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________________ mAlava itihAsa : eka vihaMgAvalokana vidyAvAridhi DA0 jyoti prasAda jaina, lakhanaU [hamAre abhinandanIya gurudeva jyotirvida zraddheya zrI kastUra candajI mahArAja evaM pravartaka zrI hIrAlAlajI mahArAja kI janmabhUmi mAlava pradeza rahA hai| mAlava, jainadharma-saMskRti evaM itihAsa kI krIr3A-bhUmi rahI hai| jaina saMskRti ke saMrakSaNa evaM savardhana meM mAlavabhUmi kA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai| abhinandanIya puruSoM kI abhinandana velA meM janma-bhUmi ke gaurava ko smRtipatha meM lAnA bhI anivArya hai| isa dRSTi se isa khaNDa meM prastuta hai-janmabhUmi ma lava kI dhArmika evaM sAMskRtika garimA kA virala zabda-citra / -sampAdaka madhya pradeza kA jo bhUbhAga Aja mAlava yA mAlavabhUmi nAma se jAnA jAtA hai, vaha vastutaH bhAratavarSa kA nAbhisthala hai, aura rAjanaitika evaM Arthika dRSTiyoM se hI nahIM, sAMskRtika dRSTi se bhI isa mahAdeza kA pramukha eka kendra rahatA AyA hai| ati prAcInakAla meM yaha bhUbhAga avantideza ke nAma se vikhyAta thA aura avantIpurI aparanAma ujjayinI (ujjaina) usakI rAjadhAnI thii| jainapurANa evaM kathA sAhitya meM tathA Agamika granthoM meM avantIdeza aura ujjayinI nagarI ke aneka ullekha evaM sundara varNana prApta hote haiN| zuddha itihAsakAla meM, mahAvIrakAlIna (chaThI zatI IsA pUrva ke) bhArata ke solaha "mahAjanapadoM" meM avanti eka pramukha evaM zaktizAlI mahAjanapada thA aura ujjayinI kI gaNanA usa kAla kI daza maha rAjadhAniyoM evaM sapta mahApuriyoM meM thii| yaha eka rAjataMtra thA, aura usakA ekachatra zAsaka avantipati mahAsena caNDapradyota thA, jo ugra prakRti kA, yuddhapriya, zUravIra, pratApI evaM zaktizAlI svecchAcArI nareza thaa| parantu bhagavAna mahAvIra ke tathA svayaM apanI mahArAnI satI zivAdevI evaM vatsa deza kI rAjamAtA satI mRgAvatI ke prabhAva se antataH saumya ho gayA thA aura dharma kI ora bhI unmukha huA thaa| zivAdevI aura mRgAvatI sagI bahaneM thIM aura vaizAlI ke licchavi gaNAdhipa mahArAja ceTaka kI putriyAM thIM, aura isa prakAra mahAvIra jananI trizalA priyakAriNI kI bahaneM (athavA bhatIjiyAM) thiiN| pradyota kI putrI vAsavadattA vatsarAja udayana kI loka-kathA-prasiddha preyasI thii| apane tapasyAkAla meM bhI mahAvIra ekadA ujjayinI padhAre the, aura jaba vaha nagara ke bAhara atimuktaka zmazAna meM pratimAyoga se dhyAnastha the to sthANurudra ne una para nAnAvidha bhayaMkara
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________________ 208 munidvaya abhinandana grantha upasarga kiye the| ukta upasargoM kA ina yogirAja para koI prabhAva nahIM par3A to mahArudra ne unakI stuti kI, apanI saMginI umA sahita bhakti meM ullasita ho nRtya kiyA aura bhagavAna ko 'mahati' evaM 'mahAvIra' nAma diye| kevalajJAna prApti ke uparAnta bhI bhagavAna kA samavasaraNa ujjayinI meM AyA batAyA jAtA hai| jisa dina bhagavAna mahAvIra nirvANa ko prApta hue usI dina caMDapradyota kA bhI nidhana huA aura usakA putra pAlaka ujjayinI ke siMhAsana para AsIna huaa| jaina paramparA meM ujjayinI kA mahattva usI kAla meM itanA bar3ha gayA thA ki prAcIna jaina granthoM meM mahAvIra-nirvANoparAnta kI jo rAjya kAlagaNanA prApta hotI hai, vaha mukhyatayA isI nagara ko kendra mAnakara dI gaI hai| magadha ke nanda samrATa mahAnaMdina ne, jo sarvakSatrAntaka kahalAyA, pAlaka ke vaMzajoM kA uccheda karake avanti ko magadha sAmrAjya meM milA liyA aura ujjayinI ko magadha sAmrAjya kI uparAjadhAnI bnaayaa| cANakya evaM candragupta maurya ne jaba magadha se nandoM kI sattA ko samApta kara diyA to unhoMne vRddha mahApadmananda ko surakSita apane dhana-jana sahita anyatra cale jAne kI anumati de dI thI, aura aisA lagatA hai ki usane apanA antima samaya ujjayinI meM hI bitAyA thaa| usakI mRtyu ke pazcAt candragupta maurya ne isa nagarI ko punaH sAmrAjya kI uparAjadhAnI banA liyaa| rAjya kA parityAga karake munirUpa meM apane AmnAyaguru bhadrabAhu zrutakevalI kA anugamana karate hue zravaNabelagola (karNATaka) jAte samaya bhI yaha rAjarSi candragupta isa nagara se hokara gayA thaa| eka anuzruti ke anusAra to zrutakevalI ne dvAdazavarSIya duSkAla kI bhaviSya vANI ujjayinI meM hI kI thii| usake putra evaM uttarAdhikArI bindusAra amitraghAta ke zAsanakAla meM rAjakumAra azoka ujjayinI kA vAyasarAya (rAjyapAla) rahA thaa| vahA~ rahate hue hI usane vidizA kI eka zreSThi-kanyA se vivAha kiyA thA usI kA putrarAjakumAra kuNAla thaa| azoka ke zAsanakAla meM kuNAla ujjayinI kA rAjyapAla rahA, aura azoka kI mRtyu ke uparAnta jaba kuNAla kA putra samprati magadha sAmrAjya ke bahubhAga kA uttarAdhikArI huA to usane ujjayinI ko hI apanI rAjadhAnI bnaayaa| samrAT samprati ke guru Arya suhasti the jinakI preraNA se usane anaginata jinamandira banavAye / aneka dharmotsava kiye, tathA dharma kI prabhAvanA, pracAra evaM prasAra ke lie nAnAvidha prayAsa kiye, jinake kAraNa usa dharmaprANa nareza kI yazogAthA itihAsa meM amara ho gaI / usakA putra zAlizukta bhI dharmAtmA evaM dharma prabhAvaka thaa| samprati maurya ke nidhana ke kucha kAla uparAnta kaliMga cakravartI samrAT khAravela ne avanti deza para adhikAra kiyA aura apane eka rAjakumAra ko yahA~ kA rAjyapAla niyukta kiyA, jo lagatA hai ki khAravela ke nidhana ke uparAnta svataMtra ho gyaa| usI kA 1 uttarapurANa parva 74, zlo0 331-337 (gunnbhdr)|
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________________ ____ mAlava itihAsa : eka vihaMgAvalokana 206 putra thA pautra saMbhavatayA mahendrAditya gardabhilla thA, jisakA putra ujjayinI kA suprasiddha vIra vikramAditya (I0 pU0 57) thaa| __mauryavaMza kI sthApanA ke kucha varSa pUrva hI, I0 pU0 326 meM yUnAnI samrATa sikandara mahAna ne bhArata ke pazcimottara pradezoM para AkramaNa kiyA thaa| usa kAla meM usa pradeza meM kaI choTe-choTe rAjatantra aura darjanoM gaNatantra sthApita the / inhIM gaNarAjyoM meM eka "malloi" (mAlava) gaNa thaa| ye mAlava jana bar3e svAbhimAnI, svatantracetA aura yuddhajIvI the| yUnAniyoM kI adhInatA meM rahanA inheM nahIM rucA, ataeva sAmUhika rUpa se svadeza kA parityAga karake ve vartamAna rAjasthAna meM palAyana kara gye| vahA~ ToMka jile meM uniyArA ke nikaTa aba bhI prAcIna mAlava nagara ke avazeSa haiN| kAlAntara meM vahA~ se bhI nirgamana karake ve antataH ujjayinI kSetra meM basa gye| yaha ghaTanA samprati maurya ke samaya ghaTI pratIta hotI hai| khAravela kI vijaya ke samaya avanti meM inhIM yuddhavIra mAlavajanoM kI pradhAnatA ho gaI lagatI hai, ataeva usakA jo rAjakumAra rAjya pratinidhi ke rUpa meM rahA vaha mAlavagaNa ke pramukha ke rUpa meM hogaa| gardabhilla ke durAcAroM se trasta hokara AcArya kAlaka sUri ne zakakula ke zaka-zAhiyoM kI sahAyatA se usa atyAcArI zAsaka kA uccheda kiyaa| kintu aba svayaM zaka loga yahA~ jama gaye aura vijaya ke upalakSya meM eka saMvat bhI I0 pU0 66 meM calA diyaa| svatantratA premI mAlavagaNa yaha sahana na kara sake aura gardabhilla-putra vIra vikramAditya ke netRtva meM saMgaThita hokara unhoMne svatantratA saMgrAma cher3a diyaa| pariNAmasvarUpa, I0 pU0 57 meM ve ujjayinI se zakoM kA pUrNatayA uccheda karane meM saphala hue, vikramAditya ko gaNAdhIza niyukta kiyA, samvat pracalita kiyA jo prArambha meM kRta, (kArtikAdi hone ke kAraNa) tathA mAlava samvat kahalAyA aura kAlAntara meM vikrama samvat ke nAma se loka prasiddha huA tathA sikke bhI calAye jina para "mAlava-gaNAnAM jaya" jaise zabda aMkita haiN| tabhI se yaha pradeza mAlavabhUmi yA mAlavA nAma se prasiddha hotA gyaa| vikramAditya ke Adarza surAjya meM usakI mahatI abhivRddhi huii| vikramAditya kI eka Adarza jaina nareza ke rUpa meM prasiddhi huI hai| kucha kAla taka mAlavA para vikramAditya ke vaMzajoM kA rAjya rahA, jisake uparAnta saurASTra ke zaka kSaharAta nahapAna evaM usake uttarAdhikArI caSTanavaMzI zaka kSatrapoM aura pratiSThAna ke zAtavAhana narezoM ke madhya ujjayinI para adhikAra karane kI hor3a clii| bhadracaSTana ne usa para adhikAra karake pracalita zaka saMvat (78 I0) calAyA to kucha samaya pazcAt zAtavAhanoM ne adhikAra karake ukta saMvat ke sAtha "zAlivAhana" vizeSaNa jor3a diyaa| IsA kI tIsarI-cauthI zatI meM isa pradeza para vAkATakoM kA zAsana rahA / tadanantara gupta samrATa samudragupta ne ujjayinI ko apane sAmrAjya kI uparAjadhAnI bnaayaa| usakI sabhA meM kAlidAsa, siddhasena, kSapaNaka prabhRti navaratnoM isa nagarI ko jJAna-vijJAna evaM saMskRti kA uttama kendra banA diyaa| varAhamihira jaise jyotiSAcArya bhI yahIM hue| gupta sAmrAjya ke chinna-bhinna hone para bhI chaThI zatI
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________________ 210 munidvaya abhinandana grantha meM guptoM kI eka zAkhA mAlavA meM zAsana karatI rahI jisameM hUNa nareza toramANa ko prabodhane vAle AcArya harigupta aura rAjarSi devagupta jaise jaina santa hue| isI bIca mandasaura kA vIra yazodharmana bhI kucha kAla ke lie apratima prakAza puMja kI bhAMti camaka kara asta haa| sAtavIM zatI meM mAlavA kannauja ke harSavardhana ke sAmrA kA aMga huA, jisake uparAnta bhinnAmAla ke gurjara pratihAra narezoM kA yahA~ adhikAra huaa| aisA lagatA hai ki 8vIM zatI I0 ke madhya ke lagabhaga dhArAnagarI ko rAjadhAnI banAkara mAlavA meM paramAroM ne apanA rAjya sthApita kiyaa| kahA jAtA hai ki upendra nAmaka vIra rAjapUta isa vaMza kA saMsthApaka thaa| AcArya jinasena punnATa ne apanI harivaMza purANa kI racanA 783 I0 dhArA se nAtidUra vardhamAnapura (badanAvara) meM kI thii| aura usa samaya ke 'avanti-bhUbhRti' kA unhoMne ullekha kiyA hai, jo upendra yA usakA uttarAdhikArI ho sakatA hai| prArambha meM paramAra rAjA gurjara pratihAroM ke sAmantoM ke rUpa meM bar3he lagate haiN| dasavIM-gyArahavIM zatI meM sindhula vAmpatimuMja, bhoja, jayasihadeva jaise prAyaH svatantra, pratApI vidyArasika evaM kavi hRdaya nareza ratna isa vaMza meM hue, jinake samaya meM mahasena, dhanika, dhanapAla, mANikyanaMdI, nayanaMdi, amitagatisUri, mahApaNDita prabhAcandra, zrIcandra, prabhRti aneka diggaja jaina sAhityakAroM ne bhAratI ke bhaNDAra ko bharA / bhoja kA zAradAsadana to dUra-dUra taka prasiddha ho gyaa| sAhitya evaM kalA sAdhanA kI yaha paramparA paramAra narezoM ke prazraya meM 13vIM zatI paryanta calatI rhii| AcAryakalpa paM0 AzAdhara evaM unakA sAhityamaNDala ukta zatI ke pUrvArdha meM vidyamAna thaa| terahavIM zatI ke anta ke lagabhaga dillI ke sultAnoM kA mAlavA para adhikAra huA aura caudahavIM ke anta ke lagabhaga mAlavA ke svatantra sultAnoM kI sattA maNDapadurga (mANDU) meM sthApita ho gaI, jisake aMtima nareza bAja bahAhura ko samApta karake 1564 I0 meM akabara mahAn ne mAlavA ko mugala sAmrAjya kA eka sUbA banA diyaa| uparokta mAlavA ke sultAnoM ke samaya meM bhI aneka jainadharmAnuyAyI rAjyakArya meM niyukta rahe, maNDana mantrI jaise mahAna sAhityakAra hue, jaina bhaTTArakoM kI gaddiyA~ bhI mAlavA meM sthApita huIM aura mandira-mUrtiyAM bhI aneka pratiSThita huI / mugala zAsanakAla meM sthiti meM vizeSa parivartana nahIM huaa| mugaloM ke parAbhava ke uparAnta mAlavA para marAThoM kA adhikAra huA aura uttara marAThA yuga meM indaura, gvAliyara Adi kaI marAThA rAjya sthApita hue, kucha rAjapUta rAjya bhI the, jo saba aMgrejI zAsanakAla meM sImita adhikAroM ke sAtha bane rhe| 1947 I0 meM svatantratA prApti ke phalasvarUpa mAlavA sarvatantra svatantra bhArata ke madhya rAjya kA aMga bnaa| isameM sandeha nahIM hai ki mAlavabhUmi prArambha se hI vartamAna paryanta, bhAratIya saMskRti kA hI nahIM jainadharma evaM jaina saMskRti kA bhI eka uttama gar3ha rahatA AyA hai| jaina AcAryoM, santoM, kalAkAroM, zrImantoM evaM janasAdhAraNa ne isa bhUmi kI saMskRti evaM samRddhi ke saMrakSaNa aura abhivRddhi meM prabhUta yoga diyA hai|