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________________ NON-STANDARD USAGES IN THE PANCATANTRA (TANTRAKHYAYIKA)* Dinanath Sharma The Pancatantra (Tantrakhyayika) is a compilation of old Indian fables. As is known from the prologue, it was written by Visnusarman (c. A.D. 300) in order to educate politically the three sons of Amarasakti, the then king of a South Indian state, Mihilaropya. It was originally written in the language of the educated courtcircles of the time, the Sanskrit. But the original text of the Pancatantra, however is not available; the work is known through its recensions, which are as follows : [1] The Tantrakhyayika, [2] The text that was translated into Pahlavi in about A.D. 570 [3] the Kashmirian Brhatkatha, [4] the South Indian Pancatantra and [5] the Nepalese Selection of Stanzas. In respect of the text, these five recensions agree among themselves to such an extent that Hartel has rightly traced them to a common single source and, from their correspondences, he has drawn the conclusion that the Tantrakhyayika - the only complete Sanskrit text among these recensions -- provides the best picture of the primary work; it thus stands next to the original Pancatantra. Hence, generally speaking, it also holds that whatever may be said with regard to the Tantrakhyayika is largely valid for the primary work of the Pancatantra? For this reason I have preferred the Tantrakhyayika for my langual study. The language of the Pancatantra is phraseological and facile, but there are some usages which go against the discipline of the standard Sanskrit grammar, the Astadhyayi by Panini. This article is oriented to highlight those usages and justify them, if possible, from other sources. They are as follows: (A) 375 itala cave 91H 1 I trufcari20521, P-5, Line-4 : (A flock of monkeys, incidentally came to the temple.) (B) auftreterard 3TTA: | fauf 4011 P-25, Line-16 : (Wherefrom did you come in this improper dwelling ?) (C) cf - ZTETYCU 3T afH atafa I FARUTH P-76, Line-8 : (Then, I shall pass the night having climbed only on this banyan tree.) According to Panini, the verb denoting movement with physical activity should have its object either in accusative case or in dative case provided the object is not the path + This article was presented in the Xth World Sanskrit Conference, Bangalore, held from 3 to 9 January 1997.
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________________ 30 Dinanath Sharma Nirgrantha In the above sentences, the verbs -Agatam, AgataH and ArUDhaH, denote movement and therefore their objects, namely devagRhe, asminnayogyAdhivAse and nyagrodhapAdape should not be as such i.e. in locative case. They should be in objective case i.e. a, 544 ayogyAdhivAsam and nyagrodhapAdapam. Now, we shall see these usages in light of the Prakrit grammar. According to Hemacandra", (FH14 dieu: 55 8.3.135) sometimes locative case can be used in lieu of accusative and instrumental cases, v.g. 22 7 AH (977A) (I don't go to the town.) etc. 2. 4957dta 477787 HIGHYTROT Frame - story Lion and bull P-22, Line-8 : (And the lion asked Damanaka respectfully for his speech was trustworthy. ) Panini admits by the sutra 37aferri (1.4.51) that if the speaker does not want to use the cases like ablative etc., as such then those cases can be considered to be accusative case. Thus the verb of the sentence has two objects. There are sixteen such verbs which have two objects and res is one of them. For example77740i Teri Yafa 1 (One asks the pupil the way.) Here ablative case to the word 4140 is not required by the speaker, therefore the suffix of accusative case has been added to 1976. Was it required to be in ablative case the word would be mANavakAt but not mANavakasya i.e. in genitive case as is added to damanaka in the above sentence of the Pancatantra. Such usages are allowed in Prakrit languages by the sutra kvacid dvitIyAde: (8.3.134) of Hemacandra in which he says - In some usages sixth case is taken for second, third etc. cases. For example - LTERATI (I pray Simadhara). Actually it should be the fire in Sanskrit. In the same respect follow another usages - 3. (a) TRICI CE C ferger T 7916 Frame - story lion and bull P-3, Line-23 : (Once the securitymen, being afraid for their own sake, came and told him [Vardhamanaka) a lie). (b) gral da: ER WERTY | Three fishes P. 38, Line-21 : (And having known the god spoke with smile to Samudra.) a t are also in the same group of verbs which have two objects as earlier mentioned. The verb e of 30 and are in above sentences respectively falls in the same group of verbs with the help of 37effacera FSI? of the Vaiyakarana Siddhanta Kaumudi, denoting the same as aand vir4 do. Therefore, they too have
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________________ Vol. II-1996 Non-Standard Usages in the.... two objects. Thus and being objects of their respective verbs in the sentences, should not be as such; i.e. in genitive case. They should be 4 and , .e. in accusative case. But again these usages are justified by Prakrit grammar af fact: (8.3-134) which is already explained. 4. (a) sihena ca asya (kaSTrasya) abhyavapattirabhayapradAnaM ca datam / USTrakAkAdikathA, P-32, Line-9: (The lion gave him (the camel) freedom to move around and fearlessness.) (b) yathAsambhavaM brAhmaNatrayasya bhojanaM dAtavyam / The barber who killed the monks P-134, Line-3: 31 (Food should be given to three Brahmanas as per the possibility.) ff The sutra 4 1.4.32 of the Astadhyayi defines that that, before whom one goes by the act (of donation), is called the fourth case ending. which requires The act of donation is of two kinds; one, in which the thing once given is never taken back; e.g. devadattaH brAhmaNAya gAM dadAti (Devadatta gives a cow to the Brahmana) and the other, in which the thing given is taken back; e.g. taga: am aci zerfa (Devadatta gives cloth to the washerman). The object of the first kind of donation. will have fourth case ending and that of second kind of donation, the sixth case ending, though Mahabhasyakara Patanjali recognises fourth case for second kind of donation also. Thus both the verbs of above sentences, denoting bestowal, should have their objects idam (asya USTrasya) and brAhmaNatraya in dative case, i.e. asmai (USTrAya) and E since freedom for moving around, fearlessness and food are given to the respective objects for ever and not to take them back in future. But both the objects are in genitive case, ie asya and brAhmaNatrayasya. These usages have found solid ground in Prakrit grammar which admits sixth case mostly for fourth case (caturthyAH SaSThI 8.3.131) 5. (a) atha matkuNazcakitatvAdrAjavacanaM zrutvA zayanAdavatIrya anyadvivaramAzritaH yUkAmatkuNakathA P-26, Line 11: - (Thereafter the bug having heard the voice of the king with astonishment, got down from bed and sheltered another hole.) (b) fosferaga zemran: Frame story P-82, Line-10: (Citranga also, being afraid took shelter of the bank.) Panini, by the stutra gatyarthakarmakazliSNIsthAsavasajana ruhajIryatibhyazca 3.4.7211, admits that the verbs denoting movement, intransitive verbs and certain other verbs, namely zliSa, zIr3a sthA, As, vas, jan, ruha, and j with the suffix of past passive participle
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________________ Dinanath Sharma Nirgrantha can, though generally in passive voice, be used in active voice also. e.g. #: afra: TG: FI: 1 The verb ( C: (371 + f + + + ) of above sentences, is really transitive and used in active. It is neither rem nor does it fall into fecta, site etc. group of verbs. It, therefore, cannot be in active voice. 6. 37401 7 1540g 7: Hog F Frame - story P-52, Line-3 : (Or proper is to instruct him who grasps (the instruction] spoken once only.) In standard classical Sanskrit, the sixth case is introduced after a nominal stem when it denotes the agent (af) or the direct object (60) of the action signified by a verbal stem ending in a krt affix. ( a f unt: fa-2.3.65)2 e.g. : fa:, fra: af, etc. But the sixth case is prohibited when it denotes the agent or direct object of a verbal stem ending in the kit affix if it is a (a) l-substitute (Arc), (b) U (3), (c) Uka (309), (d) indeclinable (37644, (e) Nistha, () synonyms of Khal (art), and Trn (90, (a 4f8&STATU) 2.3.69.13 34deg34 in the above sentence is an indeclinable ending in IT affix, so its direct object, (a ). taking the above rule into account, cannot be put in sixth case-ending. It should be second case-ending. 7. TG46224614 Srpu grafrei fant iaft Frame-story P-82, Line-29 : (Then receive the whereabouts of Citranga by flying up.) The verb 346021814 indicates that the sentence is in passive voice. Therefore, the object should be in nominative case while the objects yathAvasthitAM citrAGgavArtAm is in accusative case. If the object be so the form of verb should be 3467469! ! 8. The auguraustaus Tetra pisef Tartuita: Deer's Former Captivity P.85, Line-2 : (Thereafter, the hunters, the wicked ones, having caught the deer brought to the prince to play with.) The root verb is one of that group of verbs, Karinan Karaka of which can denote that Karaka also which is not assigned by any other Karaka like ablative (314619) etc. Thus such verbs have two objects as mentioned before!4. The prince is the object of the verb 34-tra: in the above sentence. So the prince should be in accusative case or in sixth case SaSThI zeSe - 2.3.50s. v.g. krIDArtha rAjaputrasya jutta: or ............ Metal Tyrhaita: following the sutra f+421744627 7 for rent: -2.3.1415, which is explained as - the fourth case is introduced after nominal stem to signify the object of the verbal stem which is not actually used but serves as an upapada to the verbal stem actually used.
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________________ Vol. II-1996 Non-Standard Usages in the..... 9. yoddhacitta (of fighting mentality) drogdhubuddhi: drogdhumati: (having mentality to offend.) Frame-story P-27,28 According to Panini affix is attached to the root verb when the action refers to the general future time ( fari fat 3.3.10) and the anusvara ofis dropped when the verb precedes and and both come together ( tuM kAmamanasorapi ) 18 v. 8 gantumanas, kartukAma etc. But citta, buddhi and mati, though denoting the cannot be preceded by ending verb. But in the same as 1 and 4 do, Pancatantra, it is so used. Considering all these usages, it is very difficult to reach any solid grounds that have caused these deviations from standard Sanskrit discipline. Nevertheless some factors, to my mind, must have led astray the language of the Pancatantra, which are as follows - 1. Pancatantra has been more popular among common people, its fables being mostly in parlance among them than among educated people. It is, therefore, possible that the language of common people, Prakrit must have influenced the language of the Panicatantra. 2. Scribes, while copying it from one manuscript onto the other, must have committed such mistakes, for, the scribes were generally ignorant of standard language, be it Sanskrit or Prakrit. 33 Whatever the reason may be, we can at the very least say about any work in general and about the Pancatantra in particular, that the more the work is read the more deviations of the work from its origin are possible, at least in case of its language. In sum, we can say in words of V. S. Sukthankar: "Ours is a problem in textual dynamics, rather than in textual statics. REFERENCES : 1. The Pancatantra (Tantrakhyayika) J. Hartel. 2. History of Indian Literature - Vol. III p.311. 3. gatyarthakarmaNi dvitIyAcaturthyAM ceSTAyAmanadhvani - 2.3.12 Asta, Vol I p. 281. 4. si. he. za. pR. 251. 5. 6. 7. 8. Astadhyayi Vol. 1, p. 187. si. he. za. pR. 250. vai. si. kau. pR. 704. Astadhyayi Vol. 1, p. 180. 19"
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________________ Dinanath Sharma Nirgrantha 9. 10. 11. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. vai. si. kau. pR. 739. si. he. za. pR. 249. Astadhyayi Vol. 2, p. 586. Ibid, Vol. 1, p. 302. bid, Vol. 1, p. 303. See example Nos. 2 & 3. Astadhyayi Vol. 1, p. 296. bid, Vol. 1, p. 282. bid, Vol. 11, p. 487. bRhad anuvAda candrikA pR0 435. Mahabharata -- "Adiparvan" Vol. 1, Prolegorum, p. 180. BIBLIOGRAPHY : 1. Pancatantra (Tantrakhyayika), Ed. J. Hartel, Harward Oriental Series No. 12, Harward 1915. 2. History of Indian Literature Vol. III, Ist Ed. M.Winternitz, English Tr. Subhadra Jha, Motilal Banarasidas, Delhi 1963. 3. vaiyAkaraNa siddhAnta kaumudI, vyAkhyAkAra - gopAladatta pANDeya prathama bhAga caukhambhA surabhAratI prakAzana, dvitIya saMskaraNa, vArANasI 1990. 4. siddhahemazabdAnuzAsanam bhAga-3, vyAkhyAkAra -paMDita becaradAsa dozI, prathama AvRtti, yunivarsiTI graMtha nirmANa borDa, ahamadAbAda 1978. 5. Mahabharata Vol . I Editor - V. S. Sukthankar, Bhandarakar Oriental Research Institute, Pune 1993. 6. Astadhyayi of Panini, Vols - 4 English Tr. - Sris Chandra Vasu; Pub. India Press, Allahabad 1891, 1894, 1897, and 1897. 7. bRhad anuvAda candrikA - cakradhara nauTiyAla 'haMsa' zAstrI, motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dillI 1988.