Page #1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ mahAyAna sampradAya kI samanvayAtmaka jIvanadRSTi - bauddhadharma kI mahAyAna zAkhA kI madhyama pratipadA kA vikAsa kina paristhitiyoM meM aura kina prabhAvoM ke pariNAma-svarUpa huA, yahI isa nibandha kA vivecya viSaya hai| bauddhadharma zramaNa paramparA kA dharma hai, kintu isI sandarbha meM hameM yaha nahIM bhUla jAnA cAhie ki buddha ne jisa madhyama mArga kA pratipAdana kiyA vaha nivRttimArgI zramaNa paramparA kA pravRttimArgI vaidika paramparA ke sAtha samanvaya kA prAthamika prayAsa thaa| zramaNadhArA aura vaidikadhArA mUlataH do bhinna jIvanadRSTiyoM para khar3I huI thiiN| sAmAnyatayA zramaNa paramparA se nivRttimArgI dharmoM kA hI grahaNa hotA hai| nivRttimArgI dharma mUlata: nirvANalakSI, jJAnamArgI evaM tapasyApradhAna the, unakA mUlabhUta lakSya tapasyA aura jJAna ke mAdhyama se janma-maraNa ke cakra se mukti pAnA thaa| unakI dRSTi meM sAMsArika astitva du:khamaya hai aura usase chuTakArA pAnA hI jIvana kA Adarza haiN| isake viparIta vaidika paramparA jIvana ko aura sAMsArika astitva ko AzA bharI draSTi se dekhatI thii| vartamAna jIvana ko sukhI evaM sampanna banAnA hI usakA eka mAtra lakSya thaa| yaha kahanA bhI atizyoktipUrNa nahIM hogA ki jahA~ vaidika paramparA meM bhautika sukha-samRddhi kI upalabdhi hI jIvana kA lakSya banI, vahA~ zramaNadhArA ke prArambhika rUpoM meM jIvana ke niSedha kA svara hI adhika ubhraa| vastuta: vaidikadhArA aura zramaNadhArA mAnava jIvana ke do AdhAra - deha aura cetanA athavA bhoga aura tyAga kI do bhinna jIvana dRSTiyoM para khar3I haI thiiN| prArambhika vaidika dharma kA lakSya bhoga aura prArambhika zramaNa dharmoM kA lakSya tyAga rahA, dUsare zabdoM meM vaidika dharma pravRtti pradhAna aura zramaNadharma nivRtti pradhAna bnaa| kintu mAnava astitva isa prakAra kA hai ki vaha na kevala bhoga para aura na kevala tyAga para khar3A rahA sakatA hai, use jIvana ke lie bhoga aura tyAga, pravRtti evaM nivRtti, vAsanA kI santuSTi evaM viveka kA vikAsa sabhI Avazyaka hai| daihika aura sAmAjika mUlyoM ke sAtha hI usake lie naitika evaM AdhyAtmika mUlya bhI Avazyaka hai| ataH pariNAma yaha huA ki bhoga evaM tyAga ke aikAntika AdhAroM para khar3I huI dharma-paramparAe~ use apane jIvana kA samyak samAdhAna nahIM de skiiN|
Page #2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ mahAyAna sampradAya kI samanvayAtmaka jIvanadRSTi : 165 pariNAmasvarUpa bhoga aura tyAga tathA pravRtti evaM nivRtti ke madhya eka samanvaya athavA samyak santulana banAne kA prayatna huaa| isa samanvaya kI dhArA ko hama sarvaprathama IzAvAsyopaniSad meM dekhate haiM jahA~ "tena tyaktena bhuJjIthA" meM tyAga aura bhoga kA samanvaya kiyA gayA hai| vaidika dhArA meM vikasita aupaniSadika cintana isa samanvaya kA pratinidhi kahA jA sakatA hai| yahI samanvaya kI dhArA Age calakara gItA meM adhika puSpita evaM pallavita hotI hai| gItA kI jIvana dRSTi IzAvAsyopaniSad kI jIvana dRSTi kA hI eka vikasita rUpa hai| jisa prakAra vaidika dhArA meM upaniSad evaM gItA samanvaya kI dRSTi ko lekara Age Ate haiM usI prakAra zramaNa paramparA meM bauddhadharma samanvaya kA sUtra lekara Age AtA hai| yadyapi prArambhika bauddhadharma ne pravRtti tathA nivRtti ke madhya yA vyakti aura samAja ke madhya eka samanvaya kA prayatna to kiyA thA, kintu use vikasita kiyA usakI mahAyAna paramparA ne| vaidika paramparA meM yadi gItA pravRtti aura nivRtti ke madhya eka ucita samanvaya kA prayAsa karatI hai, to zramaNa paramparA meM mahAyAna sampradAya pravRtti evaM nivRtti ke madhya eka sAMga-saMtulana ko prastuta karatA hai| isI dRSTi se hama kaha sakate haiM ki bhagavadgItA aura mahAyAna paramparA eka dUsare ke adhika nikaTa haiN| donoM meM koI antara hai to vaha antara unake udgama sthala yA unakI mUladhArA kA hai| apane udgama ke do bhinna kendroM para hone ke kAraNa hI unameM bhinnatA rahI huI hai| ve apanI mUladhArA se TUTanA nahIM cAhate anyathA donoM kI samanvayAtmaka jIvanadRSTi lagabhaga samAna hai| aneka tathyoM ke sandarbhoM meM hama unakI isa samanvayAtmaka jIvanadRSTi ko dekha sakate haiN| gRhastha dharma banAma saMnyAsa prArambhika vaidika dharma meM saMnyAsa kA tattva anupasthita thA, gRhastha jIvana ko hI eka mAtra jIvana kA karmakSetra mAnA jAtA thA / prArambhika vaidika RSi patniyoM se yukta the, jabaki zramaNa paramparA prArambha se hI saMnyAsa ko prAthamikatA detI thI tathA pArivArika jIvana ko bandhana mAnatI thii| vaidika dharma meM yadyapi Age calakara nivRttimArgI zramaNadharma ke prabhAva ke kAraNa vAnaprastha aura saMnyAsa AzramoM kA praveza huA, kintu phira bhI usameM gRhI jIvana ko hI jIvana kA uccatama Adarza tathA sabhI AzramoM kA AdhAra samajhA gayA aura "aputrasya gatirnAsti" kahakara gRhI jIvana ke dAyitvoM ko nirvAha karane
Page #3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ 166 hetu bala diyA gyaa| jabaki prArambhika zramaNa paramparAoM meM gRhastha jIvana kI nindA kI gayI aura saMnyAsa ko hI nirvANa yA mukti kA eka mAtra upAya mAnA gayA / prArambhika jaina evaM bauddhadharma gRhastha jIvana kI nindA karate haiN| jaina Agama dazavaikAlikasUtra' meM kahA gayA hai ki gRhastha jIvana kleza yukta hai aura saMnyAsa kleza mukta; gRhastha jIvana pApakArI hai aura saMnyAsa niSpApa hai| isI prakAra suttanipAta' meM bhI saMnyAsa jIvana kI prazaMsA tathA gRhastha kI nindA karate hue kahA gayA hai ki gRhastha jIvana kaNTakoM se pUrNa vAsanAoM kA ghara hai jabaki pravrajyA khule AsamAna ke samAna nirmala hai| jaina evaM bauddha donoM hI dharmoM ke prAcIna granthoM meM hameM aisA koI ullekha dekhane ko nahIM milA, jisameM gRhastha jIvana kI prazaMsA kI gayI ho / jaina Agama upAsakadazAMga meM daza gRhastha upAsakoM kA jIvana vRttAnta varNita hai, kintu unako kevala svargavAsI batAyA gayA hai, mokSagAmI nhiiN| isI prakAra piTaka sAhitya meM buddha spaSTa rUpa se isa bAta kA pratipAdana karate haiM ki gRhastha jIvana ko chor3e binA nirvANa sambhava nahIM / kintu isake viparIta hama yaha dekhate haiM ki mahAyAna paramparA aura jainoM kI zvetAmbara paramparA tathA bhagavadgItA spaSTa rUpa se isa bAta ko svIkAra kara lete haiM ki nirvANa yA mukti ke lie gRhI jIvana kA tyAga anivArya nahIM hai| mahAyAna sAhitya meM aise aneka udAharaNa milate haiM jahA~ sAdhaka gRhastha jIvana se sIdhA hI mukti lAbha prApta karatA hai| isI prakAra gItA mukti ke lie saMnyAsa ko Avazyaka nahIM maantii| usake anusAra gRhastha bhI mukti kA adhikArI hai| - mahAyAna, zvetAmbara jaina paramparA aura bhagavadgItA meM kisake prabhAva se yaha avadhAraNA vikasita huI yaha batA pAnA to kaThina hai lekina itanA spaSTa hai ki bhAratIya cintana meM IsA kI prathama zatAbdI meM jo pravRtti aura nivRtti ke bIca athavA saMnyAsa evaM gRhI jIvana ke bIca jo samanvayAtmaka pravRtti vikasita huI thI, yaha usI kA pariNAma thaa| ina tInoM hI paramparAoM meM yaha svIkAra kara liyA gayA hai ki nirvANa ke lie saMnyAsa anivArya tattva nahIM hai| mukti kA anivArya tattva hai - anAsakta, niSkAma, vItatRSNa aura vItarAga jIvana dRSTi kA vikAsa | phira bhI itanA avazya mAnanA hogA ki yaha zramaNa paramparA para vaidika dhArA kA prabhAva hI thA, jisake kAraNa usameM gRhastha jIvana ko bhI kucha sImAoM ke sAtha apanA mahattva evaM sthAna prApta huaa| phira bhI jahA~ mahAyAna aura jaina paramparA meM bhikSu saMgha kI zreSThatA mAnya rahI, vahA~ gItA meM "karmasaMnyAsAt karmayogo viziSyate" kahakara gRhI jIvana kI zreSThatA ko mAnya kiyA gyaa|
Page #4
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ mahAyAna sampradAya kI samanvayAtmaka jIvanadRSTi : 167 vaiyaktikatA banAma sAmAjikatA yaha spaSTa hai ki prArambhika zramaNa paramparAe~ nivRttimArgI hone ke kAraNa vyaktiniSTha thiiN| vyakti kI mukti aura vyakti kA AdhyAtmika kalyANa hI unakA Adarza thaa| prArambhika bauddhadharma evaM jainadharma bhI hameM vyaktiniSTha ho parilakSita hote haiN| jabaki prArambhika vaidika dharma meM pArivArika jIvana kI svIkRti ke sAtha hI sAmAjika cetanA kA vikAsa dekhA jAtA hai| vedoM meM "saMgacchadhvaM saMvadadhvaM saM vo manAMsi jAnatAm" athavA "samAno mantraH samitiH samAnI, samAnaM manaH sahacittameSAm" ke rUpa meM sAmAjika cetanA kA spaSTa udghoSa hai| yadyapi prArambhika zramaNa paramparAe~ ghara-parivAra aura sAmAjika jIvana se vimukha hI rahI haiM, phira bhI prArambhika bauddhadharma aura jainadharma meM zramaNa saMghoM ke astitva ke sAtha eka dUsare prakAra kI sAmAjika cetanA kA vikAsa avazya huA hai| inhoMne kramazaH " carattha bhikkhave cArikaM bahujana hitAya bahujana sukhAya' athavA "sameccaloyaM............ kheyanne hi pavaie" ke rUpa meM lokamaMgala aura lokakalyANa kI bAta kahI hai| phira bhI inake lie lokamaMgala aura loka-kalyANa kA artha itanA hI thA ki saMsAra ke prANiyoM ko janma maraNa ke duHkha se mukta kiyA jaae| samAja kA bhautika kalyANa aura samAja ke dIna-duHkhiyoM ko vAstavika sevA kA vyavahArya pakSa unameM parilakSita nahIM hotA / bhikSu jIvana meM saMghIya cetanA kA vikAsa to huA phira bhI vaha samAja ke sAmAnya sadasyoM ke bhautika kalyANa ke sAtha jur3a nahIM paayaa| jainadharma kA bhikSu saMgha to Aja taka bhI samAja ke vAstavika bhautika kalyANa tathA rogI aura duHkhiyoM kI sevA ko apanI jIvana caryA kA Avazyaka aMga nahIM maantaa| mAtra sevA kA upadeza detA hai, karatA nahIM hai| zramaNa paramparAoM ne sAmAjika jIvana meM sambandhoM kI zuddhi kA prayatna to avazya kiyA aura una tathyoM kA nirAkaraNa bhI kiyA jo sAmAjika jIvana ko dUSita karate the| phira bhI ve apanI nivRttimArgI dRSTi ke kAraNa vidhAyaka sAmAjikatA kA sRjana nahIM kara ske| nivRttimArgI paramparA meM sAmAjika cetanA kA sarvAdhika vikAsa yadi kahIM huA hai to vaha mahAyAna paramparA meN| mahAyAna paramparA meM sAmAjika cetanA kA jo vikAsa huA hai, use usake grantha bodhicaryAvatAra meM bahuta spaSTa rUpa se dekhA jA sakatA hai| samAja kI AMgikatA kA siddhAnta, jo Aja bahuta carcA kA viSaya hai, kA spaSTa ullekha bhI isa grantha meM prApta hotA hai| bauddhadharma kI mahAyAna zAkhA ne to lokamaMgala ke Adarza ko hI apanI naitikatA kA prANa maanaa| vahA~ to sAdhaka lokamaMgala ke Adarza kI sAdhanA meM paramamUlya nirvANa kI bhI upekSA kara detA hai, use apane vaiyaktika nirvANa meM koI
Page #5
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ 168 ruci nahIM rhtii| mahAyAnI sAdhaka kahatA hai - dUsare prANiyoM ko duHkha se chur3Ane meM jo Ananda milatA hai, vahI bahuta kAphI hai| apane lie mokSa prApta karanA nIrasa hai, usase hameM kyA lenA denaa| sAdhanA ke sAtha sevA kI bhAvanA kA kitanA sundara samanvaya hai| lokasevA, loka-kalyANa-kAmanA ke isa mahAn Adarza ko dekhakara hameM barabasa hI zrI bharatasiMha jI upAdhyAya ke svara meM svara milAkara kahanA par3atA hai, kitanI udAtta bhAvanA hai| vizva-cetanA ke sAtha apane ko AtmasAta karane kI kitanI vihvalatA hai| parArtha meM AtmArtha ko milA dene kA kitanA apArthiva udyoga hai| AcArya zAntideva bhI kevala parApekAra yA loka-kalyANa kA sandeza nahIM dete, varan usa loka-kalyANa ke sampAdana meM bhI pUrNa niSkAmabhAva para bala dete haiN| niSkAmabhAva se loka-kalyANa kaise kiyA jAye, isake lie zAntideva ne jo vicAra prastuta kiye haiM, ve unake maulika cintana kA pariNAma hai| gItA ke anusAra vyakti IzvarIya preraNA ko mAnakara niSkAmabhAva se karma karatA rahe athavA svayaM ko aura sabhI sAthI prANiyoM ko usI parabrahma kA hI aMza mAnakara sabhI meM AtmabhAva jAgRta kara binA AkAMkSA ke karma karatA rhe| lekina nirIzvaravAdI aura anAtmavAdI bauddha darzana meM to yaha sambhava nahIM thaa| yaha to AcArya kI bauddhika pratibhA hI hai, jisane manovaijJAnika AdhAroM para niSkAmabhAva se lokahita kI avadhAraNA ko sambhava bnaayaa| samAja ke sAvayavatA ke jisa siddhAnta para breDale prabhRti pAzcAtya vicAraka lokahita aura svahita meM samanvaya sAdhate haiM aura una vicAroM kI maulikatA kA dAvA karate haiM, ve vicAra AcArya zAntideva ke granthoM meM bar3e spaSTa rUpa se prakaTa hue haiM aura unake AdhAra para unhoMne ni:svArtha karmayoga kI avadhAraNA ko bhI saphala banAyA hai| ve kahate haiM ki "jisa prakAra nirAtmaka (apanepana ke bhAva rahita) nija zarIra meM abhyAsavaza apanepana kA bodha hotA hai, vaise hI dUsare prANiyoM ke zarIroM meM abhyAsa se apanepana kA bhAva avazya hI utpanna hogA, kyoMki jaise hAtha Adi aMga apane zarIra ke avayava hone ke kAraNa priya hote haiM, vaise hI sabhI prANI usI jagat ke, jisakA maiM avayava hU~, avayava hone ke kAraNa priya hoMge, unameM bhI AtmabhAva hogA aura yadi saba meM priyatA evaM AtmabhAva utpanna ho gayA to phira dUsaroM ke du:kha dUra kiye binA nahIM rahA jA sakegA, kyoMki jisakA jo duHkha ho vaha usase apane ko bacAne kA prayatna to karatA hai| yadi dUsare prANiyoM ko duHkha hotA hai, to hamako usase kyA? aisA mAno to hAtha ko paira kA du:kha nahIM hotA, phira kyoM hAtha se paira kA kaMTaka nikAlakara duHkha se usakI rakSA karate ho? jaise hAtha paira kA duHkha dUra kiye
Page #6
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ mahAyAna sampradAya kI samanvayAtmaka jIvanadRSTi : 169 binA nahIM raha sakatA, vaise hI samAja kA koI bhI prajJAyukta sadasya dUsare prANI kA duHkha dUra kiye binA nahIM raha sktaa|" isa prakAra AcArya samAja kI sAvayavatA ko siddha kara isa lokamaMgala kI sAdhanA meM lokamaMgala kA sandeza dete hue Age yaha bhI spaSTa kara dete haiM ki isa lokamaMgala kI sAdhanA meM niSkAmatA honI caahie| ve likhate haiM . "jisa prakAra apane Apako bhojana karAkara phala kI AzA nahIM hotI, usI prakAra parArtha karake bhI phala kI AzA, garva yA vismaya nahIM hotA hai|" kyoMki parArtha dvArA hameM apane hI samAjarUpI zarIra ko yA usake avayavoM kI santuSTi karate haiM isalie mAtra paropakAra ke lie hI paropakAra karake, na garva karanA aura na vismaya aura na vipAkaphala kI icchA hii|" mahAyAna meM bodhisattva aura gItA meM sthitaprajJa ke jo Adarza haiM ve vyakti ke sthAna para samAja ko mahattva dete haiN| unhoMne vaiyaktika kalyANa yA svahita ke sthAna para sAmAjika kalyANa ko mahattva diyA hai aura isa prakAra vyakti ke Upara samAja ko pratiSThita kiyA hai| mahAyAna ke bodhisattva kA lakSya mAtra vaiyaktika mukti ko prApta kara lenA nhiiN| vaha to lokamaMgala ke lie apane bandhana aura duHkha kI bhI koI paravAha nahIM krtaa| vaha kahatA hai - "bahUnAmekaduHkhena yadi duHkhaM vigacchati, utpAdyameva tad duHkhaM sadayena praatmno:|" mucyamAneSu sattveSu ye te pramodyasAgarAH, taireva nanu paryAptaM mokSaNArasikena kim||" yadi eka ke kaSTa uThAne se bahutoM kA duHkha dUra hotA ho, to karuNApUrvaka unake duHkha dUra karanA hI acchA hai| prANiyoM ko du:khoM se mukta hotA huA dekhakara jo Ananda prApta hotA hai vahI kyA kama hai, phira nIrasa mokSa prApta karane kI icchA kI kyA AvazyakatA hai| vaiyaktika mukti kI dhAraNA kI AlocanA karate hue aura jana-jana ko mukti ke lie apane saMkalpa ko vyakta karate hue bhAgavata, jisameM gItA ke cintana kA hI vikAsa dekhA jAtA hai, ke saptam skandha meM prahlAda ne bhI spaSTa rUpa se kahA thA ki . "prAyeNa deva munayaH svvimuktikaamaaH| maunaM caranti vijane na parArthaniSThAH / / netAnvihAya kRpaNAnvimumukSu eko / nAnyaM tvadasya zaraNaM bhramato'nRpazye / /
Page #7
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ 170 he prabhu ! apanI mukti kI kAmanA karane vAle deva aura mani to aba taka kAphI ho cuke haiM, jo jaMgala meM jAkara mauna sAdhanA kiyA karate the| kintu unameM parArtha-niSThA nahIM thI / maiM to akelA ina saba duHkhIjanoM ko chor3akara mukta honA bhI nahIM caahtaa| svahita banAma lokahita kA prazna jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM saMketa kiyA -- prArambhika zramaNadharma ekAnta sAdhanA aura vaiyakti mukti para hI bala dete the| yadyapi hameM unakI yaha ekAnta sAdhanA aura vaiyaktika mukti kI avadhAraNA jana kalyANa ke viparIta nahIM thI, phira bhI usameM lokahita kA eka vidhAyaka pakSa upalabdha nahIM hotaa| sambhavata: bhagavAna buddha prathama zramaNa the, jinhoMne lokamaMgala kI cetanA ko vikasita kiyaa| pAli aMguttaranikAya meM buddha kA kathana hai ki bhikSuoM, jaise pAnI kA tAlAba gandA ho, caMcala ho aura kIcar3ayukta ho, to vahA~ kinAre para khar3e AMkha vAle AdamI ko bhI na sIpa dikhAI de, na zaMkha, na kaMkaDa, na patthara, na calatI huI yA sthita machaliyAM / yaha aisA kyoM? bhikSuoM, pAnI ke gaMdalA hone ke kaarnn| isI prakAra bhikSuoM, isakI sambhAvanA nahIM hai ki vaha bhikSu maile (rAga-dveSAdi se yukta) citta se Atmahita jAna sakegA, parahita jAna sakegA, ubhayahita jAna sakegA aura sAmAnya manuSya dharma se bar3hakara viziSTa AryajJAna-darzana ko jAna skegaa| isakI sambhAvanA hai ki bhikSu nirmala citta se Atmahita ko jAna sakegA, parihata ko jAna sakegA, ubhayahita ko jAna sakegA, sAmAnya manuSya dharma se bar3hakara viziSTa AryajJAna-darzana ko jAna skegaa| buddha ke isa kathana kA sAra yahI hai ki jIvana meM jaba taka rAga-dveSa aura moha kI vRttiyA~ sakriya haiM, taba taka Atmahita aura lokahita kI yathArthadRSTi utpanna nahIM hotii| rAga aura dveSa kA prahANa hone para hI saccI loka maMgala kI dRSTi kA udaya hotA hai aura jaba yaha yathArtha dRSTi utpanna ho jAtI hai taba svArtha, parArtha aura ubhayArtha meM koI virodha hI nahIM rhtaa| hInayAna yA sthaviravAda meM jo svahitavAda arthAt AtmakalyANa ke dRSTikoNa kA prAdhAnya hai, usakA mUla kAraNa tatkAlIna paristhitiyAM mAnI jA sakatI haiM, phira bhI hInayAna kA usa lokamaMgala kI sAdhanA se mUlata: koI virodha nahIM hai, jo vaiyaktika naitika vikAsa meM bAdhaka na ho| jisa avasthA taka vaiyaktika naitika vikAsa aura lokamaMgala kI sAdhanA meM avirodha hai, usa avasthA taka lokamaMgala use bhI svIkAra hai| vaha mAtra lokamaMgala ke lie Antarika aura naitika vizuddhi ko adhika mahattva detA hai| Antarika pavitratA evaM naitika vizuddhi se zUnya hokara phalAkAMkSA se yukta lokasevA ke Adarza ko vaha svIkAra nahIM krtaa| usakI samagra alocanAe~ aise
Page #8
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ mahAyAna sampradAya kI samanvayAtmaka jIvanadRSTi : 171 hI lokahita ke prati haiN| bhikSu pArApariya ne, buddha ke paravartI bhikSuoM meM lokasevA kA jo thothA Adarza jora pakar3a liyA thA, usakI samAlocanA meM nimna vicAra prastuta kiye haiM - logoM kI sevA kAya se karate haiM, dharma se nahIM / dUsaroM ko dharma kA upadeza dete haiM, (apane) lAbha ke lie, na ki (unake) artha ke lie| sthaviravAdI bhikSuoM kA virodha lokasevA ke usa rUpa se hai jisakA sevArUpI zarIra to hai, lekina jisakI naitika cetanArUpI AtmA mara cukI hai| vaha lokasevA sevA nahIM, sevA kA pradarzana hai, dikhAvA hai, DhoMga hai, chalanA hai, AtmapravaMcanA hai| DaoN. bharatasiMha upAdhyAya ke anusAra ekAntatA kI sAdhanA kI prArambhika bauddhadharma meM pramukhatA avazya thI, parantu sArthaka tathya yaha hai ki use lokasevA ke yA janakalyANa ke viparIta kabhI nahIM mAnA gyaa| balki yaha to usake lie eka taiyArI thii| dUsarI ora yadi hama mahAyAnI sAhitya kA gaharAI se adhyayana kareM to hameM bodhicaryAvatAra, zikSAsamuccaya, laMkAvatArasUtra jaise granthoM meM bhI kahIM aisI sevAbhAvanA kA samarthana nahIM milatA jo naitika jIvana ke vyaktigata mUlyoM ke virodha meM khar3I ho| lokamaMgala kA jo Adarza mahAyAna paramparA ne prastuta kiyA hai, vaha bhI aise kisI lokahita kA samarthana nahIM karatA, jisake lie vaiyaktika naitikatA ko samApta kara diyA jaaye| isa prakAra saiddhAntika dRSTi se lokahita aura Atmahita kI avadhAraNA meM hInayAna aura mahAyAna meM koI maulika virodha nahIM rahA jAtA / yadyapi vyAvahArika rUpa meM yaha tathya sahI hai ki jahA~ eka ora hInayAna ne ekala sAdhanA aura vyaktiniSTha AcAra-paramparA kA vikAsa kiyA aura sAdhanA ko adhikAMzarUpeNa Antarika evaM vaiyaktika banA diyA, vahA~ dUsarI ora mahAyAna ne usI kI pratikriyA meM sAdhanA ke vaiyaktika pakSa kI upekSA kara use sAmAjika aura bahirmukhI banA diyaa| isa taraha lokasevA aura lokAnukampA ko adhika mahattva diyaa| yahAM hama itanA avazya kaha sakate haiM ki hInayAna aura mahAyAna ne jisa sImA taka apane meM isa eka pakSIyatA ko prazraya diyA hai, ve usI sImA taka buddha kI madhyamArgIya dezanA se pIche bhI haTe haiN| hindU paramparA meM gItA meM svahita ke Upara lokahita kI pratiSThA huI hai| gItAkAra kI draSTi meM jo apane lie hI pakAtA aura khAtA hai vaha pApa hI khAtA hai|92 svahita ke lie jIne vAlA vyakti gItA kI dRSTi meM adhArmika aura nIca hai| gItAkAra ke anusAra jo vyakti prApta bhogoM ko dene vAle ko die binA
Page #9
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ 172 arthAt unakA RNa cukAye binA khAtA hai vaha cora hai|12 sAmAjika dAyitvoM kA nirvAha na karanA gItA kI dRSTi meM bhArI aparAdha hai| gItA ke anusAra lokahita karanA manuSya kA kartavya hai| prANiyoM ke hita sampAdana meM lagA huA puruSa hI paramAtmA ko prApta karatA hai| vaha brahma-nirvANa kA adhikArI hotA hai| jise karma karane se koI prayojana nahIM raha gayA hai, jo jIvana mukta ho gayA hai, jise saMsAra ke prANiyoM se koI matalaba nahIM, use bhI loka-hitArtha karma karate rahanA caahie|" zrIkRSNa arjuna se hI kahate haiM ki lokasaMgraha (lokahita) ke lie tujhe kartavya karanA ucita hai| gItA meM bhagavAna ke avatAra dhAraNa karane kA uddezya sAdhujanoM kI rakSA, duSToM kA nAza aura dharma kI saMsthApanA hai|17 aisI lokamaMgala kI sarvocca bhAvanA kA pratibimba hameM bauddha AcArya zAntideva ke zikSA samuccaya, nAmaka grantha meM milatA hai| hindI meM anUdita unakI nimna paMktiyAM mananIya haiM isa duHkhamaya naraloka meM, jitane dalita, bandhagrasita, pIr3ita vipatti vilIna haiM, jitane bahudhandhI viveka vihIna haiN| jo kaThina bhaya se aura dAruNa zoka se atidIna haiM, ve mukta ho nijabandha se, svacchanda ho saba dvandva se, chUTe dalana ke phanda se, ho aisA jaga meM, duHkha se vilakhe na koI, vedanArtha hile na koI, pApa karma kare na koI, asanmArga dhare na koI, ho sabhI sukhazIla, puNyAcAra dharmavratI, sabakA ho parama kalyANa, sabakA ho parama kalyANa / / 18 bhogavAda banAma vairAgyavAda bhogavAda aura vairAgyavAda bhAratIya cintana kI AdhArabhUta dhAraNAyeM haiN| vairAgyavAda nivartaka dharmoM kA mUla hai to bhogavAda pravartaka dharmoM kaa| vairAgyavAda zarIra aura AtmA tathA vAsanA aura viveka ke dvaita para AdhArita dhAraNA hai| vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki zarIra bandhana kA kAraNa hai aura samasta adharmoM kA mUla hai, ata: zarIra aura indriyoM kI mAMgoM ko ThukarAnA hI zreyaskara hai| isake viparIta bhogavAda yaha mAnatA
Page #10
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ mahAyAna sampradAya kI samanvayAtmaka jIvanadRSTi : 173 hai ki zarIra kI mAMgoM kI pUrti karanA ucita evaM naitika hai bhAratIya paramparA meM jainadharma vizuddha rUpa se vairAgyavAdI paramparA kA samarthaka rahA hai aura isI draSTi se usane kisI sImA taka deha daNDana aura Atma-pIr3ana ke tathyoM ko apanI sAdhanA paddhati kA aMga bhI mAnA / jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM saMketa kiyA hai zramaNa paramparA ke bhagavAna buddha prathama vyakti haiM, jinhoMne ina donoM ke madhya evaM saMtulana banAte hue madhyama mArga kA upadeza diyA hai| buddha kaThora mArga (deha daNDana) aura zithila mArga (bhogavAda) donoM ko hI asvIkAra karate haiN| buddha ke anusAra yathArtha naitika jIvana kA mArga madhyama mArga hai| udAna meM bhI buddha apane isI dRSTikoNa ko prastuta karate hue kahate haiM -- "brahmacarya (saMnyAsa) ke sAtha vratoM kA pAlana karanA hI sAra hai -- yaha eka anta hai| kAma-bhAgoM ke sevana meM koI doSa nahIM yaha dUsarA anta hai| ina donoM prakAra ke antoM ke sevana se saMskAroM kI vRddhi hotI hai aura mithyA dhAraNA bar3hatI hai|" isa prakAra buddha apane madhyamamArgIya dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para vairAgyavAda aura bhogavAda meM yathArtha samanvaya sthApita karate haiN| bhagavAna buddha ne jisa madhyama mArga ke vikAsa kA upadeza diyA thA, usI kA vikAsa mahAyAna paramparA meM huA, yadyapi yaha satya hai ki madhyama mArga kA upadeza dete hue bhI buddha ne bhoga kI apekSA vairAgya para kucha adhika bala diyA thA, jabaki mahAyAna sAdhanA kisI sImA taka bhogavAda kI ora adhika jhuka gyii| mahAyAnI bauddha AcArya anaMgavatra kahate haiM ki citta kSubdha hone se kabhI bhI mukti nahIM hotI, ata: isa prakAra baratanA cAhiye ki jisase mAnasika kSobha utpanna na ho| vAsanAoM ke damana kI prakriyA citta zAnti kI prakriyA nahIM hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki Age calakara mahAyAna meM daihika icchAoM ke damana ko anucita mAnA gayA, yadyapi yaha durbhAgya hI kahA jAyegA ki bhogamArga kI ora mahAyAna kA yaha jhukAva use tantrayAna aura vAmamArga kI dizA meM pravRtta kara detA hai| daihika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti aura Atma-pIr3ana kI AlocanA ke sambandha meM mahAyAna kA dRSTikoNa gItA ke atyanta nikaTa hai| gItA kA anAsakti yoga bhI bhogavAda aura vairAgyavAda kI samasyA kA yathArtha samAdhAna prastuta karatA hai| yadyapi gItA meM aneka sthAnoM para vairAgya bhAva kA upadeza hai, kintu yaha spaSTa hai ki gItA vairAgya ke nAma para deha-daNDana kI prakriyA kI samarthaka nahIM hai| niSkarSa yadi hama tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra kareM to spaSTa rUpa se yaha pAte haiM ki mahAyAna sampradAya ne pravartaka dharma kI aneka avadhAraNAoM ko zramaNa paramparA ke anurUpa rUpAntarita kiyA hai, vaha usakI apanI maulika vizeSatA hai| gRhasthajIvana
Page #11
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ 174 se sIdhe nirvANa kI sambhAvanA ko svIkAra kara usane saMnyAsa aura gRhI jIvana ke madhya eka sArthaka santulana banAyA hai jisameM saMnyAsa kA mahattva bhI yathAvat surakSita raha sakA hai| isake sAtha hI zramaNa saMsthA ko samAja sevA aura lokamaMgala kA bhAgIdAra banAkara zramaNa paramparA para hone vAle svArthavAditA ke AkSepa kA parihAra kara diyA hai aura bhikSu saMgha ko samAja jIvana kA eka upayogI aMga banA diyA hai| vaidika dharma yA gItA kI avatAravAda kI avadhAraNA ko parimArjita kara zramaNa paramparA ke anurUpa bodhisatvoM kI avadhAraNA prastata kii| yahAM hama spaSTa rUpa se yaha dekhate haiM ki avatAra ke samAna bodhisatva bhI lokamaMgala ke lie apane jIvana ko utsarga kara detA hai, prANiyoM kA kalyANa hI usake jIvana kA Adarza hai| bodhisatva aura avatAra kI avadhAraNA meM tAttvika antara hote hue lokamaMgala ke sampAdana meM donoM samAna rUpa se pravRtta hote haiN| jainoM ke tIrthakara aura hInayAna ke buddha ke Adarza aise Adarza haiM, jo nirvANa ke uparAnta apane bhaktoM kI pIr3A ke nivAraNa meM sakriya rUpa se sAjhIdAra nahIM bana skte| ata: bhakta hRdaya aura mAnava ko santoSa dene ke lie jainoM ne zAsanadeva aura deviyoM (yakSa-yakSiyoM) kI avadhAraNA prastuta kI, to mahAyAna sampradAya ne tArA Adi devI-devatAoM ko apanI sAdhanA meM sthAna pradAna kiyaa| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki mahAyAna sampradAya vaidika paramparA meM vikasita gItA kI aneka avadhAraNAoM se vaicArika sAmya rakhatA hai| pravRttimArgI dharma ke aneka tattva mahAyAna paramparA meM isa prakAra AtmasAta ho gaye ki Age calakara use bhArata meM hindU dharma ke sAmane apanI alaga pahacAna banAye rakhanA kaThina ho gayA aura use hindU dharma ne AtmasAta kara liyaa| jabaki usI zramaNa dhArA kA jainadharma nivRttyAtmaka pakSa para barAbara bala detA rahA hai aura apanA svatantra astitva banAye rkhaa| sandarbha: 1. dazacUlikA 1/11-13 2. suttanipAta - 2/72 3. bodhicaryAvatAra, 8/99 4. vahI, 8/116 5. vahI, 8/109 6. bodhicaryAvatAra - 8/105 7. vahI - 8/108 8. zrImadbhAgavat 9/44 9. aMguttaranikAya 10. theragAthA, 941-942 11. bauddha darzana tathA anya bhAratIya darzana, pR. 609 12. gItA, 3/13 13. vahI, 3/12 14. vahI, 5/25, 12/4 15, vahI, 3/18 16. vahI, 3/20 17. vahI, 4/8 18. zikSAsamuccaya, anUdita dharmadUta, maI 1941