ad Mimämsā-sūtra I, 1,2. 1.123. Cf. ...ityādidūşanagrahagrastatvät. (SDS. II, 1.133). 1.154. samyagdarśana... iti. Tattvärthadhigamasutra I, 1. 11.157-158: The Tattvārthadhigamasūtra 1,2 runs: Tattvārthaśraddhānam samyagj
ñanam.
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512
HAJIME NAKAMURA 11.159-160: rucir... This verse is Hemacandra's Yogaśästra, I. 17. 1.168: mati-... iti. Tattvarthädhigamasūtra 1,9. 1.174: taträdyam. Read taträdye, according to the ĀnSS edition. Cf. adye parokşam
(Tattvärthadhigamasutra I, 11); pratyakşam anyat. (ib. I, 12). 1.180: nirvrttiḥ. Read nivsttiḥ according to the BI edition. 11.181-182: Hemacandra's Yogaśāstra I, 18. 1.183: Yogaśāstra I, 19 ab. 11.184-185: Ibid. I, 20. 11.186-187: Ibid. 1,21. 11.188-189: Ibid. I, 22. 1.190: kṛtānumatakärita. Cf. ksta-kärita-anumata. (Tattvārthadhigamasutra, VI,9).
This threefold form can be traced in early Jain scriptures, and also in very early
Buddhist scriptures. (Cf. Suttanipäta 394-397). 1.190: On audărika, cf. Tattvarthadhigamasutra II, 37. 1.191: aştādaśadha. 2 X 3 X 3 = 18.
divya kệta manas audārika anumata vāc
kārita kāya 11.190,191: Yogaśāstra 1,23. 11.192,193: Yogaśāstra I, 24. 11.194,195: Ibid. I, 25. 11.197,198: Ibid. I, 27. 11.203: Padmanandin. He is the same as Kundakunda. (M. Winternitz: A History
of Indian Literature, vol. II, pp. 476, n.; 582.) 1.208: upayoga. Cf. Tattvärthādhigamasutra II,8: upayogo laksanam. H. Jacobi
translated the term as "geistige Funktion". 1.208: jñanadarśane. Cf. Davvasamgaha, XX, 4. 11.208,209: parasparapradeśānām. Read parasparam pradeśānām. 11.224,225: jñānād... Cf. Haribhadra's Şaddarśanasamuccaya, 48. 1.232. The term kāya is used in the same way as in Buddhist philosophy. 1.233: Verbatim the same as in the Tattvārthadhigamasutra, II, 10. The use of the
term bhava is almost the same as in Buddhist philosophy. 1.234: Verbatim the same as in the Tattvārthādhigamasutra, II, 11. 1.235: Verbatim the same as in the Tattvārthadhigamasūtra, Ibid. II, 25. 1.237: Cf. Ibid. II, 24. 1.244: Cf. Ibid. V,5. 1.255: Cf. Ibid. V,6. 1.246: Cf. Ibid. V, 13. 1.247: Cf. Ibid. V, 17. 11.250,251: Cf. Ibid. V, 25. 1.252: Cf. V, 27. 1.256: V,38. V,37 according to some editions.
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513
1.256: V,49. Read V, 40. 1.264: nirjara-. In the Tattvärthadhigamasūtra 1,4 the term is mentioned as nirjara.
In all the passages of Vedāntic works by Advaitins where Jainism is referred to
and is discussed, in so far as I know, the term is always mentioned as nirjara. 1.265: audārika = sthūla. Cf. Tattvärthādhigamasūtra, II, 37. 11.272,273: krodho mäno māyā lobhaś ca. Ibid. VIII, 10. Thi sset of the four can be
traced in early Jain scriptures. (E.g. Uttarajjhayaņa, XXVIII, 20; XXIX, 1, cf. 67f.; XXXIV, 29; Sūyagaờamga, I,1,3,7 etc.). These four are mentioned in the Suttanipāta, 469. Cf. Ibid. 323; 631. But later Buddhist philosophy developed
different kinds of systems of virtues and vices. 1.275: Cf. Davvasamgaha, 49-54. S. Radhakrishnan: Indian Philosophy, vol. I, p.
333, n. 1.286: Vācakācārya. Umāsvāmin was called Vācakācārya (reciter). (Winternitz:
op. cit. vol. II, p. 578). 1.293: anubhava. Read anubhāva as in the BI edition. . 1.293: VIII, 3. VIII, 4, according to some editions. 1.296: Cf. Tattvärthärthādhigamasūtra, VIII, 9. 1.304: VIII, 4. VIII, 5 according to some editions. 1.306: VIII, 5. VIII, 6, according to some editions. 1.310: VIII, 14. VIII, 15, according to some editions. 1.314: pradeśa. Cf. Tattvārthādhigamasutra, VIII, 4; 1,9; VIII, 25. 1.315: samvara. Cf. Ibid. IX, 1. 1.317: gupti. Cf. Ibid. IX, 4. 1.318: samiti. Cf. Ibid. IX,9. 11.320-329: Yogaśāstra I, 35-39. 11.331,333: These two lines make up one verse and is cited in the Vedāntakalpataru
parimala (Vizss.), p. 443. 11:342-344: Yogaśāstra, IV, 85-86. 11.347-348: Tattvärthadhigamasutra, X, 2-3. 11.372-378: These verses are cited also in the Nyayanirnaya, vol. I, p. 594 (AnSS.)
and the Vedāntakalpataru (VizSs.), p. 299. 11.381,382: Vákyeşv... This is Aptamimāmsā, v. 103 by Samantabhadra, and is cited
in the Bhāmati II,2,33. 11.387,389: syadvādaḥ... This is Āptamīmāmsā, v. 104, and is cited in the Bhamati
(1.c.) and the Sarvamatasamgraha (p. 17). 11.415-438: These verses of Jinadattasūri were cited in R. G. Bhandarkar's Report
on the Search for Sanskrit Manuscripts in the Bombay Presidency, 1884; 1887, according to the information of the late Dr. Hakuju Ui, but now I have no means
for ascertaining them. 1.417: himsă. häso, according to R. G. Bhandarkar. 1.431: lokāgūdha. Lokägrasthitasya, according to R. G. Bhandarkar. Cf. Davva
samgaha, 14.
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514
HAJIME NAKAMURA
The sources which were identified and mentioned by the late Abhyankar, the editor, are not included in the list above. Many v.l. which are not very important have also been skipped here.
In the preface to the English translation of the Sarvadarśanasamgraha by Mādhava, E. B. Cowell said: “I can hardly imagine a better guide for the European reader who wishes to study any one of these Darśanas in its native authorities. In one or two cases (as notably in the Bauddha, and perhaps in the Jaina system) he could only draw his materials second-hand from the discussions in the works of Brahmanical controversialists; but in the great majority he quotes directly from the works of their founders or leading exponents, and he is continually following in their track even where he does not quote their exact words” (p. vii). When Cowell wrote these lines, Jain materials were not well known to the West. However, nowadays these materials are available, and in this short article the writer has traced unidentified quotations to the sources, and nearly all citations in the third chapter (Ārhatadarśana) have been identified. What the writer of this short article aims at is to make clear that even in the chapter on the Jain system, Madhava based his description directly on authoritative and reliable sources, as in other chapters.
TOKYO
Abbreviations: AKV. Abhidharmakośavyākhyā by Yaśomitra. Edited by Unrai Wogihara
(Tokyo, Taisho University, 1932f.). Bodhic.t. Louis de La Vallée Poussin: Bouddhisme, Études et matériaux, Ādikarma
pradīpa, Bodhicaryavatāraţikā, couronné par la classe des lettres dans la
séance du 11 mai 1896, tome LV (London, 1898). MV;.
Madhyamaka-Vrtti. Mulamadhyamaka-kārikās de Nagarjuna avec la Commentaire de Candrakirti, publiée par L. de La Vallée Poussin (St.-Péters
bourg, 1913). PK. Prameyakamalamārtanda (Bombay, Nirnaya Sagara Press, 1912). SDS. Sarvadarśanasamgraha. ŚV. Slokavårttika. Edited by S. K. Ramanatha Sastri (University of Madras,
1940). TS. Tattvasamgraha of śāntirakṣita with the Commentary of Kamalasila.
Edited by Embar Krishnamacharya, 2 vols. GOS. No. 30 (Baroda, 1926).
Editions:
Aptamimamsa. Sanātana-Jaina-Grantha-Mālā 7, published by Pandit Pannalal Jain
Bakaliwal (Benares, 1914). Ayāranga. Ācārânga-sūtra, erster Srutaskandha. Herausgegeben von Walther Schub
ring (Leipzig, F. A. Brockhaus, 1910).
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________________ SARVADARSANASAMGRAHA 515 Davvasamgaha. Edited by Sarat Chandra Ghoshal. Sacred Books of the Jains, 1 (Arrah, Central Jaina Publishing House, 1917). Tattvarthadhigamasutra. Herausgegeben von Hermann Jacobi, ZDMG. 60 (1906), S. 287-325; 512-551. Uttarajjhayana. The Uttaradhyayana sutra. Edited by Jarl Charpentier (Uppsala, Appelsbergs Boktryckeri Aktiebolag, 1922). Yogasastra. Herausgegeben von Ernst Windisch. ZDMG. 28 (1874), S. 185-262. Editions of other texts are mentioned in the article.