Non Inflected Genitive in Apabhramsa

Author(s): S N Ghosai
Publisher: Z_Mahavir_Jain_Vidyalay_Suvarna_Mahotsav_Granth_Part_1_012002.pdf and Mahavir_Jain_Vidyalay_Suvarna_
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The Non-inflected Genitive In Apabhramsa S. N. GHOSAL HEMACANDRA in his Prakrit grammar (IV. 395) has prescribed the occasional loss of inflection in the genitive and expressed his approval for the use of such un-inflected forms in the Apabhramsa dialect. He does it not of his own accord but in pursuance of a rule. of the Valmiki-sutras, which are assumed to be the original sources, to which the Prakrit grammars of the Western school owe their existence. This practice of employing the uninflected forms for the genitive was being followed thus by way of tradition for a long time and people engaged in literary pursuits, who had utilised this Ap. speech as a literary medium, did not hesitate to make use of such uninflected forms, as these were considerd quite natural to the speech by the people. In course of providing illustrations of his sutras Hemacandra has shown the use of the non-inflected genitive by citing one verse. and there are some more verses in his Prakrit grammar, which bear clear evidence for such use in Ap. during his times. Now Jacobi in his Bhavisattakaha (Grammatik SS23) has expressed grave doubts regarding the occurrence and use of the non-inflected genitives in Ap., which Hemacandra authoritatively sanctions by the above-mentioned sutra. He suggests that the forms, which are recognised as instances of the non-inflected genitive, may be easily explained quite differently-rather as the preceding members of some

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188: SHRI MAHAVIRA JAINA VIDYALAYA GOLDEN JUBILEE VOLUME compounds, i.e., all such forms appear as first members, with which some other words are annexed as second members of the compounds.1 As such forms are assumed as the constituents of compounds--particularly the first ones, they have obviously the right to shake off terminations and bear the semblances of so many uninflected forms. Alsdorf, who attaches too much importance to this statement of Jacobi, rejects the sutra of Hemacandra as misleading and confusing. In his Apabhramia Studien he makes an attempt to explain such non-inflected genitive forms quite differently-rather as first members. of compounds, as Jacobi has done, sometimes as vocatives and sometimes, again, as adverbs. As he boldly advances his proposition being fully conscious of its full import we quote him verbatim, which may help us to make a correct appraisal of his stand. He states: "The same is the condition with other Jaina texts, which do not give any support to the sutra of Hem, and the Valmiki-sutras. The condition of the stanzas of Materialen zur Kenntniss des Apabhramsa is also not otherwise. Whenever Pischel has been confused by this rule of Hemacandra and been persuaded to accept the non-inflected genitive as genuine the later investigation has shown that it should be construed fore-member of a compound or a vocative (in one case also as an adverb)."2 Jacobi, however, claims to have found two real instances of uninflected genitive in the Bhavisattakaha (166, 4), about which he does not maintain any doubt. Forming the latter half of two lines they stand as amarinda vijanavindavi. Alsdorf, who comes forward to 1 We quote the actual words of Jacobi, which run as: "Nach Hem. IV 345 soll die Genetivendung gewohnlich (prayah) abfallen. Aber in unserem Texte konnen solche unflektierte Genetive durchweg als vordere Kompositums-glieder aufgefasst werden." (Bhavisattakahd, Grammatik SS 23). (Trans.: According to Hem. IV. 345 the termination of the genitive usually drops. But in our text such uninflected genitive can be throughout considered as the foremember of the compound). 2 "Das gleiche gilt von den ubrigen Jaina-texten, die der Regel Hem.s und der Valmiki-sutras durchaus Keine Stutze bieten. Nicht anders aber steht auch mit den Strophen der Mat. Wo immer sich Pischel durch Hem.s Regel verleiten liess unflektierte Genetive anzunehmen, ergiebt die Nachprufung dass es sich um Vorderglieder von Kompositis oder um Vokative (in einem Falle auch um Adverbien) handelt."-Apabhramia Studien, pp. 56-57.

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THE NON-INFLECTED GENITIVE IN APABHRAMSA : 189 justify Jacobi, suggests that the two words assumed to be the forms of non-inflected genitive, are not in fact such, as in Gune's edition the second one occurs with certain modification as : janavindi vi. Alsdorf, who unhesitatingly accepts the reading of Gune, emends the first expression as amarindi vi (Apabhramsa Studien, p. 56). He made this emendation and seemed apparently justified in doing this, as he intended to maintain conformity with the rhyme of the word janavindi, which comes immediately after it. As Alsdorf accepts this reading of Gune and modifies the text accordingly he assumes both the words amarindi and janavindi as being infected and bearing the termination of the loc. sing. Here it should be noticed that Alsdorf does not speak anything about two more uninflected forms, which Jacobi mentions and which stand as loyana (for loyanahi 49, 6) and taruni (for tarunihi 399, 10) (Bhavisattakaha, Grammatik 8 23). From the above-referred extract of Alsdorf it follows that Pischel subscribed to the view of Hemacandra and admitted the loss of inflection in the case of genitive to be a fact (Grammatik der Prakrit Sprachen 8 369). That this phenomenon is not a sporadic manifestation, but an outcome of a long-continued tendency in Ap., proceeds from the fact that two other cases too-namely the nom. and acc. both in the sing. and plur. throw off the terminations (He. IV. 344). Alsdorf, who has totally denied the occurrence of the uninflected gen. in Ap., has also come forward to explain such uninflected nom. and acc. forms in his own way. According to him such forms are, in fact, inflected like the regular ones, but they are characterised by certain tendencies, which go as the distinctive features of various NIA speeches (Apabhramsa Studien, pp. 5 ff). That Alsdorf does not give a correct view of facts will be clear from what follows. It should be mentioned here that the phenomenon of the disintegration of terminations, which showed its first beginnings in Ap., became more prevalent in the subsequent period. In the late Ap., which was otherwise known as Avahattha in the east and Pingala in the west, all the cases showed the tendency to discard their infiections, as a result of which there developed with the people a practice to employ the non-inflected words, i.e., base-forms, in a sentence or a verse. This task imposed a heavy premium upon the imagination of a man, who had to ascertain the meaning of a line by considering the position of words in the sentence. As these analytical tendencies characterised the speech of the later Pkt., particularly Ap. and late-Ap., it is not proper to disown the feature and consider it unreal as a figment of imagination.

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190 : SHRI MAHAVIRA JAINA VIDYALAYA GOLDEN JUBILEE VOLUME We quote certain forms from the Praksta-paingala and make an attempt to show the use of non-inflected forms in all cases. The forms are selected at random. Nom. phala, bhuangama (I. 6), abuha (I. 11), nisanka (I. 72), surasari (I. 111), gamga (1. 119), karta (I. 135), vira Hammira (I. 147) etc. Acc. nava (I. 9), samtara, kugati (I. 9), sampaa, suha (I. 98), duritta (I. 104), pakkhara, bandha (I. 106), khagga, karabala (I. 106), abhaavara (I. 111), citta (I. 135) etc. Inst. manimamta (I. 6), sahaja (I. 7), koha (I. 92), pakkhara pakkhara (I. 106), attha (I. 116), navakesu (I. 135), paabhara, (I. 147) etc. Abl. mitta, bhicca (1. 37), uasina, sattu (I. 38) etc. Gen. baha, kohanala, sulatana (I. 106), kanna (I. 126), mecha (I. 147), sarasai (I. 153), raanipahu (I. 163) etc. Loc. rana (I. 87), adhamga, giva (I. 98), rana, dia (I. 106), naana, gala, sira (I. 111), sisa (I. 119), jujjha (I. 126), dura digantara, sabbadesa (I. 135), gaana.(I. 166) etc. While accounting for the loss of inflections of cases in Ap. we should take certain facts into consideration. Jacobi suggests that in Pali and Pkt. the final sound of a word became gradually weak and it very often submitted to the overwhelming influence of the initial vowel of the following word. This tendency of weakening of the final sound became so forceful that in Ap. there was total elision of the final vowel occasionally-sometime before an initial vowel with indefinite quantity and sometime even without it (e. g., Ap. narem < Pkt. narena). But this feature, of which the first beginning was noted in Ap., became a characteristic of the New Indo-Aryan speeches in general in the subsequent period (Sanatkumaracarita, Grammatik SS 8). Now, as the elision of a vowel demands that there should be the shortening of a long vowel prior to its final disappearance Ap. shows this feature too in a number of declensional forms. We may cite a few instances for the clarification of the matter: Stem deva, nom. sing. Ap. devu < Pkt. devo. Stem deva, loc. sing. Ap. devi < Pkt. deve. Stem giri, nom. sing. Ap. giri < Pkt. giri. Stem sahu, nom. sing. Ap. sahu, < Pkt. sahu. Stem muddha, nom. sing. Ap. muddha < Pkt. muddha. This clearly demonstrates that in Ap. the final syllable sustained considerable weakening, as a result of which the final vowel occasionally under suitable circumstances totally disappeared.

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THE NON-INFLECTED GENITIVE IN APABHRAMSA: 191 Now Jacobi has given some explanation for the loss of the final vowel in a word in Ap. According to him the mode of accentuationthe heavy stress on the penultimate syllable-was responsible for the weakening or the loss of the final vowel in a word.3 The strong accent on the initial vowel in the following word might also have helped greatly in the matter. But here another fact should also be taken into. consideration. The penultimate stress was not the only mode of accentuation in Pkt. or Ap. The system of the initial stress was also found working in the development of the speech Pkt. in all its stages. This has been clearly stated by Jacobi, according to whom the Aufton (i. e. the rising accent) sometimes becomes more vigorous and suppresses this penultimate stress. We consider the preponderance of 3 This seems to follow from the following statements of Jacobi, which he has expressed in the Sanatkumaracaritam (Grammatik SS 8): Bei langer Panultima wurde dann auslautende kurze vokal in Pali und Prakrit als Nachlaut betonter Silbe stehend soweit geschwacht, dass er auch vor leichtem Anlaut abfallen konnte. (Trans. In Pali and Prakrit the short final vowel with a long penultimate behaved as to have stood after the accented syllable, and became so much weak that it could drop even before the light initial sound.) Also "Die Schwachung und Verdumpfung jedes auslautenden a nahmen ihren Fortgang so dass es im Apabhramsa ausfallen konnte, ohne einer besonderen durch die starkere Betonung der vorhergehenden Silbe (Panultima) zu bedurfen, namentlich wieder bei anlautenden u." (Trans.: The process of weakening and discolouring of the final sound a continued so that it could totally elide in Ap. without requiring a special weakening through stronger accentuation of the preceding syllable (penultimate), specially before the initial u.) 4 Jacobi has expressed this view in the following words: "Je nach einer grossen Anzahl von Doppel-formen zu schliessen muss der Aufton den Wort-ton, wenn er auf der zweiten Silben lag, uberwunden haben, was also auf eine Neigung hinauslauft, in solchen Fallen den Accent auf die erste Silbe zuruckzuziehen. Die zuruckziehung der Accents von der zweiten auf die erste Silbe giebt sich Kund in der Kurzung der zweiten. (1) Die erste Silbe ist lang. anita wird in Pali und Prakrit meist anita bez. aniya, durnita im Prakrit zu dunniya... (2) Die erste Silbe ist Kurz. Im Prakrit wird meist oder oft alika zu aliya, karisha zu karisha "..Jacobi-Uber die Betonung im klassischen Sanskrit und in den Prakrit-sprachen, ZDMG

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192 : SHRI MAHAVIRA JAINA VIDYALAYA GOLDEN JUBILEE VOLUME the initial stress-the Aufton of Jacobi-to be more responsible for the loss of the final vowel of a word; because, as it is easy to understand, excessive stress on the initial syllable would very easily condition the laxity of pronunciation in the final syllable of a word, which would ultimately lead to its weakening or disappearance. Be it the initial stress or the penultimate stress--that the heavy stress accent on any syllable other than the final was responsible for the elision of the final vowel in a vocable seems to be clear from all the fore-going statements. Now it is to be considered that in an inflected word as the terminational element appeared at the end being affixed to the stem it is the endings which suffered most from phonetic decay or elision. The stem element was successful in resisting considerably the onslaught of phonetic reduction due to its privileged position--namely of its constituting the fore-part of a word. This has been very categorically asserted by Turner in his paper "The phonetic weaknesses in the terminational Elements in Indo-Aryan" (JRAS 1927, pp. 227 ff.). Now in this process of final weakening it is easy to comprehend that some weak endings would give way and suffer from total elision. But this fate was not in store for all the terminations. Because there were surely some, which were stronger and could stem the rushing tide of disintegration, which seemed to sweep away the old phonetic system coming down traditionally from a long time. It would be clarified by a reference to the history of the Aryan speech during the later period particularly at the time of the New Indo-Aryans. The history of the Aryan speech shows that during the days of the New Indo-Aryan only two case forms remained. The one was the direct, which was the descendant of the old nom. and the other the oblique, which was the surviving form of any of the cases like gen., dat., loc. or inst. On account of its being the only surviving form Vol. 47, p. 581. [Trans. : From the double forms it is possible to infer that the rising accent (Aufton) has suppressed the wordaccent (i. e.) penultimate stress), when the latter has remained on the second syllable and betrayed a tendency to shift altogether in such cases the word-accent upon the initial syllable. The shifting of the accent from the second to the first makes itself known by the shortening of the second syllable. (1) The first syllable is long : anita becomes in Pali and Pkt. anita and aniya respectively, durnita becomes changed to dunniya in Pkt.......... (2) The first syllable is short : In Pkt. mostly or often alika becomes changed to aliya, karisha to karisha....]

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THE NON-INFLECTED GENITIVE IN APABHRAMSA: 193 for the six cases the latter was irrespectively used for all of them. But soon it was found that as it was used for so many cases it was not capable of indicating the various meanings of the different cases. So there developed a new device to indicate case-relations in the New Indo-Aryans. Independent words carrying definite case-indicating meanings were added to the oblique forms and these were used regularly as substitutes for the inflected words of the previous period. Now it may be asserted that this was not a strange phenomenon appearing as a freak, on the contrary it was a development common to the speech-habit of all the New Indo-Aryans. Sometimes, again, these post-positions integrated in such a manner with the oblique-forms. that the latter along with the post-positions assumed the semblance. of original homogeneous words betraying phonetic decay due to their coming through the ages. Now all these facts-namely the loss of different inflections, the emergence of two case-forms-the direct and the oblique and the universal practice of employing the post-positions could lead but to the only conclusion that Ap. too, which is slightly archaic than these speeches and remains intimately connected with. them by way of forming a stage in the evolution of the Aryan speech, must have manifested, at least shown, the beginning of similar features-particularly the tendency of disintegrating the inflectional elements of vocables. In fact this shaking off of terminations indicated a great landmark in the development of the Aryan speech, since it deprived it of its synthetic character and gave it the stamp of an analytical one, which was something new in the entire history of the old Indo-Aryan. This affinity of Ap. with the modern Aryan speeches enables us to assume that the Aryan speech showed the beginnings of analytical features. from the days of Ap., in which we notice first the tendency of disintegrating the inflectional elements. In this perspective it is possible for us to assert that the loss of inflection in gen. or nom. and acc., which Hemacandra prescribes, is quite natural to the speech and is not an outcome of confusions, to which Hemacandra is alleged to have fallen a victim. To make any attempt to deny it is to disown facts and make a distortion of the same. So we think that the statement, which Alsdorf has made, does not provide a correct assessment of facts. We have referred above to the occurrence of two instances of uninflected genitive in the Bhavisattakaha-a fact, which Jacobi accepted as true but was contradicted by Alsdorf. The latter doubted the G.J.V. 13

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194 : SHRI MAHAVIRA JAINA VIDYALAYA GOLDEN JUBILEE VOLUME genuineness of the forms, as he put much reliance upon the text of Gune, that represented one as an uninflected word and the other as an inflected. Here it is necessary to consider whether Alsdorf is justified in accepting the text of Gune as correct and attributing to the uninfected word the appearance of an inflected form by emendation. A little reflection shows that the text of Gune is not much reliable, because the words, which ought to have preserved rhyme owing to their being the latter portions of two hemistiches of a verse, have neglected it altogether-a fact that can scarcely be overlooked. Further the agreement between Gune and Jacobi regarding the acceptance of one of the two forms as non-inflected strongly speaks for the assumption of the same as such. So Alsdorf's emendation appears to be uncalled-for and, according to our estimate, the same does not serve Alsdorf's purpose of refuting the occurrence of non-inflected gen. in Ap., for which he has made so strenuous efforts. Here the following fact too should be taken into consideration. As we come to learn from Jacobi, Ksemaraja's commentary upon the Upadesasaptatika contains 353 Ap. stanzas, which possess many uninflected forms. Among the latter though such forms, which represent the nom. and acc. cases, show a palpable preponderance, the stems conveying the sense of the genitive are not negligible. Again, as we learn from the same source, like the Bhavisattakaha the Neminahacariu too shows the sporadic use of the non-inflected gen, in Ap. (Introduction to Sanat., p. XXIII). We like to point out further that in his introduction to the Sandesa-rasaka H. C. Bhayani took up the problem and discussed it in some detail. He believes that during the later days of Pkt. the inherent tendencies of the speech were such that the old inflexions, obtained traditionally, were fast disappearing and making the language shorn of terminational elements. The disintegration of the old morphological system paved the way for the use of the stem-forms in all numbers and cases-a phenomenon which is remarkably found in the old Marwari speech, commonly known as Dingal. Such a situation surely helps one to surmise that the tendency, of which we find wide application in some NIA speech, begins to sprout in Ap., where the nom. acc. and gen. alone according to the grammarians shake off terminations. So Bhayani could not lend his support to the view of Alsdorf, however convincing might his arguments be (Sandesa-rasaka, Intr. SS 51, p. 26) Now let us examine the verses, which are assumed to have

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THE NON-INFLECTED GENITIVE IN APABHRAMSA : 195 possessed the non-inflected forms, but which Alsdorf interprets differently in his endeavour to refute the occurrence of uninflected gen. in Ap. We quote first the verse, which Hemacandra presents as his illustration to the sutra IV. 345. Pischel presents the verse as : samgarasaahim ju vanniai delkhu amhara kartu! aimattaham cattamkusaham gaya kumbhaim darantu ||| Pischel translates the verse as : "Look he, who is praised in hundreds of fights, is my husband, who splits the temples of wild elephants that defy the iron rod (of the rider)."5 Alsdorf suggests that the word gaja can never be considered as an instance of uninflected gen., since it stands as the first member of a compound, in which kumbhair stands also as a constituent. Now the question is whether Alsdorf is justifiable. Here it should be mentioned that there are certain difficulties, for which it is very hard for us to accept the proposition of Alsdorf. In the second line of the verse it is to be found that there occur too adjectives namely aimattaha and cattankusaha, which qualify the word gaya elephant' and describe certain conditions of the same. Now if we be ready to accept the suggestion of Alsdorf we shall have to construe them as standing in apposition to and as such describing some situation of the entire compounded form gaya-kumbhain the temples of elephants'-a supposition, which would be meaningless both from the standpoints of grammar and significance. In the Tatpurusa compound, one must not forget, the emphasis lies on the second member of the compound, i. e., kumbhaim in the present case. Now if what is spoken about the elephant be spoken about its temples, as has been done here, one must be put to a great confusion regarding the real significance of the proposition. This can never be the situation and we can boldly say that the adjectives must have stood for gaya and not for kumbhain. So Alsdorf's statement "the construction is free, not usual but not impossible "6 does not conform to reason. A similar case is to be noted here in the verse IV. 384, which reads according to Pischel: 5 "Siehe, der in Hunderten von Kampfen geschildert wird, das ist unser Geliebter, der die Stirnerhohungen uberaus wilder Elefanten spaltet, die dem Haken (des Reiters) nicht gehorchen." 6 "Die konstruktion ist frei und nicht gerade gewohnlich, aber sicher nicht unmoglich."

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196 : SHRI MAHAVIRA JAINA VIDYALAYA GOLDEN JUBILEE VOLUME bali abbhatthani mahumahanu lahuihua so i || jai icchahu vaddhattanahun dehu ma maggahu koi !! Pischel translates the verse as : "As he begged to Bali Visnu became small (he assumed the shape of a dwarf=he lowered himself). If you hanker for greatness (high position=respect etc.) give but do not pray for anything."? Here Pischel and some others would consider the word bali as a form of the non-inflected genitive, but Alsdorf would take it as a component of the compound, which has been formed by this word along with the following one, i.e. abbhatthani. Alsdorf points out that Pischel did not make such a construction of his own accord, but he was urged to do it on the authority of the commentary of Udayasaubhagyaganin, who gives the translation of the first two words of the first line as baler abhyarthane and supplied the inspiration for accepting the expression bali as a non-inflected form, which ought not to have been done according to his own estimate. But Alsdorf takes it as the first member of a compound on the authority of Trivikrama, who translates the same as balyabhyarthane. We admit that the arrangement of the word bali is such in the verse that both the interpretations are justifiable. So we cannot accept one and reject the other. A similar case is found also in the verse IV. 401, 3. bimbahari tanu raana-vanu kiha thiu siri Ananda ? niruvama-rasu pie piavi janu sesaho dinni mudda? Pischel translates: "Oh Ananda! Why does there occur on the bimba-like lip of the slim lady a mark of the teeth? After he has derived (properly drunk) matchless pleasure the lover has given as if a seal to the rest "8. Alsdorf points out that Pischel is inclined to accept the word tanu as signifying " of the slim lady" and to assume it as a form of the non-inflected gen. on the suggestion of Udayasaubhagyaganin who presents the commentary of the relevant portions as : tanvyah bimbadhare. But he suggests that the word tanu should be 7 "Als er Bali bat, wurde auch Visnu klein (= er nahm Zwerggestalt an, und = er niedrigte sich). Wenn ihr grosse (= hohe stellung, Ansehen usw. wollt, gebet, (aber) bittet um nichts." 8 "O Ananda, weshalb befindet sich auf der Bimbalippe der schlanken eine zahnwunde (die die Wonne des Glucks verrat) ? Von dem Geliebte wurde, nachdem er den unvergleichlichen genuss gehabt (eigentlich: getrunken) hatte, auf den Rest gleichsam ein Siegel gedruckt."

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THE NON-INFLECTED GENITIVE IN APABHRAMSA : 197 considered as an adjective forming a compound with the following expression raana-vanu and it conveys the meaning 'small', which Pischel too assumed in his edition of Hemacandra's Pkt. grammar. Further he surmises that the stanza stands in the form of a question and an answer, i.e., the first part is an enquiry and the second a reply to it. Here one should note that in Alsdorf's interpretation one misses a specific reference to the lady on whose lip the seal of the teeth is imprinted and as such its acceptance deprives the poem of much of its nicety. But as Pischel's translation is based on the commentary, which is believed to have preserved the traditional meaning and commanded authority, it should be preferred. So the word tanu should be considered as a form of the gen., which is conspicuous by the absence of infection. The verse IV. 332. 2 is also assumed to have possessed a form of the non-inflected gen. It stands as : angahim amgu na miliu hali aharem aharu na pattu pia joantie muha-kamalu emrai surau samattu Il Pischel translates the verse as : "Oh friend ! my limbs have not been united with those of him, my lips have not been in contact with those of him. As I only see the lotus-like face of my darling the pleasure is complete."9 He advances such an interpretation on the authority of a statement of the commentator, which runs "priyasya mukhakamalam" etc. It is to be marked here that both Pischel and the commentators take the word pia as a non-inflected form for the gen. meaning of the darling'. But quite contrarily Alsdorf interprets it as a form of the voc. With a view to keeping harmony with such an assumption he presumes that the verse is a dialogue in which the first line constitutes the statement of the lover, while the second the reply of the beloved. Accordingly Alsdorf translates the first line of the stanza as: "Oh friend! my limbs have not been united with those of you, my lips have not been in touch with yours. "10 The second line, which constitutes the reply, is reproduced as "Oh darling! as I see 9" (Meine) Glieder, O Freundin, haben sich mit (seinen) Gliedern nicht vereinigt, meine Lippe hat (seine) Lippe nicht beruhrt. Wenn ich nur den Lotus des Antlitzes des Geliebten sehe, ist dadurch schon wollust vollstandig." 10 " (Meine) Glieder, O Freundin, haben sich mit deinen) Gliedern nicht vereinigt, (meine) Lippe hat deine Lippe nicht beruhrt."

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198 : SHRI MAHAVIRA JAINA VIDYALAYA GOLDEN JUBILEE VOLUME your lotuslike face the pleasure becomes complete. "11 To us this interpretation of the stanza appears phantastic and far removed from the truth. There is not the slightest indication in the verse, which may ensure one such a conclusion. The fact is that here a lady is disclosing her love-adventure of the night to her friend and also his failure in the feat. That such is indeed the situation follows from the use of the term hali in the stanza, which, as it is commonly known, is employed exclusively by a lady for addressing her female friend. So it conforms with the situation we delineate above and holds brief for the interpretation which Pischel and others suggest. Hence Alsdorf's attempts to interpret the word pia as a case of address and to twist the meaning of the verse on the basis of his assumption, seem to meet with total failure, which led ultimately to the demolition of his conclusion. Pischel intends to see another instance of non-inflected gen. in the verse IV. 356, which reads: jai taho tuttau nehada mai sahum navi tilatara tam kihe vankahim loanahim joijjau sayavara || Here Pischel takes the word tilatara as a form of the non-inflected gen., which qualifies the pronominal stem taho standing at a distance from it. He translates the verse accordingly: "If with regard to me the love of him, whose eyeball gleams as a sesame corn, has not disappeared then why am I looked with side-glances for hundred times ?"12 Alsdorf does not accept this construction and interpretation of Pischel. According to him the word tilatara has got nothing to do with the pronominal form taho, contrarily it is an expression used as a case of address referring to a form of the second person sing., which is to be inferred from the context. So he translates the verse as : "oh you, whose eye-ball gleams as a sesame corn, if his love for me has not disappeared......"13 Here it needs definite mention that Alsdorf has got the support of the commentator Udayasaubhagyaganin, who gives the following exposition of the 11 "Liebster, wenn ich nur den Lotus deines Antlitzes sehe, ist dadurch schon die wollust vollstandig." 12 Wenn die Liebe von ihm, dessen Augensterne wie Sesamkorner (glanzen), zu mir nicht geschwunden ist, weshalb werde ich dann hundertmal mit schiefen Augen angesehen. 13 "O du, dessen Augensterne wie Sesamkorner (glanzen), wenn seine Liebe zu mir nicht geschwunden ist...."

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THE NON-INFLECTED GENITIVE IN APABHRAMSA : 199 verse: he tilatara tilavat snigdha kaninika yasya sah | tasya sarvodhanam yadi tava sneho maya saha napi trutitah tat katham aham tvaya vakrabhyam locanabhyam satavaram vilokye ityarthah. It is interesting to note that P. L. Vaidya takes the expression tilatara as an adjective, which qualifies the word nehad, and unequivocally conveys the meaning intense, violent, poignant etc.'. Accordingly he translates the verse as: "If her intense (tilatara, literally in which the pupil of the eye is full of love like sesamum) love for me is lost, and then nothing is left of it...." Here it is very difficult to say as to which of the interpretations is correct, because the analytical nature of the speech, in which the verse is composed, gives it the utmost flexibility that admits of multifarious turns and twists of words. Naturally interpretations vary. Pischel does not seem to have found wide support from the scholars, since according to his interpretation the two words--the noun and the adjective-are intervened by a large number of expressions. In the following verse quoted in the Materialen zur Kenntniss des Apabhramsa from Canda's Praksta-laksana we note a word-namely joia, which Pischel intends to accept as a form of the gen. and Alsdorf as one more instance of the non-inflected gen., which he is inclined to refute. The verse, in the text of which Pischel does not find any thing irregular, appears in his Materialen zur Kenntniss des Apabhramsa as: kalu lahevinu joia jiva jiva mohu galei | tiva tiva dansanu lahai jo niamem appu munei || With the assumption that the word joia is a form of the gen. Pischel translates the verse as: "As in the course of time his delusion disappears the Yogin obtains enlightenment,--the Yogin, who recognises the Atman by austerities."14 We like to point out here that Alsdorf rightly traces the verse, which occurs in the Paramatma-prakasa (Nr. 86), where the correct text is expected to occur. He quotes the verse as : kalu lahevinu joia jimu jimu mohu galei | timu timu darsanu lahai jiu, ' niamer appu munei ||| Now Alsdorf makes an assumption here. Basing upon Pischel's acceptance of the form joia as gen. he thinks that the form is originally a non-inflected stem, but though in the gen. it gets the lengthening of 14 "In dem Masse, wie mit der zeit seine Verblendung schwindet, erreicht der yogin die Erleuchtung, der durch Busse den Atman erkennt."

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200 : SHRI MAHAVIRA JAINA VIDYALAYA GOLDEN JUBILEE VOLUME the final vowel in the same manner by which the non-inflected forms in the nom. or the acc. get final vowels lengthened in Ap. So the final long vowel of the form (i. e. of joia), according to his estimate, does not in any way affect its assumption as a non-inflected word. But as he is intent on striking at the root of the conception of the traditional use of the non-inflected gen. in Ap. he considers the word as a form of the vocative case. According to his assumption the word was originally joiau (*yogikaka), which by the loss of the final vowel u and the concomitant lengthening of the preceding vowel a by way of compensation developed into the present joia. Such an assumption of Alsdorf-- namely of construing joia as a form of the vocative, one may likely suggest, is obviously based upon the following sanskritisation of the verse, which L. B. Gandhi presents: kalam labdhva yogin! yatha yatha moho galati tatha tatha darsanam labhate jivo niyamenatmanam janati). It needs no mention that Alsdorf accepts his interpretation, which invariably follows from the above construction. It should be stated here that Alsdorf has cited several instances, where the word joia has been subject to the similar use and been considered as a case of address. We must admit that Alsdorf's assumption is quite conforming to reason and there is nothing objectionable in it. But this does not in any way entitle us to consider Pischel's supposition of the word as gen. to be wrong and leading to confusion. Because the word joia many be quite rightly assumed as a regular form of the gen. which proceeds from the word yogikasya and shows the following course of development in Ap.: yogikasya > joiassa > jaiasa > joiaha > joiaa > joia. It may be stated that the Praksta-paingala shows the copious use of such gen. ending in the vowel a and unquestionably supports the statement, which Pischel makes in unequivocal terms. We may quote a few instances from the PrakTta-paingala, which would clarify the matter and substantiate our statement: ja addhamge pabbai I. 82 (yasya ardhange Parvati), jaa ja addharaga I. 119 (jaya yasya ardhange), veala ja sanga I. 119 (vetalah yasya sange), ja ditthe mokkha pavijja I.119 (yasya drste moksah prapyate) etc. The gen. forms here very strongly suggest that the word joia too ending in the vowel a may be easily accepted as a form in the gen. The interpretation of the verse too will not suffer from any injury by such a supposition, since it will be construed with the word mohu, which comes after it though intervened by a few words. Such a situation goes to support the proposition of Pischel, whom we cannot reject unless we meet with any argument going to the contrary.

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THE NON-INFLECTED GENITIVE IN APABHRAMSA : 201 One cannot understand why Alsdorf was so eager to assume joia as an endingless form and how it could help him to refute the occurrence of the non-inflected gen. in Ap. Pischel has nowhere stated that joia provides an instance of the uninflected gen., against which Alsdorf raised his voice of protest. 15 To assume a form to be used in the gen. does not necessarily imply that it has sustained the loss of inflection, from which the word joia did not actually suffer, as the above shows. So Alsdorf has tried to attribute something to Pischel, for which the latter cannot be held responsible. If this be the position, Alsdorf's attempt to refute Pischel does not in any way help the former in establishing his proposition-namely, to demonstrate the use of the non-infected gen. in Ap. as wrong. Alsdorf cites the verse IV. 383. 3 and shows that Hemacandra has left here sufficient room for the assumption of the non-infected gen. in Ap. According to P. L. Vaidya the verse stands as: ayahim jammahi annahi vi gori su dijjahi kantu gaya mattaha cattankusaha jo abbhidai hasantu li The chay, in the second line occurs as : gajanam mattanam tyaktankusanam etc....... Pischel translates: "Oh Gauri, in this birth and also in the others give me such a man as my husband, who laughingly faces the infuriated elephant, that has refused to obey the goad (of the driver)."16 Here one might consider the word gaya as to have shaken off the termination and as such non-inflected in form. But Alsdorf suggests that there is no scope for such a surmise, since by being the fore-member of the Karmadharaya compound the word gaya combines with the immediately following word (i.e. mattaha) an 15 Pischel states "joia ist = *yogika und kann als Nominativ oder Genetiv Singular gefasst werden. Ich habe es hier als Genetiv ubersetzt." [Trans. : joia is = *yogika and can be assumed nom. or gen. sg. I have translated it by assuming it as gen.] Pischel has given in yogika the stem form of the word but the termination should be different if it be in the nom. or gen. (i.e. Yogikah or yogika sya) : here in join both the possibilities occur. Here we do not find that Pischel considered the form joia as endingless, i.e., a non-inflected stem. 16 "Oh Gauri, gib mir in dieser Geburt und auch in den Andern ihn zum Geliebten, der lachend brustigen Elefanten entgegengeht, die den Haken (des Reiters) nicht gehorchen."

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202 : SHRI MAHAVIRA JAINA VIDYALAYA GOLDEN JUBILEE VOLUME adi..with which it has merely transposed place. If this position obtains the word gaya can quite easily be assumed as to have thrown off its termination. But a little reflection shows that this argument of Alsdorf is sure to meet with a grave objection. Because the fundamental condition of samasa stands against it. If there was any scope for compound here it should have been amongst all the words gayaha, mattaha and cattankusaha (an adj. like mattaha), which maintain a syntactical connection. The forming of compounds between the preceding two words leaving the third outside is forbidden and against the procedure of the construction of compounds (vide : samarthah padavidhih. Panini 2.1.1). This condition stands in the way of our accepting Alsdorf's proposition, even if we find some justification for the transposition of place between two components of the compound. Such being the condition we doubt whether anybody would accept the proposition of Alsdorf. Hence this verse, too, which Alsdorf cites in support of his argument, has got practically no worth in establishing his viewpoint. Now it is possible for us to say that in all the above-discussed verses barring that of the Paramatma-prakasa, which Alsdorf unjustifiably draws within the purview of his discussion, there are noninflected gen. forms-most of which are to be interpreted as such and do not admit of any other explanation. But with regard to a few verses we are constrained to modify our statement and suggest that the acceptance of the stem-forms as genitive ones in such cases ascribes to the stanzas a very suitable construction leading to the development of a quite agreeable meaning-but that situation does not rule out the probability of the emergence of other interpretations, consequent on the sudden development of analytical tendencies in Ap. and post-Ap. speeches. These facts should be considered in the background of some other above-discussed phenomena-namely (1) the occurrence of a few non-inflected forms in the Bhavisattakah, and the Neminahcariu, (2) the copious use of such forms in the Praksta-paingala and other late-Ap. works, (3) the development of two cases-the direct and oblique in all the New Indo-Aryans, consequent on the disintegration of old terminations traditionally coming down and (4) finally the appearance of the new mode of using post-positions for indicating case relations in the modern Aryan speeches. Now taking all these facts together into consideration it is possible for us to assert that the loss of inflection in gen. in Ap., which Hemacandra prescribes by formulating a sutra in unequivocal terms, is

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THE NON-INFLECTED GENITIVE IN APABHRAMSA : 203 indeed a non-challengeable fact. The same, we can boldly say, is not a fortuitous manifestation, which baffles all attempts to render an account of the same--but contrarily, a natural developmet keeping perfect harmony with the tendencies, which were unfolding themselves in the great Aryan speech during its subsequent expansion-particularly at the time of its split into modern Aryan languages. So any attempt to deny the occurrence of the non-inflected gen. in Ap. is to disown established facts. So we consider that Alsdorf's proposition is vulnerable to adverse criticisms and the same should be very cautiously scrutinised with due consideration of the above-discussed facts, before one finally accepts it. . DO budAI 9 OTOC Olot VI ! 18.boonuste