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________________ bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nirvANabhUmi pAvA eka punarvicAra yaha jaina dharmAnuyAyioM kA durbhAgya hI kahA jAyegA ki jahA~ bhagavAna buddha ke bauddha dharma kA bhArata se lopa ho jAne ke bAda bhI bhagavAna buddha ke janmasthala, jJAna prApti-sthala, prathama upadeza sthala aura parinirvANa sthala kI samyak pahacAna ho cukI hai aura isa sambandha meM koI matavaibhinya nahIM hai, vahAM jaina dharma ke bhArata meM jIvanta rahate hue bhI Aja bhagavAna mahAvIra kA janmasthala, kevalajJAnasthala, prathama upadezasthala aura parinirvANasthala sabhI vivAda ke ghere meM haiM, unakI samyak pahacAna abhI taka nahIM ho sakI hai, jabaki una sthaloM ke sambandha meM Agama aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM tathA purANa sAhitya meM spaSTa nirdeza hai| pUrva ke do AlekhoM meM hamane unake janmasthala aura kevalajJAnasthala kI pahacAna kA eka prayatna kiyA thaa| isa Alekha meM hama unake tIrthasthApanasthala aura parinirvANasthala kI pahacAna kA prayatna kreNge| yahA~ yaha jJAtavya hai ki jahA~ zvetAmbara paramparA bhagavAna mahAvIra ke tIrthasthApanAsthala aura parinirvANasthala donoM ko 'majjhimApAvA' arthAt madhyama+apApA ko mAnatI hai, vahA~ digambara paramparA tIrtha sthApanasthala to rAjagRha ke vaibhAragiri ko mAnatI hai, kintu parinirvANasthala to pAvA ko hI mAnatI hai| isa prakAra nirvANasthala ke sambandha meM zvetAmbara aura digambara paramparAoM meM mataikya hai - donoM hI 'pAvApurI' ko mahAvIra kA parinirvANa sthala mAnatI haiN| kintu mUla prazna yaha hai ki yaha pAvA kahA~ sthita hai ? - vartamAna meM zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM hI paramparAeM rAjagRha aura nAlandA ke samIpavartI pAvApurI ko mahAvIra kA nirvANa sthala mAna rahI haiM aura donoM ke dvArA usa sthala para mandira Adi nirmita haiM / kintu vidvatvarga isa sthala ko mahAvIra kA nirvANa sthala mAnane meM sahamata nahIM hai| usakI ApattiyA~ nimna haiM 1. bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke samaya nava malla, nava licchavI Adi 18 gaNarAjyoM ke rAjA tathA kAzI aura kozala deza ke rAjA upasthita the ( kalpasUtra 127 ) | rAjagRhI ke samIpavartI pAvA meM unakI upasthiti sambhava nahIM ho sakatI, kyoMki rAjagRha rAjyataMtra thA aura malla, licchavI, vajjI, vaizAlI -
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________________ 42 Adi ke gaNataMtrAtmaka rAjyoM se usakI zatrutA thI, jabaki gaNataMtra ke rAjAoM meM pArasparika saumanasya thaa| dUsare, kAzI aura kosala ke rAjAoM kA vahAM upasthita rahanA bhI sambhava nahIM thaa| kyoMki rAjagRha ke samIpavartI pAvA se unakI dUrI lagabhaga 300 kilAmITara thI jabaki phajilakA yA usamAnapura ke nikaTavartI pAvA samIpa thI aura unake rAjyoM kI sImA se lagI huI thii| 2. yadi mahAvIra kA nirvANa rAjagRha kI samIpavartI pAvA ke pAsa hotA to usa samaya vahAM kuNika ajAtazatru kI upasthiti kA ullekha nizcita huA hotA, kyoMki vaha mahAvIra kA bhakta thaa| kintu prAcIna granthoM meM kahIM bhI usakI upasthiti ke saMketa nahIM haiN| isake viparIta malla, licchavI Adi gaNataMtroM ke rAjAoM kI upasthiti ke saMketa haiN| 3. mahAvIra ke kAla meM rAjagRha ke samIpa kisI pAvA ke hone ke saMketa prAcIna jaina AgamoM aura bauddha tripiTaka meM nahIM milte| jabaki bauddha tripiTaka meM kuzInagara ke samIpavartI malloM kI pAvA ke aneka ullekha milate haiN| tripiTaka meM malloM ke kuzInagara aura pAvA aise do gaNarAjyoM kA ullekha hai, ye mallagaNarAjA mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke samaya upasthita bhI the| 4. purAtAttvika sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para rAjagRha kI samIpavartI vartamAna meM mAnya pAvA hI mahAvIra kI nirvANasthalI hai, yaha siddha nahIM hotA hai| kyoMki vahA~ jo prAcInatama purAtAttvika sAkSya upalabdha hai, vaha saMvat 1260 meM abhayadevasUri dvArA sthApita caraNa hai| isa AdhAra para bhI vartamAna pAvA kI aitihAsikatA terahavIM zatI se pUrva nahIM jAtI hai| 5. rAjagRha ke ati samIpa vartamAna meM mAnya pAvA meM kalpasUtra meM ullikhita hastipAla jaise kisI svataMtra rAjA kA rAjya honA sambhava nahIM hai| do gaNarAjyoM kI rAjadhAnI aura rAjya 20-25 mIla kI dUrI para honA sambhava hai, jaise kuzInagara ke malloM kI aura pAvA ke malloM kI rAjadhAniyAM mAtra 20 kilomITara kI dUrI para sthita thiiN| kintu magadha jaise sAmrAjya kI rAjadhAnI ke ati samIpa mAtra 2025 kilomITara kI dUrI para hastipAla jaise svataMtra rAjA kI rAjadhAnI pAvA kA honA sambhava nahIM thaa| 6. kucha vyaktiyoM kA yaha tarka hai ki vartamAna 'pAvA' ko hI mahAvIra kA nirvANasthala aura lachavAr3a yA nAlandA ke samIpavartI kuNDapura ko mahAvIra kA janmasthAna mAnanA ucita hai| kyoMki ye donoM vartamAna pAvA ke itane nikaTa haiM ki bhagavAna ke pArthiva zarIra kI dAha kriyA ke samaya bhagavAna ke bar3e bhAI nandivardhana
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________________ eka punarvicAra usameM sammilita ho ske| kintu yaha tarka samucita nahIM hai, kyoMki prathama to nandivardhana mahAvIra kI dAha kriyA meM sammilita hue the, aisA koI prAcIna ullekha nahIM hai| yadi yaha mAneM ki 18 gaNarAjAoM meM nandivardhana bhI the, to ve to pauSadha ke nimitta pUrva se hI vahA~ upasthita the / punaH vaizAlI ke nikaTavartI kSatriya 'kuNDagrAma se bhI usamAnapura vIrabhArI yA phAjila nagara ke nikaTa saThiyA~va ke samIpa sthita pAvA kI dUrI bhI lagabhaga 100 mIla se adhika nahIM hai, ghor3e para eka dina meM itanI dUrI pAra karanA bhI kaThina nahIM hai| kyoMki acchA ghor3A eka ghaNTe meM 10 mIla kI yAtrA AsAnI se kara letA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nirvANabhUmi pAvA kuzInagara - puna: eka vicAraNIya prazna yaha hai ki AgamoM meM mahAvIra ke parinirvANa sthala ko 'majjhimA pAvA' kahA gayA hai| 'majjhimA' zabda kI vyAkhyA vidvAnoM ne aneka dRSTi se kI hai| kucha vidvAnoM ke anusAra majjhimA kA artha hai- madhyavartI pAvA arthAt unake anusAra usa kAla meM tIna pAvA rahI hogii| una tIna pAvAoM meM madhyavartI pAvA ko hI majjhimA pAvA kahA gayA hai| vartamAna carcAoM ke AdhAra para yadi hama rAjagRha ke samIpavartI pAvA aura par3araunA samIpa sthita pAvA kI kalpanA ko sahI mAneM to inake madhyavartI phAjila nagara yA vIrabhArI kI pAvA ko madhyavartI pAvA mAnA jA sakatA hai| par3araunA (pAvA) : 43 phAjilanagara ( saThiyA~va) usamAnapura (vIrabhArI) 15 kilo mITara rAjagRha ke samIpavartI vartamAna pAvA kintu usa kAla meM aisI tIna pAvA thI, isakA koI bhI pramANa jainAgamoM aura tripiTaka meM nahIM miltaa| yadyapi isa kalpanA kI eka phalazruti avazya hai, vaha yaha ki rAjagRha ke samIpavartI pAvA cAhe usa yuga meM rahI bhI ho, kintu vaha madhyavartI pAvA (majjhimA pAvA) nahIM ho sakatI hai ataH use mahAvIra kI nirvANa bhUmi nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| vaha madhyavartI pAvA na hokara dakSiNa yA antya pAvA hI siddha hogii| kyoMki usake dakSiNa yA pUrva dizA meM kisI anya pAvA ke koI bhI saMketa nahIM mile haiN| isa tIna pAvA nagaroM kI kalpanA ko svIkAra karane meM sabase bar3I bAdhA yaha bhI hai ki purAtAttvika aura sAhityika sAkSyoM se yaha bAta
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________________ 44 siddha nahIM hotI ki mahAvIra yA buddha ke kAla meM pAvA nAmaka nagara tIna the| jo bhI sAhityika ullekha upalabdha haiM ve malloM kI madhyadezIya pAvA ke hI haiM, anya kisI pAvA kA koI ullekha nahIM hai| ___ kucha vidvAnoM ne tIna 'pAvA' kI bAta to svIkAra nahIM kI kintu majjhimA pAvA kA artha yaha lagAyA hai ki pAvA nagara ke madhya meM sthita hastipAlarAjA kI rajjuka sabhA meM mahAvIra kA nirvANa huA thA, isI kAraNa use majjhimA pAvA kahA gayA hai| prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se majjhimA pAvA kA vizeSaNa hai, usakA artha madhyamA arthAt bIca kI pAvA yA madhyadezIya pAvA aisA hogA, kintu pAvA ke madhya meM aisA nhiiN| kyoMki yadi lekhaka ko yaha bAta kahanI hotI to vaha 'pAvAe majjhe' ina zabdoM kA prayoga karatA na ki 'majjhimApAvA' kA dUsare mahAvIra jaba bhI cAturmAsa karate the to gA~va yA nagara ke madhya meM na karake gA~va yA nagara ke bAhara hI kisI udyAna, caitya Adi para hI karate the - ata: unhoMne yaha cAturmAsa pAvA nagara ke madhya meM kiyA hogA, yaha bAta siddha nahIM hotii| rajjUka sabhA kA artha bhI yaha batAtA hai ki vaha sthAna hastipAla rAjA ke nApa taula vibhAga kA sabhA sthala rahA hogaa| kintu yaha sabhAbhavana ke nagara ke madhya meM ho, yaha sambhAvanA kama hI hai| jJAtavya hai ki jaina paramparA meM nApa ke lie rajju zabda kA prayoga milatA hai| sAmAnya rUpa se rajjaka ve rAjakIya karmacArI the jo rassI lekara bhami yA khetoM kA mApa karate the| ye karmacArI vartamAna kAla ke paTavAriyoM ke samAna hI the| rAjya meM pratyeka gAMva kA eka rajjuka hotA hogA aura eka choTe se rAjya meM bhI hajAroM gA~va hote the ata: rAjya karmacAriyoM meM rajjukoM kI saMkhyA sarvAdhika hotI thii| sambhava hai unakI sabhA hetu koI vizAla bhavana rahA ho| mahAvIra ne yaha sthala cAturmAsa ke lie isa kAraNa se cunA hogA ki isameM vizAla sabhAgAra rahA hogaa| aisA sabhAgAra mahAvIra ke vizAla saMgha ke cAturmAsa kA upayukta sthala ho sakatA thA, kintu yaha nagara ke madhya ho, yaha sambhAvanA kama hI hai| isa prakAra majjhimA kA artha na to madhyavartI pAvA hogA aura na pAvA ke madhya meM aisA hogaa| aba hama 'majjhimA' zabda ke tIsare artha madhyadezIya pAvA kI ora Ate haiN| tIsare artha ke anusAra isakA tAtparya yaha hogA ki vaha pAvA nagara madhyadeza meM sthita thaa| jJAtavya hai ki pAli tripiTaka aura buddhakAlIna bhUgola meM madhyadeza kI sImAe~ isa prakAra thIM - madhyadeza ke pUrva meM videha pazcima meM kauzala, uttara meM zAkya/mauriya (nepAla kA tarAI kSetra) tathA dakSiNa meM kAzI deza sthita the| isakA artha hai ki majjhimApAvA madhyadeza meM sthita thI, jabaki vartamAna meM mAnya
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________________ bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nirvANabhUmi pAvA 1 eka punarvicAra : 45 rAjagRha kI samIpavartI pAvA magadha deza meM sthita hai ataH majjhimA vizeSaNa se yaha bAta siddha hotI hai ki mahAvIra ke nirvANa sthala ke rUpa meM mAnya pAvA usa kAla ke madhyadeza arthAt malloM ke gaNataMtra meM sthita thii| isa AdhAra para kuzInagara se lagabhaga 20 kilomITara dakSiNa pUrva meM sthita phAjilanagara saThiyA~va yA usamAnapura vIrabhArI ke samIpavartI kSetra ke pAvA hone kI sambhAvanA adhika samIcIna lagatI hai kyoMki usakI puSTi bauddha sAhityika sAkSyoM se hotI hai / madhyadeza meM sthita isa 'pAvA' kI pahacAna karane meM bhI kaThinAI yaha hai ki isa sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM abhI mataikya nahIM ho pAyA hai / khetAna jI Adi kucha vidvAna vartamAna par3araunA ke siddhavA ko pAvA mAnate haiM, to kAralAila prabhRti kucha vidvAnoM ne phAjilanagara 'saThiyAvaM' ko 'pAvA' mAnA hai| zrI omaprakAzalAla zrIvAstava ne 'zramaNa' janavarI - jUna 2000 meM prakAzita apane lekha meM eka nayA mata prastuta karate hue, usamAnapura ke nikaTavartI vIrabhArI nAmaka TIle ko pAvA batAyA hai / ata: cAhe rAjagRhI ke samIpavartI pAvA ko mahAvIra nirvANa sthala nahIM bhI mAnA jAye aura madhyadeza sthita malloM kI 'pAvA' ko hI mahAvIra kI nirvANa bhUmi mAnA jAye, to bhI usa sthAna kA samyak nirNaya karanA abhI zeSa hai| madhyadeza sthita malloM kI rAjadhAnI 'pAvA' kI pahacAna kA sabase mahattvapUrNa sAhityika sAkSya yaha hai ki vaha bhagavAna buddha ke parinirvANa sthala kuzInagara se 3 gavyUti kI dUrI para sthita thii| kintu kuzInagara ko kendra mAnakara yadi tIna gavyUti vyAsa se vRtta khIMcA jAya to usameM cAroM dizAoM ke aneka sthala aayeNge| ataH isa AdhAra para bhI samyak nirNaya para kaise pahu~ceM ? isa hetu hameM buddha ke antima yAtrAmArga ke AdhAra para nirNaya lenA hogaa| apane jIvana kI isa sandhyA meM buddha kisa mArga se kuzInagara se Aye the ? sambhAvanAe~ tIna ho sakatI haiM- rAjagRha vaizAlI mArga se, zrAvastI ke mArga se yA zAkya pradeza arthAt kapilavastu (nepAla kI tarAI ) se| yadi ve zrAvastI se A rahe the to 'pAvA' kI khoja kuzInagara ke pazcima meM karanI hogii| yadi ve zAkya rAjya se A rahe the to pAvA kI khoja kuzInagara ke uttara meM karanA hogI kintu yadi ve rAjagRha yA vaizAlI se A rahe the to hameM 'pAvA' kI khoja kuzInagara ke dakSiNa-pUrva meM karanI hogii| pAli sAhitya se jo sUcanAeM hameM prApta haiM usa AdhAra para unakI yaha yAtrA rAjagRha - vaizAlI kI ora se thI, ataH 'pAvA' kI khoja kuzInagara ke dakSiNa-pUrva meM karanA hogii| isa AdhAra para par3araunA ke siddhavA ko 'pAvA' mAnane kI sambhAvanA nirasta ho jAtI hai, kyoMki par3araunA kuzInagara (vartamAna kasAyA ) ke ThIka uttara meM hai / yadyapi bhagavAna mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi 'pAvA' nAmaka bhagavatIprasAda
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________________ 46 khetAna kI pustaka kI bhUmikA meM unake mata kA samarthana karate hue merA jhukAva bhI par3araunA ko pAvA mAnane ke pakSa meM thaa| kintu nimna tIna kAraNoM se aba mujhe apane dRSTikoNa meM parivartana karanA par3a rahA hai - 1. par3araunA ke 'pAvA' hone ke pakSa meM Aja taka koI bhI Thosa sAhityika aura purAtAttvika sAkSya upalabdha nahIM hai| AdaraNIya bhagavatIprasAda khetAna dvArA diye gaye tarkoM aura sAkSyoM se yaha to siddha hotA hai ki rAjagRha ke samIpavartI pAvA vAstavika pAvA nahIM hai, kintu paDaraunA kA siddhavA sthAna hI pAvA hai, yaha pUrNatayA siddha nahIM hotA / 2. dUsare, paDaraunA rAjagRha- vaizAlI - kuzInArA ke sIdhe yA sarala mArga para sthita nahIM hai, rAjagRha yA vaizAlI se paDaraunA hokara kuzInArA AnA eka cakkaradAra rAstA hai| bhagavAna buddha kI isa yAtrA kA lakSya kuzInArA thA ataH uttara meM jAkara punaH dakSiNa meM Ane vAle mArga kA cayana ucita nahIM thA / 3. jaina vyAkhyA sAhitya ke anusAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ne apane kaivalya sthala se bAraha yojana calakara pAvA meM apane dharma tIrtha kI sthApanA kI thI | merI dRSTi meM vartamAna jamuI ke samIpavartI lachavAr3a mahAvIra kA janma sthala na hokara kaivalyajJAna sthala hai| vahA~ se sIdhe mArga se pAvA kI dUrI lagabhaga 190 kilomITara se adhika nahIM honI caahie| paDaraunA ko pAvA mAnane para yaha dUrI lagabhaga 250 se adhika ho jAtI hai| ataH paDaraunA ko pAvA mAnane meM aneka kaThinAIyA~ haiM / kuzInagara se dakSiNa pUrva meM pAvA ko mAnane ke sambandha meM bhI aba hamAre sAmane do vikalpa haiM? prathama phAjilanagara saThiyAMva aura dUsarA usamAnapuravIrabhArI / yadyapi kArlAila Adi vidvAnoM ne phAjilanagara saThiyAMva ko pAvA mAnane ke pakSa meM apanA mata diyA thaa| usake pariNAmasvarUpa gorakhapura, devariyA Adi ke kucha digambara jainoM ne aura kucha prabuddha varga ne use mahAvIra kI nirvANa bhUmi mAnakara mandira dharmazAlA Adi bhI banavAye haiN| kintu zrI omaprakAzalAla kA kahanA hai ki vahA~ se jo mRNamudrA milI hai, usase vaha sthala zreSThigrAma siddha hotA hai, pAvA nhiiN| punaH vaha sthala bhI kuzInArA se 18-20 mIla pUrva meM hI hai, dakSiNa pUrva meM nahIM hai / isa dRSTi se usamAnapura vIrabhArI ko pAvA mAnane kA pakSa adhika sabala pratIta hotA hai| isa sambandha meM sabase mahattvapUrNa sAkSya vahA~ se 'pa (1)vAnArA' ke ullekha yukta mRNamudrA kA prApta honA hai| jisa prakAra prApta mRNamudrAoM ke AdhAra para una-una grAma yA nagaroM kI pahacAna pUrva meM itihAsakAroM
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________________ bhagavAna mahAvIra kI nirvANabhUmi pAvA - eka punarvicAra : 47 ke dvArA kI gaI, usI prakAra isa mudrA ke AdhAra para ise 'pAvA' svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| punaH mahAvIra ke kaivalyasthala se isa sthala kI dUrI bhI sarala sIdhe mArga se 12-13 yojana ke lagabhaga siddha hotI hai| jJAtavya hai ki yojana kI lambAI ko lekara bhI vibhinna mata hai| yaha dUrI eka yojana mAtra 9.09 yA lagabhaga 15 kilomITara mAna kara nizcita kI gaI hai| __ maiMne isa pAvA kI avasthiti ko usamAnapura ke samIpa aura kaivalyasthala lachavAr3a ko jamuI ke samIpa mAnakara nakze ke skela ke AdhAra para dUrI nikAlI thI, jo lagabhaga 190 kilomITara AtI hai| ata: usamAnapura vIrabhArI ko pAvA mAnane para Agamika vyAkhyAoM kI 12 yojana kI dUrI kA bhI kucha samAdhAna mila jAtA hai| phira bhI jaba taka phAjilanagara ke DIha aura vIrabhArI ke TIloM kI khudAI na ho aura sabala purAtAttvika sAkSya upalabdha na hoM isa sambandha meM antima nirNaya denA samucita nahIM hogA, tathApi pAvA kI pahacAna ke sambandha meM jo vibhinna vikalpa haiM, unameM mujhe usamAnapura vIrabhArI kA pakSa sabase adhika sabala pratIta hotA hai aura vartamAna meM rAjagRha ke samIpavartI pAvApurI ko mahAvIra kI nirvANabhUmi pAvA mAnanA sandehAspada lagatA hai|