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________________ mahAvIra pUrva jaina dharma kI paraMparA : AtmAnusaMdhAna kI yAtrA DaoN. mahAvIrasarana jaina bhagavAna mahAvIra jaina dharma ke pravartaka nahIM, pravartamAna avasapiNi kAla ke caubIsaveM tIrthaMkara haiM / jaina paurANika mAnyatA ke anusAra kAlacakra calatA rahatA hai / eka kAlacakra meM kAla kI apekSA do bhAga hote haiN| vizva meM kabhI sAmUhika rUpa se kramika vikAsa hotA hai| kabhI kramika hrAsa / kramika hrAsa vAlA kAlacakra avasarpiNi kAla hai jisake kramika apakarSa kAla 1 ati suSamA, 2. suSamA, 3. suSamA-duHSamA, 4. duHSamA-suSamA, 5. duSamA, 6.ati duHSamA hai / yaha dasa koTA-koTi sAgara kI sthitivAlA kAla hotA hai| jisameM pudgaloM ke varNa, gaMdha, rUpa, rasa, sparza evaM prANiyoM kI Aya, avagAhanA, saMhanana, bala, bala-vIrya Adi kA kramika apakarSa evaM hrAsa hotA hai| Rmika vikAsa vAlA kAla cakra utsapiNi kAla hai jisameM kramika utkarSa kAla 1. ati duSamA, 2. duSamA, 3. duSamA-suSamA, 4. suSamA duSamA, 5. suSamA, 6. ati suSamA hai / avasarpiNi kI carama sImA hI utsapiNi kA prAraMbha hai / isa prakAra utsapiNi avasarpiNi kAla ke ulTe kama se utkarSonmukha dasa koTA koTi sAgara kI sthiti vAlA kAla hai| pravartamAna avasapiNikAla meM vartamAna caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM kA janma huA tathA avasarpiNi kAla ke duSamA-suSamA pUrA hone ke . 74 varSa 11 mahIne 7 / / dina pUrva mahAvIra kA janma huA / jaina mAnyatA prathama tIrthaMkara AdinAtha yA RSabhadeva ko pravartamAna kAla ke caubIsI tIrthaMkaroM meM prathama tIrthaMkara mAnatI hai / kucha vidvAnoM ne mohanajodar3o ke khaMDaharoM se prApta dhyAnastha nama yogI kI mUrti ko yogIzvara RSabha kI kAryotsarga mudrA ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| isake viparIta kucha itihAsakAroM ne jaina 1. DA. nemIcaMda zAstrI jyotiSAcArya, tIrthaMkara mahAvIra aura unakI AcArya paraMparA pR. 3 / dharma ko buddha dharma ke samAnAntara utpanna dharma mAna kara isakI pUrva mahAvIrakAlIna paraMparA ko asvIkAra kiyaa| unakI asvIkRti kA mUla kAraNa sambhavataH yaha rahA hogA ki "jina' evaM 'jaina"" zabdoM kA prayoga mahAvIrottara yuga ke granthoM meM milatA hai| 'dazavakAlika' meM sauccANaM jiNa sAmaNaM, sUtrakRtAMga meM aNuttaradhamma miNaM jiNANaM tathA "uttarAdhyayana" meM niNavamaya' Adi zabdoM kA sarvaprathama prayoga par3hakara dharma evaM darzana kI avirala paramparA se anabhijJa kisI bhI anusaMdhitsu ko isa prakAra kI pratIti honA sahaja hai ki jina zAsana jina mArga ke upadezaka mahAvIra hI jaina dharma ke saMsthApaka rahe hoNge| zabdoM kI yAtrA ke sAtha-sAtha uparAma ho jAne kA pariNAma isI prakAra kA hotA hai| jIvana ke pratyeka caraNa meM zabda badalate rahate haiN| badalatI huI saMskRti yA vAtAvaraNa ke sAtha zabdoM ke artha badala jAte haiN| bhASA meM zabdAvalI sahaja hI praviSTa hotI rahatI hai aura lupta hotI rahatI hai| manuSya kI AtmA kI khoja kI yAtrA bahuta purAnI hai| usa yAtrA kI sAdhanA ko vyakta karane vAlI zabdAvalI badalatI rahatI hai| 'jaina' zabda kA svataMtra prayoga to mahAvIra ke bahuta bAda jinabhadragaNi kSamA zramaNa kRta vizeSAvazyaka bhASya meM milatA hai| kintu jaba hama jJAta se ajJAta kI ora bar3hanA AraMbha karate haiM to ajJAta yuga ke vAcaka jagaha jagaha apanI atIta kI smRtiyoM kI yAda dilA jAte haiN| mahAvIra ke upadezoM kA saMkalana karane vAle 12 grantha meM eka grantha kA nAma hai 'nAyAdhamma kahAo' jJAtR dharma kathAye : isase jaina dharma ke pUrvavartI nAmoM kI khoja kI preraNA anAyAsa prApta hotI hai| mahAvIra ke samasAmayika gautama buddha ke 2. AcArya hastImalajI mahArAja-jaina dharma kA maulika itihAsa prathama khaMDa tIrthakara khaMDa pR. 43 114 rAjendra-jyoti
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________________ upadezoM ko saMkalita karane vAle 'tripiTaka' mahAvIra ko 'nigaMThanATapurA' ke nAma se pukArate haiM aura itihAsa ke pannoM meM nigaMTha (nirvrantha) (dhamma) dharma kA ullekha milatA hai| 'Namo arihaMtANaM- NamokAra par3hate par3hate jaba padmapurANa kI paMktiyAM mAnasa meM gUMjatI hai ki Aheta dharma sarvazreSTha dharma hai to mahAvIra dvArA pratipAdita 'dharmomaMgala mukkiTThe ke pUrvavartI sUtra sahaja hI prApta hone lagate haiM / jaba itihAsa yaha udghoSa karane lagatA hai ki bhArata meM zramaNa paraMparA prAkvaidika paraMparA hai aura jaba mahAvIra paravartI grantha uttarAdhyayana nirbhrAnta rUpa meM abhivyakta karatA hai ki 'samayAesamaNo hoi' samabhAva kI sAdhanA karane se zramaNa hotA hai to yaha bAta sApha hone lagatI hai ki mahAvIra ne jisa dharma evaM darzana kA pracAra evaM prasAra kiyA hai, usakI paraMparA prAk vaidika yuga se poSita evaM vikasita hotI AyI hai| jaina dharma ke mahAvIra - pUrva-yugIna nAmoM kA astitva aba anumAnAzrita nahIM, itihAsa ke dvArA anumodita tathya hai / bhAratIya itihAsa zramaNa paraMparA, arhata, dharma evaM nirgrantha dharma kA tathyaparaka ullekha karatA hai| zramaNa paramparA 'zramaNa' zabda 'zrama' evaM 'sama' bhAva ko vyakta karatA hai| 'zrAmyatIti zramaNaH tapasyatItyarthaH zrama karane vAlA zramaNa hai aura zrama kA bhAva hai tapasyA karanA / zramaNa kA vyutpatyartha hI isakI paramparA ke svarUpagata vaiziSTya ko prakaTa karatA hai| yaha paraMparA akarmaNya, bhAgyavAdI evaM bhogavAdI nahIM, mAnava ke pauruSa kI parIkSA karanevAlI; karma meM vizvAsa rakhanevAlI tathA apanI hI sAdhanA evaM tapasyA ke bala para 'tIrtha' kA nirmANa kara sakane kI bhAvanA meM vizvAsa rakhakara tadanurUpa AcaraNa karane vAlI sAdhanA paraMparA hai| isI bhAva ko sAyaNa TIkAkAra ne vyakta kiyA hai vAtarazanAkhyA RSabhaH zramaNAstapasvinaH zramaNa kI 'sama' arthaparakatA ko zrImad bhAgavata vyaMjita karatA hai'AtmArAmAH samadRzaH prAyazaH zramaNA janAH jaina granthoM meM 'zramaNa' ke uparyukta donoM hI artha pratipAdita evaM mAnya haiN| uttarAdhyayana isakI 'samabhAva' sAdhanA ke artha ko udghATita karatA hai to dazavaikAlika samyak jJAna tathA samyak__ darzana sampanna tathA saMyama va tapa meM nirata zramaNa sAdhu ke vaiziSTyarthaka ko vyakta karatA hai- "nANadaMsaNa saMpaNNaM, saMyame ya tave rayaM 7 3. padma purANa 13/350 4. dazavaikAlika 1/1 5. uttarAdhyayana 25 / 32 6. sAyana TIkAkAra 5 7. zrImadbhAgavata 13/3/18-19 8. uttarAdhyayana 25-32 9. kAlika 7/49 bI. ni. saM. 2503 zramaNa paraMparA kI prAcInatA ke saMbandha meM zrI rAmadhArIsiMha dinakara ne likhA hai ki anumAna yaha hai ki zramaNa saMskRti Aya ke Agamana ke pUrva se hI isa deza meM vidyamAna thii| ye zramaNa avaidika hote the / brAhmaNa yajJa ko mAnate the, zramaNa unheM anupayogI samajhate the 110 Aheta dharma bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samaya taka "Arhata dharma" yA nirgrantha dharma zabdoM kA prayoga milatA hai| jaina dharma ke anusAra tIrthakaroM ne arhanta hokara hI dharma kA upadeza diyaa| jaina darzana ke "a" kI vizeSa sArthakatA hai| jaba jIva karmoM se pRthaka hone kA upakrama karake jJAnAvaraNI, darzanAvaraNI, mohanIya aura aMtarAya kamoM se apane ko pRthaka kara letA hai taba vaha "kevalajJAnI" ho jAtA hai aura use 'arahat' saMjJA kI prApti hotI hai / arahat zabda kI vyutpatti ahaM dhAtu se hai, jo pUjA vAcaka hai / ahaMtoM dvArA pratipAdita aura arhantAvasthA kI upalabdhi karane vAle 'arhat dharma' ke sUtra prAcIna sAhitya meM upalabdha haiM / Rgveda meM kahA gayA hai-arhatA citro nirdhanya dharma zramaNa paraMparA meM jaina sAdhu nirgrantha kahalAte haiM / bhagavAna mahAvIra ko bhI isI kAraNa pAli sAhitya meM nigaSTha (nirdhanya ) kahA gayA hai| tripiTakoM meM prApta nirgranthoM kI tapasyA ke aneka sthaloM kA muni zrI nagarAjavI ne apanI pustaka "Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana" meM ullekha kiyA hai 112 18 jaina zAstroM meM pA~ca prakAra ke zramaNa batalAye gaye haiM1. nirgrantha, 2. zAkya, 3. tApasa, 4. gerUa aura 5. AjIvaka / "nidhi, savaka, tAvata, gerUpa, AjIva paMcahA samA jaina zramaNoM ko nirgrantha kahA gayA hai| vaidika sAhitya meM bhI nirgrantha zabda kA prayoga milatA hai| nirgranthA niSparigrahAH iti saMvarta zrutiH 114 zramaNa paramparA ke digambara ( vAtarazanA ) RSiyoM evaM muniyoM kA ullekha prAcInatama granthoM meM milatA hai| Rgveda meM vAtarazanA munikA varNana hai- "munayo vAtarazanAH pizaGgA vasate malA "10 digaMbara RSi zramaNa evaM UrdhvaretA hote the| isakI puSTi upaniSad evaM bhAgavata karate haiN| taittariyopaniSad kA kathana hai- 10. rAmadhArIsiMha dinakara : saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya pU. 121 (tRtIya saMskaraNa / ) 11. Rgveda 6/86/5 12. muni zrI nagarAja - Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana 13. pravacana sArodvAra 94 14. taittarIya AraNyaka 10/63 15. Rgveda 10/11/136/2 115
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________________ vAtarazanA ha vA RSayaH zramaNA Urdhvamathinau babhUvaH 118 isI bhAva ko zrImad bhAgavata meM vyakta kiyA gayA hai--" vAtarazanA ya RSayaH zramaNA UrdhvamanthinaH " 17 jaina tIrthaMkara mahAvIra parva pravartamAna avasarpiNi kAla ke 23 tIrthaMkaroM meM se itihAsa bhI prathama tIrthakara RSabhadeva yA AdinAtha 22veM tIcaMkara neminAtha tathA 23veM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha kA aitihAsika astitva svIkAra karatA hai / RSabhadeva---zrImad bhAgavata ke anusAra vAtarazanA zramaNoM ke dharma kA pravartana bhagavAna RSabhadeva ne kiyA 118 1 DA. harmana jekobI ne spaSTa likhA hai ki jaina paramparA sarva sammati se ekamatena RSabha ko prathama tIrthaMkara arthAt Adi saMsthApaka mAnatI hai| isa puSTa paramparA meM aitihAsikatA ho sakatI hai "Jain tradition is unanimous in making Rishab, the first Tirthankar as the founder. There may be some historical tradition which makes him the first Tirthankar.19 vidvAna aba isa bAta ko mAnate haiM ki RSabhadeva usa ahiMsA paramparA ke Adi janaka the, jisake sUtra prAgvaidika haiN| "prAgvaidika paramparA ke prabhAva se ahiMsA, dharma aura ahiMsaka yajJa kI kalpanA bhArata meM buddha se pahale phaila cukI thI aura usake mUla pravartaka ghara-AMgirasa aura RSabhadeva the| zramaNa paramparA kI prAgvaidika paramparA evaM bhagavAna RSabhadeva kA vivecana AcArya zrI tulasI ne "Pre- Vedic Existance of SRAMAN Tradition meM vistArapUrvaka kiyA hai| 22 neminAtha vidvAnoM ne neminAtha ko zrIkRSNa ke cacere bhAI ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| mahAbhArata ke anuzAsana parva ke 50 evaM 82 veM zlokoM meM "zUraH zaurijinezvara" pATha mAnakara kRSNa ke sAtha sAtha ariSTanemi kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai / 22 jaina granthoM ke 16. taittarIyopaniSad 2/7 17. zrImad bhAgavata 11/6/47 18. zrImadbhAgavata 11/2/205/3/20 19. Dr. Hermann Jakobi - Indian Antiquity. 20. rAmadhArIsiMha dinakara saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya pR. 126 21. Acharya Shree Tulsi-Pre- Vedic Existence of SRAMAN Tradition. Paper read at XXIV International Congress of Orientalists. New Delhi 4th January 1964. 22. zrIcaMda rAmapuriyA mahaMta ariSTanemi aura vAsudeva kRSNa pR. 6 : zrI jaina zvetAmbara terApaMthI mahAsabhA, kalakattA 1960 I. 116 anusAra yAdavoM kI rAjadhAnI pahale zurasena praveza meM zorapura thii| zorIpura meM janmeM zorijinezvaraH neminAtha ke ullekha anyatra bhI prApta haiN| ye usI prakAra ke aitihAsika yA paurANika vyaktitva haiM jisa prakAra bhagavAna zrIkRSNa haiM / pArzvanAtha pArzvanAtha kI aitihAsikatA jaba asaMdigdha hai| pArzvanAtha kA nirvANa mahAvIra janma se 250 varSa pUrva huA thA aura unakI Ayu 100 varSa thI / ataH pArzvanAtha kA samaya I. pU. 877-777 hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra evaM buddha ke samaya pArzvanAtha kI paramparA ke sAdhuoM ke vyApaka prabhAva kA ullekha milatA hai / Avazyaka sUtra niti meM varNita hai ki jaba bhagavAna mahAvIra kumAraka saniveza padhAre to udyAna meM dhyAnAvasthita ho ge| unake ziSya gozAlaka jaba bastI meM gae to vahA~ unhoMne kUpanaya nAmaka eka dhanADhya kuMbhakAra kI mAlA meM pArzvanAtha paramparA ke AcArya munindra ko apane ziSyoM sahita dekhA jaina AgamoM meM pAzvaM saMtAnIva niyaMgya bhramaNa kezakumAra kA apane 'vRhat ziSya samudAya ke sAtha mahAvIra ke saMgha meM praviSTa hone kA ullekha hai / unake sAtha mahAvIra ke gaNadhara gautama ke vistRta vArtAlApa kA bhI ullekha hai jisameM ve donoM isa bAta para bhI vicAra karate haiM ki mahAmuni pArzvanAtha ne cAturyAma dharma kA upadeza diyA aura svAmI varddhamAna pAMca zikSA rUpa dharma kA upadeza karate haiN| 24 pAvanugAmI anya sAdhuoM ke bhI ullekha AgamoM meM milate haiN| jaina paramparA mahAvIra ke mAtA-pitA ko bhI pArzvapatyIya (pArzvanAtha kI paramparA se saMbaMdha rakhane vAle ) zrAvaka mAnatI hai| yadyapi mahAvIra ne apanA dharmasaMgha banAyA tathApi unhoMne bhI yaha sadaiva svIkAra kiyA ki jo pUrva tIrthaMkara pArzva ne kahA hai, vahI ve kaha rahe haiN| 25 kucha itihAsakAra rAjA zreNika kI vaMza paramparA ko pArzva se saMbandhita mAnate haiN| DaoN. jAyasavAla ne likhA hai ki rAjA zreNika ke pUrvaja kAzI se magadha Ae the| kAzI meM unakA vahI rAjavaMza thA jisameM tIrthaMkara pArzva paidA hue the| " DaoN. dharmAnanda kausAmbI ne buddha ke jIvana se saMbandhita tripiTaka se eka aise prasaMga kA ullekha kiyA hai jisase yaha nizcita hotA hai ki ve bodhi prApti ke pUrva pArzva paramparA se sambaddha rahe the / maphima nikAya ke mahAsiMhanAda sutta meM varNita hai ki bhagavAna buddha ne apane pramukha ziSya sAriputra se kahA- 23. AvazyakaH sUtra niyukti, malayagiri vRtti pUrvabhAga gA. 477 patra saMkhyA 279 24. uttarAdhyayana sUtra a 23 25. vyAkhyA prajJapti, za. 5, udde. 9sU. 227 26. DA. kAzIprasAda jAyasavAla - bhAratIya itihAsa, eka dRSTi pR. 62 rAjendra- jyoti
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________________ "sAriputra ! bodhi prApti ke pUrva meM dAr3hI, mUMchoM kA luMcana karatA thA, khar3A rahakara tapasyA karatA thA, ukaDU baiThakara tapasyA karatA thA, naMgA rahatA thA, hathelI para bhikSA lekara khAtA thaa| baiThe hue sthAna para Akara die hue anna ko, apane lie taiyAra kie hue anna ko aura nimaMtraNa ko bhI svIkAra nahIM karatA thaa| isa saMdarbha ke AdhAra para DaoN. dharmAnanda kausAmbI evaM paM. sUkhalAlajI ne isa dhAraNA ko vyakta kiyA ki buddha kucha samaya ke lie pArzvanAtha kI paramparA meM rahe the| ___ DA. rAdhAkumuda mukarjI ne bhI isa mata se apanI sahamati prakaTa kI hai| buddha dvArA jaina dharma kI tapa vidhi ke abhyAsa kI puSTi zrImatI rAisa DeviDsa ne bhI kI hai| pArzva ke aitihAsika vyaktitva kI sthApanA kA pAzcAtya vidvAnoM meM sarvaprathama zreya DA. jekobI ko hai|" DA. cArla zATiyara ne likhA hai ki jaina dharma nizcita rUpa se itihAsa ke eka yathArtha pAtra rahe haiN| unake zabdoM meM "We ought also to remember both the Jain religion is certainly older than Mahavira, his reputed predecessor Parshva having almost certainly, existed as a real person & that consequently, the main points of the original doctrine may have been condified long before Mahavira." DaoN. rAmadhArI siMha dinakara ne ahiMsA dharma kI paramparA meM pArzvanAtha kI dena ko ina zabdoM meM vyakta kiyA hai-- "zrIkRSNa ke samaya se Age bar3he, taba bhI, buddha deva se koI DhAI sau varSa pUrva hama jaina tIrthaMkara zrI pArzvanAtha ko ahiMsA kA vimala saMdeza sunAte pAte haiN| dhyAna dene kI bAta yaha hai ki pArzvanAtha ke pUrva, ahiMsA kevala tapasviyoM ke AcaraNa meM sammilita thI, kintu pArzva muni ne use satya, asteya aura 27. DaoN. dharmAnanda kausAmbI bhagavAna buddha pR. 68-69 28. DaoN. dharmAnanda kausAmbI pArzvanAtha kA cAturyAma dharma pR. 28/31 29. paM sukhalAlajI-cAra tIrthakara pR. 140/141 30. DaoN. rAdhAkumuda mukarjI-hindU sabhyatA-anu. DA. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla rAjakamala prakAzana dillI pR. 239 31. Mrs. Rhys Devis-Gautam the man. PP 22-25. 32. Dr. Jacobi-Sacred Books of the East Vol. XIV Introduction to Jain Sutras Vol. II P. 21. 33. DaoN. cArla zArpaTiyara-The Uttradhyan Sutra Intro duction P. 21. aparigraha ke sAtha bAMdhakara sarva sAdhAraNa kI vyAvahArika koTi meM DAla diyA / pArzvanAtha ne cAra mukhya upadeza diye isa kAraNa pArzvanAtha ke dharma ko cAturyAma dharma bhI kahate haiN| pArzvanAtha ne sAmayika cAritra dharma kI zikSA cAturyAma--cAra tyAgoM ke rUpa meM dI 1. sarva-prANAtipAta-viramaNa -hiMsA kA tyAga 2. sarva-mRSAvAda-viramaNa --asatya kA tyAga 3. sarva-adattAdAna-viramaNa --caurya tyAga 4. sarva-bahiddhAdAna-viramaNa -parigraha tyAga pArzvanAtha ke samaya meM dharma sAdhaka atyaMta Rju, prajJa evaM vijJa the tathA ve strI ko bhI parigraha ke aMtargata samajhakara bahiddhAdAna meM usakA antarbhAva karate the| caubIsaveM tIrthakara bhagavAna mahAvIra mahAvIra ne apane samaya kI paristhitiyoM ke saMdarbha meM brahmacarya vrata kA alaga se ullekha kiyA / unhoMne chedopasthAnIya cAritra arthAt vibhAgayukta cAritra kI vyavasthA kI / pUjyapAda (vi. saM. 5-6 zatAbdI) ne mahAvIra ke vibhAga-yukta cArita kA svarUpa batalAte hue likhA hai "bhagavAna mahAvIra ne cAritna dharma ke teraha vibhAga kie| pA~ca mahAvrata, pAMca samitiyAM aura tIna guptiyAM / ye vibhAga unake pUrva nahIM the| tisraH sattamaguptayastanumanobhASA nimittodayAH paMceryAdisamAzrayAH samitayaH paMcanatAni vyapiH cAritropahitaM trayodazatayaM pUrva na diSTaM parai rAcAraM parameSThino jinamate vIrAn namAmo vayam / / 35 mahAvIra kA mahattva isa dRSTi se hai ki unhoMne ugra tapasyA karake saMgharSoM ko sahaja rUpa se jhelane kA eka mAnadaMDa sthApita kiyA tathA Atmajaya kI sAdhanA ko apane hI puruSArtha evaM cAritra se siddha karane kI vicAraNA ko lokonmukha banAkara bhAratIya manISA ko nayA mor3a diyaa| unakA jIvana AdhyAtmika cintana, manana evaM saMyamI jIvana kA sAkSAtkAra hai, niSkarmadarzI ke niSkarma AtmA ko dekhane kA darpaNa hai, AtmA ko Atma-sAdhanA se pahacAnane kA mApadaNDa hai, tapa dvArA karmoM ko kSaya karake AtmasvabhAva meM ramaNa karane kI prakriyA hai tathA isase bhI bar3I bAta yaha hai ki kisI ke Age jhuka kara nahIM pratyuta apanI hI zakti evaM sAdhanA ke bala para jIvAtmA ke paramAtmA banane kI vaijJAnika prayogazAlA hai| 34. DA. rAmadhArI siMha dinakara, saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya pR. 126 35. pUjyapAda cAritra bhakti 7 bI.ni.saM. 2503 117