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________________ mahAvIra ke samakAlIna vibhinna AtmavAda evaM usameM jaina AtmavAda kA vaiziSTya - pro. sAgaramala jaina dharma aura naitikatA AtmA sambandhI dArzanika mAnyatAoM para adhiSThita rahate haiN| kisI bhI dharma evaM usakI naitika vicAraNA ko usake Atma sambandhI siddhAnta ke abhAva meM samucita rUpa se nahIM samajhA jA sktaa| mahAvIra ke dharma evaM naitika siddhAntoM ke aucitya-sthApana ke pUrva unake AtmavAda kA aucitya-sthApana Avazyaka hai| sAtha hI mahAvIra ke AtmavAda ko samajhane ke liye unake samakAlIna vibhinna AtmavAdoM kA samAlocanAtmaka adhyayana bhI Avazyaka hai| yadyapi bhAratIya AtmavAdoM ke sambandha meM vartamAna yuga meM zrI e0 sI0 mukarjI ne apanI pustaka "The Nature of Self" evaM zrI esa0 ke0 saksenA ne apanI pustaka "Nature of Consciousness in Hindu Philosophy" meM vicAra kiyA hai lekina unhoMne mahAvIra ke samakAlIna AtmavAdoM para samucita spa se koI vicAra nahIM kiyA hai| zrI dharmAnanda kauzAmbIjI dvArA apanI pustaka "bhagavAna buddha" meM yadyapi isa prakAra kA eka laghu prayAsa avazya hai, phira bhI isa sambandha meM eka vyavasthita adhyayana Avazyaka hai| pAzcAtya evaM kucha Adhunika bhAratIya vicArakoM kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki mahAvIra evaM buddha ke samakAlIna vicArakoM meM AtmavAda-sambandhI koI nizcita darzana nahIM thaa| tatkAlIna sabhI brAhmaNa aura zramaNa matavAda kevala naitika-vicAraNAoM evaM karmakANDI-vyavasthAoM ko prastuta karate the| sambhavataH isa dhAraNA kA AdhAra tatkAlIna aupaniSadika sAhitya hai, jisameM AtmavAda sambandhI vibhinna parikalpanAyeM, kisI eka AtmavAdI siddhAnta ke vikAsa ke nimitta saMkalita kI jA rahI thiiN| upaniSadoM kA AtmavAda vibhinna zramaNa paramparAoM ke AtmavAdI siddhAntoM se spaSTa rUpa se prabhAvita hai| upaniSadoM meM AtmA-sambandhI paraspara viparIta dhAraNAyeM jisa bIja rUpa meM vidyamAna haiM ve isa tathya kI puSTi meM sabala pramANa haiN| hA~, ina vibhinna AtmavAdoM ko brahma kI dhAraNA meM saMyojita karane kA prayAsa unakA apanA maulika hai| lekina yaha mAna lenA ki mahAvIra athavA buddha ke samakAlIna vicArakoM meM AtmA-sambandhI dArzanika siddhAnta the hI nahIM, yaha eka bhrAnta dhAraNA hai| merI yaha spaSTa dhAraNA hai ki mahAvIra ke samakAlIna vibhinna vicArakoM kI AtmavAda sambandhI vibhinna dhAraNAyeM vidyamAna thiiN| koI use sUkSma kahatA thA, to koI use vibhu / kisI ke anusAra AtmA nitya thI, to koI use kSaNika mAnatA thaa| kucha vicAraka use (AtmA ko) kartA mAnate the, to kucha use niSkriya evaM kUTastha mAnate the| inhIM vibhinna
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________________ 60 : pro0 sAgaramala jaina AtmavAdoM kI apUrNatA evaM naitika vyavasthA ko prastuta karane kI akSamatAoM ke kAraNa hI tIna naye vicAra sAmane Aye -- eka ora thA upaniSadoM kA sarva-AtmavAda yA brahmavAda, dUsarI ora thA buddha kA anAtmavAda aura tIsarI vicAraNA thI jaina AtmavAda kI, jisane ina vibhinna AtmavAdoM ko eka jagaha samanvita karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| ina vibhinna AtmavAdoM kI samAlocanA ke pUrva inake astitva-sambandhI pramANa prastuta kiye jAne Avazyaka hai| bauddha-pAli-Agama-sAhitya, jaina Agama evaM upaniSadoM ke vibhinna prasaMga isa saMdarbha meM kucha tathya prastuta karate haiN| bauddha-pAli-Agama ke antargata suttapiTaka meM dIghanikAya ke brahmajAlasutta evaM majjhimanikAya ke cUlasAropamasutta meM ina AtmavAdoM ke sambandha meM kucha jAnakArI prApta hotI hai| yadyapi uparyukta suttoM meM hameM jo jAnakArI prApta hotI hai, vaha bAhyata: naitika AcAra-sambandhI pratIta hotI hai, lekina yaha jisa rUpa meM prastuta kI gaI hai, use dekhakara hameM gahana vivecanA meM utaranA hotA hai, jo antatogatvA hameM kisI AtmavAda-sambandhI dArzanika nirNaya para pahu~cA detI hai| pAli-Agama meM buddha ke samakAlIna ina AcAryoM ko jahA~ eka ora gaNAdhipati, gaNa ke AcArya, prasiddha yazasvI, tIrthaMkara tathA bahujanoM dvArA susammata kahA gayA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora unake naitika siddhAntoM ko itane garhita evaM nindya rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai ki sAdhAraNa buddhi vAlA manuSya bhI inakI ora AkRSTa nahIM ho sktaa| ataH yaha svAbhAvika rUpa se zaMkA upasthita hotI hai ki kyA aisI nindha naitikatA kA upadeza dene vAlA vyakti lokasammAnita dharmAcArya ho sakatA hai, lokapUjita ho sakatA hai ? yahI nahIM ki ye AcAryagaNa lokapUjita hI the varan ve AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke nimitta vibhinna sAdhanAyeM bhI karate the, unake ziSya evaM upAsaka bhI the| uparokta tathya kisI niSpakSa gahana vicAraNA kI apekSA karate haiM, jo isake pIche rahe hue satya kA udghATana kara skeN| __merI vinamra sammati meM uparyukta vidhArakoM kI naitika vidhAraNA ko jisa rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai use dekhakara aisA pratIta hotA hai ki vaha una vicArakoM kI naitika vicAraNA nahIM hai, varan unake AtmavAda yA anya dArzanika mAnyatAoM ke AdhAra para nikAlA huA naitika niSkarSa hai, jo virodhI pakSa ke dvArA prastuta kiyA gayA hai| jainAgamoM jaise sUtrakRtAMga, vyAkhyAprajJapti (bhagavatIsUtra), uttarAdhyayana Adi meM bhI kucha aise sthala haiM, jinake AdhAra para tatkAlIna AtmavAdoM ko prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai| vaidika sAhitya meM prAcInatama upaniSad chAndogya aura bRhadAraNyaka hai, unameM bhI tatkAlIna AtmavAda ke sambandha meM kucha jAnakArI upalabdha hotI hai| kaThopaniSad evaM gItA meM ina vibhinna AtmavAdI dhAraNAoM kA prabhAva yatra-tatra yatheSTa rUpa se dekhane ko mila sakatA hai| lekha ke vistArabhaya se yahA~ ukta sabhI granthoM ke vibhinna saMketoM ke AdhAra para
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________________ mahAvIra ke samakAlIna vibhinna AtmavAda : 61 unase pratiphalita hone vAle AtmavAdoM kI vicAraNA sambhava nahIM hai, ataH hama yahA~ kucha AtmavAdoM kA vargIkRta rUpa meM mAtra saMkSipta adhyayana hI kreNge| inakA vistRta aura pUrNa adhyayana to svatantra gaveSaNA kA viSaya hai| vargIkaraNa kI dRSTi se hamAre adhyayana meM nimna vargIkaraNa sahAyaka ho sakatA hai-- 1. nitya yA zAzvata AtmavAda, 2. anitya AtmavAda, uccheda AtmavAda, dehAtmavAda, 3. kUTastha AtmavAda, akriya AtmavAda, niyativAda, 4. pariNAmI AtmavAda, Atma kartRtvavAda, puruSArthavAda, 5. sUkSma AtmavAda, 6. vibhu AtmavAda, 7. anAtmavAda, 8. sarva AtmavAda yA brhmvaad| prastuta nibandha meM uparyukta sabhI AtmavAdoM kA vivecana sambhava nahIM hai, dUsare anAtmavAda aura sarva AtmavAda ke siddhAnta kramazaH bauddha aura vedAnta paramparA meM vikasita hue hai, jo kAphI vistRta hai sAtha hI loka prasiddha hai| ataH unakA vivecana prastuta nibandha meM nahIM kiyA gayA hai| pariNAmI AtmavAda kA siddhAnta svatantra rUpa se kisakA thA, yaha jJAta nahIM ho skaa| ataH usakA bhI vivecana isa nibandha meM nahIM kiyA gayA hai| prastuta prayAsa meM ina vibhinna AtmavAdoM ke vargIkaraNa meM mukhyataH eka sthUla dRSTi rakhI gaI hai aura isI hetu kUTastha AtmavAda, niyativAda yA pariNAmI AtmavAda aura puruSArthavAda mahAvIra ke AtmavAda kA mukhya aMga hai phira bhI mahAvIra kA Atma-darzana samanvayAtmaka hai ataH unake Atma-darzana ko ekAnta rUpa se usa varga meM nahIM rakhA jA sakatA hai| anitya-AtmavAda ___ mahAvIra ke samakAlIna vicArakoM meM isa anityAtmavAda kA pratinidhitva ajitakeza kambala karate haiN| isa dhAraNA ke anusAra AtmA yA caitanya isa zarIra ke sAtha utpanna hotA hai aura isake naSTa ho jAne ke sAtha hI naSTa ho jAtA hai| unake darzana evaM naitika siddhAntoM ko bauddha Agama meM isa prakAra prastuta kiyA gayA hai| dAna, yajJa, havana vyartha hai, sukRta-duSkRta karmoM kA phala-vipAka nhiiN| yaha loka-paraloka nhiiN| mAtA-pitA nahIM, devatA nahIM... AdamI cAra mahAbhUtoM kA banA hai jaba maratA hai taba (zarIra kI) pRthvI-pRthvI meM, pAnI pAnI meM, Aga Aga meM aura vAyu vAyu meM mila jAtI hai. .. dAna yaha mUl kA upadeza hai... mUrkha ho cAhe paNDita zarIra chor3ane para ucchinna ho jAte haiN...| bAhya rUpa se dekhane para ajita kI yaha dhAraNA svArya sukhavAda kI naitika dhAraNA ke samAna pratIta hotI hai aura usakA darzana tathA AtmavAda bhautikavAdI parilakSita hotA hai| lekina
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________________ 62 : pro0 sAgaramala jaina punaH yahA~ yaha zaMkA upasthita hotI hai ki yadi ajitakeza kambala naitika dhAraNA meM samavAdI aura unakA darzana bhautikavAdI thA to phira vaha svayaM sAdhanA mArga aura deha- daNDana ke patha kA anugAmI kyoM thA, usane kisa hetu zramaNoM evaM upAsakoM kA saMgha banAyA thA / yadi usakI naitikatA bhogavAdI thI to use svayaM saMnyAsa - mArga kA pathika nahIM bananA thA, na usake saMgha meM saMnyAsI yA gRhatyAgI ko sthAna honA thA / sambhavataH vastusthiti aisI pratIta hotI hai ki ajita dArzanika dRSTi se anityavAdI thA, jagat kI parivartanazIlatA para hI usakA jora thaa| vaha loka paraloka, devatA, AtmA Adi kisI bhI tattva ko nitya nahIM mAnatA thA / usakA yaha kahanA " yaha loka nahIM paraloka nahIM, mAtA-pitA nahIM, devatA nahIM..." kevala isI artha kA dyotaka hai ki sabhI kI zAzvat sattA nahIM hai, sabhI anitya haiN| vaha AtmA ko bhI anitya mAnatA thA aura isI AdhAra para yaha kahA gayA ki usakI naitika dhAraNA meM sukRta aura duSkRta karmoM kA vipAka nahIM / pazcima meM yUnAnI dArzanika herAvilatu ( 535 I0 pU0 ) bhI isI kA samakAlIna thA aura vaha bhI anityatAvAdI hI thA / sambhavataH ajita nitya AtmavAda ke AdhAra para naitikatA kI dhAraNA ko sthApita karane meM utpanna hone vAlI dArzanika kaThinAiyoM se avagata thaa| kyoMki nitya AtmavAda ke AdhAra para hiMsA kI burAI ko nahIM samApta kiyA jA sakatA / yadi AtmA nitya hai to phira hiMsA kisakI ? ataH ajita ne yajJa, yAga evaM yuddha-janita hiMsA se mAnava jAti ko mukta karane ke liye anitya AtmavAda kA upadeza diyA hogA / sAtha hI aisA bhI pratIta hotA hai ki vaha tRSNA aura Asakti se utpanna hone vAle sAMsArika klezoM se bhI mAnava jAti ko mukta karanA cAhatA thA aura isI hetu usane gRha-tyAga aura deha - daNDana, jisase Atma-sukha aura bhautika sukha kI vibhinnatA ko samajhA jA sake, ko Avazyaka mAnA thA / isa prakAra ajita kA darzana Atma- anityavAda kA darzana hai aura usakI naitikatA hai - Atma-sukha (Subjective Pleasure ) kI upalabdhi / sambhavataH aisA pratIta hotA hai ki buddha ne apane anAtmavAdI darzana ke nirmANa meM ajita kA yaha anitya AtmavAda apanA liyA thA aura usakI naitika dhAraNA meM se deha - daNDana kI praNAlI ko samApta kara diyA thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki ajita kI yaha dArzanika paramparA buddha kI dArzanika paramparA ke prArambha hone para vilupta ho gii| buddha ke darzana ne ajita ke anityatAvAdI Atma-siddhAnta ko AtmasAt kara liyA aura usakI naitika dhAraNA ko pariSkRta kara use hI eka naye rUpa meM prastuta kara diyA / anitya AtmavAda ke sambandha meM jainAgama uttarAdhyayana ke 14veM adhyayana kI 18vIM gAthA meM bhI vivecana prApta hotA hai, jahA~ yaha batAyA gayA ki yaha AtmA zarIra meM usI prakAra
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________________ rahatI hai jaise tila meM tela, araNI meM agni yA dUdha meM ghRta rahatA hai aura isa zarIra ke naSTa ho jAne ke sAtha hI vaha naSTa ho jAtI hai| mahAvIra ke samakAlIna vibhinna AtmavAda : 63 aupaniSadika sAhitya meM kaThopaniSad kI prathama vallI ke adhyAya 1 ke 20veM zloka meM naciketA bhI yaha rahasya jAnanA cAhatA hai ki AtmanityatAvAda aura Atma- anityatAvAda meM kauna sI dhAraNA satya hai aura kauna sI asatya / isa prakAra yaha to nibhrAnta rUpa se satya hai ki mahAvIra ke samakAlIna vicArakoM meM Atma- anityatAvAda ko mAnane vAle vicAraka the| lekina vaha anitya AtmavAda bhautika AtmavAda nahIM, varan dArzanika anitya AtmavAda thaa| unake mAnane vAle vidhAraka Adhunika sukhavAdI vicArakoM ke samAna bhautika sukhavAdI nahIM the, varan ve Atma-zAnti evaM AsaktinAza yA tRSNAkSaya ke hetu prayAsazIla the / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki ajita kA darzana aura dharma (naitikatA) bauddha darzana evaM dharma kI pUrva kar3I thaa| bauddhoM ne usake darzana kI jo AlocanA kI thI athavA usake jo naitika niSkarSa prastuta kiye the ki usake anusAra duSkRta evaM sukRta karmoM kA vipAka nahIM, yahI AlocanA pazcAt kAla meM bauddha AtmavAda ko kRtapraNAza evaM akRta karmabhoga kahakara hemacandrAcArya ne prastuta kI 1 anitya- AtmavAda kI dhAraNA naitika dRSTi se ucita nahIM baiThatI kyoMki usake AdhAra para karma vipAka yA karma-phala ke siddhAnta ko nahIM samajhAyA jA sakatA kyoMki samasta zubhAzubha karmoM kA pratiphala tatkAla prApta nahIM hotA / ataH karma- phala kI dhAraNA ke liye nitya AtmavAda kI ora AnA hotA hai| dUsare anitya AtmavAda kI dhAraNA meM puNya-saMcaya, paropakAra, dAna Adi ke naitika AdezoM kA bhI koI artha nahIM rahatA / nitya kUTastha AtmavAda vartamAna dArzanika paramparAoM meM bhI aneka isa siddhAnta ke samarthaka hai ki AtmA kUTastha ( niSkriya) evaM nitya hai, sAMkhya aura vedAnta bhI isake samarthaka haiN| jina vicArakoM ne AtmA ko kUTastha mAnA hai, unhoMne use nitya bhI mAnA hai / ataH hamane bhI apane vivecana hetu nitya AtmavAda aura kUTastha AtmavAda donoM ko samanvita rUpa se eka hI sAtha rakhA hai| mahAvIra ke samakAlIna kUTastha nitya AtmavAda ke pratinidhi pUrNa kazyapa the| pUrNa kazyapa ke siddhAntoM kA citraNa bauddha sAhitya meM isa prakAra hai agara koI kriyA kare, karAye, kATe, kaTavAye, kaSTa de yA dilAye corI kare prANiyoM ko mAra DAle paradAragamana kare yA asatya bole to bhI use pApa nhiiN| tIkSNa dhAra vAle cakra se yadi koI isa saMsAra ke prANiyoM kA Dhera lagA de to bhI use koI pApa nahIM hai, doSa nahIM hai aura satya - bhASaNa se koI puNya - prApti nahIM hotI / dAna, dharma 11 ---- --
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________________ 64: pro0 sAgaramala jaina isa dhAraNA ko dekhakara sahaja hI zaMkA hotI hai ki isa prakAra kA upadeza dene vAlA koI yazasvI, lokasammAnita vyakti nahIM ho sakatA, varan koI dhUrta hogaa| lekina pUrNa kazyapa eka lokapUjita zAstA the, ataH yaha nizcita hai ki aisA anaitika dRSTikoNa unakA nahIM ho sktaa| yaha unake AtmavAda kA naitika phalita hogA jo eka virodhI dRSTikoNa vAle logoM dvArA prastuta kiyA gayA hai| phira bhI isameM itanI satyatA avazya hogI ki pUrNa kazyapa AtmA ko akriya mAnate the, vastutaH unakI Atma- akriyatA kI dhAraNA kA uparyukta niSkarSa nikAlakara unake virodhiyoM ne unake mata ko vikRta rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki pUrNa kazyapa ke isa Atma- akriyavAda ko usake pazcAt kapila ke sAMkhya darzana aura bhagavadgItA meM bhI apanA liyA gayA thA / kapila aura bhagavadgItA kA kAla lagabhaga 400 I0 pU0 mAnA jAtA hai aura isa AdhAra para yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki ye pUrNa kazyapa ke Atma- akriyavAda se avazya prabhAvita hue hoNge| kapila ke darzana meM Atma-akriyavAda ke sAtha hI Izvara kA abhAva isa bAta kA sabala pramANa hai ki vaha kisI avaidika zramaNa paramparA ke darzana se prabhAvita thA aura vaha darzana pUrNa kazyapa kA Atma akriyavAda kA darzana hI hogA, kyoMki usameM bhI Izvara ke liye koI sthAna nahIM thA / sAMkhya darzana bhI AtmA ko triguNayukta prakRti se bhinna mAnatA hai aura mAranA, maravAnA Adi sabhI ko prakRti kA pariNAma mAnatA hai| AtmA sabase prabhAvita nahIM hotI hai| vaha yaha bhI nahIM mAnatA hai| ki AtmA ko naSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai| AtmA bandhana meM nahIM AtA, varan prakRti hI prakRti ko bA~dhatI hai| ataH zubhAzubha kAryoM kA prabhAva bhI AtmA para nahIM pdd'taa| isa prakAra pUrNa kazyapa kA darzana kapila ke darzana kA pUrvavartI thaa| isI prakAra gItA meM bhI pUrNa kazyapa ke isa Atma- akriyavAda kI pratidhvani yatra-tatra sunAI detI hai, jo sAMkhya darzana ke mAdhyama se usa taka pahu~cI thii| sthAnAbhAva se hama una saba pramANoM ko prastuta karane meM asamartha haiN| pAThakagaNa ullikhita sthAnoM para unheM dekha sakate haiN| 5 uparyukta saMdarbhoM ke AdhAra para bauddha Agama meM prastuta pUrNa kazyapa ke dRSTikoNa ko eka sahI dRSTikoNa se samajhA jA sakatA hai| phira bhI isa bAta se iMkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki uparyukta Atma- akriyavAda kI dhAraNA naitika siddhAntoM ke sthApana meM tArkika dRSTi se upayukta nahIM ThaharatI hai| yadi AtmA akriya hai, vaha kisI kriyA kA kartA nahIM hai to phira vaha zubhAzubha kAryoM kA uttaradAyI bhI nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| svayaM prakRti bhI cetanA evaM zubhAzubha ke viveka ke abhAva meM uttaradAyI nahIM bntii| isa prakAra Atma-akriyavAda ke siddhAnta meM uttaradAyitva kI dhAraNA ko adhiSThita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA aura uttaradAyitva ke abhAva meM naitikatA, karttavya, dharma Adi kA mUlya zUnyavat ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra Atma- akriyatAvAda sAmAnya buddhi kI dRSTi se evaM naitika niyamoM ke sthApana kI dRSTi se anupayogI ThaharatA hai, phira bhI dArzanika dRSTi se isakA kucha mUlya hai
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________________ mahAvIra ke samakAlIna vibhinna AtmavAda : 65 kyoMki svabhAvatayA AtmA ko akriya mAne binA mokSa evaM nirvANa kI vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM thii| yahI kAraNa thA ki Atma-akriyatAvAda yA kUTastha-nitya-AtmavAda kA prabhAva dArzanika vicAraNA para banA rhaa| niSkriya AtmavikAsavAda evaM niyativAda Atma-akriyatAvAda yA kUTastha-AtmavAda kI eka dhArA niyativAda thii| yadi AtmA akriya hai evaM kUTastha hai to puruSArthavAda ke dvArA AtmavikAsa evaM nirvANa-prApti kI dhAraNA ko nahIM samajhAyA jA sakatA thaa| makkhalI putra gozAlaka jo AjIvaka sampradAya kA pramukha thA -- pUrNa kazyapa kI Atma-akriyatAvAda kI dhAraNA kA to samarthaka thA lekina akriya-AtmavAda ke bandhana meM Ane ke kAraNa evaM Atma-vikAsa kI paramparA ko vyakta karane meM asamartha thaa| ataH nimna yoni se Atma-vikAsa kI uccatama sthiti nirvANa ko samajhAne ke liye usane niSkriya Atma-vikAsavAda ke siddhAnta ko sthApita kiyaa| sAmAnyatayA usake siddhAnta ko niyativAda yA apuruSArthavAda kiMvA bhAgyavAda kahA gayA hai, lekina merI dRSTi meM usake siddhAnta ko niSkriya Atma-vikAsavAda kahA jAnA adhika samucita hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai gauzAlaka usa yuga kA catura vyakti thaa| usane apane AjIvaka sampradAya meM pUrNa kazyapa ke sampradAya ko bhI zAmila kara liyA thaa| prArambha meM usane bhagavAna mahAvIra ke sAtha apanI sAdhanA-paddhati ko prArambha kiyA thA lekina unase vaicArika matabheda hone para usane pUrNa kazyapa ke sampradAya se milakara AjIvaka sampradAya sthApita kara liyA hogA, jisameM darzana evaM siddhAnta pUrNa kazyapa kI dhAraNAoM se prabhAvita the to sAdhanA mArga kA bAla svarUpa mahAvIra kI sAdhanA-paddhati se prabhAvita thaa| bauddha Agama evaM jainAgama donoM meM hI usakI vicAraNA kA kucha svaspa prApta hotA hai| yadyapi usakA prastutIkaraNa eka virodhI pakSa ke dvArA huA hai, yaha tathya dhyAna meM rakhanA gozAlaka kI vicAraNA kA svarUpa pAli Agama meM nimnAnusAra hai -- hetu ke binA -- prANI apavitra hotA hai, hetu ke binA -- prANI zuddha hote haiM -- puruSa kI sAmarthya se kucha nahIM hotA -- sarva satva sarva prANI, sarva bhUta, sarva jIva, avaza, durbala, nivArya haiM, ve niyati (bhAgya), saMgati evaM svabhAva ke kAraNa pariNita hote hai -- isake Age usakI naitikatA kI dhAraNA ko pUrvokta prakAra se bhraSTa rUpa meM upasthita kiyA gayA hai, jo vizvasanIya nahIM mAnI jA sktii| uparyukta AdhAra para usakI dhAraNA kA sAra yahI hai ki AtmA niSkriya hai, avIrya hai, isakA vikAsa svabhAvataH hotA rahatA hai| vibhinna yoniyoM meM hotA huA yaha jIvAtmA apanA vikAsa karatA hai aura nirvANa yA mokSa ko prApta kara letA hai|
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________________ 66 : pro sAgaramala jaina lekina aisA pratIta hotA hai ki naitika dRSTi se vaha vyakti ko apanI sthiti ke anusAra karttavya karane kA upadeza detA thA, anyathA vaha svayaM bhI nagna rahanA Adi deha-daNDana ko kyoM svIkAra karatA ? jisa prakAra bAda meM gItA meM apanI-apanI sthiti ke anusAra kartavya karane kA upadeza diyA gayA thA vartamAna yuga meM zrI breDale ne (Mystation and its duties ) samAja meM apanI sthiti ke anusAra kartavya karane ke naitika siddhAnta ko pratipAdita kiyA, usI prakAra vaha chaH abhijAtiyoM' (vargoM) ko unakI sthiti ke anusAra kartavya karane kA upadeza detA hogA aura yaha mAnatA hogA ki AtmA apanI abhijAtiyoM ke kartavya kA pAlana karate hue svataH vikAsa kI isa kramika gati meM svabhAvataH Age bar3hatA rahatA hai| pAramArthika dRSTi se yA tArkika dRSTi se niyativAdI vicAraNA kA cAhe kucha mUlya rahA ho, lekina naitika vivecanA meM niyativAda adhika saphala nahIM ho paayaa| naitika vivecanA meM icchA-svAtantrya (Free-will) kI dhAraNA Avazyaka hai. jabaki niyativAda meM usakA koI sthAna nahIM rahatA hai| phira dArzanika dRSTi se bhI niyativAdI tathA svataH vikAsavAdI dhAraNAyeM nirdoSa hoM, aisI bAta bhI nahIM hai| nityakUTagtha-sUkSma-AtmavAda buddha kA samakAlIna eka vicAraka pakudhakaccAyana AtmA ko nitya aura kUTastha (akriya) mAnane ke sAtha hI use sUkSma mAnatA thaa| 'brahmajAlasula ke anusAra usakA dRSTikoNa isa prakAra kA thA -- sAta padArtha kisI ke -- bane hue nahIM haiM ( nitya haiM), ve to bandhya kUTastha -- acala haiN| -- jo koI tIkSNa zastra se kisI kA sira kATa DAlatA hai, vaha usakA prANa nahIM letaa| basa itanA hI samajhanA cAhiye ki sAta padArthoM ke bIca avakAza meM usakA zastra ghusa gayA hai| isa prakAra isa dhAraNA ke anusAra AtmA nitya aura kUTastha to thI hI sAtha hI sUkSma aura acheda bhI thii| pakudhakaccAyana kI isa dhAraNA ke tattva upaniSadoM tathA gItA meM bhI pAye jAte haiN| upaniSadoM meM AtmA ko jo, sarasoM yA cAvala ke dAne se sUkSma mAnA gayA hai tathA gItA meM use achedaya, avalehya kahA gayA hai| sUkSma AtmavAda kI dhAraNA bhI dArzanika dRSTi se aneka doSoM se pUrNa hai| ataH bAda meM isa dhAraNA meM kAphI pariSkAra huA hai| mahAvIra kA AtmavAda yadi uparyukta AtmavAdoM kA tArkika vargIkaraNa kiyA jAye to hama usake chaH varga banA sakate hai -- (1) anitya AtmavAda yA uccheda AtmavAda (2) nitya AtmavAda yA zAzvata AtmavAda (3) kUTastha AtmavAda yA niSkriya AtmavAda evaM niyativAda
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________________ mahAvIra ke samakAlIna vibhinna AtmavAda : 67 ( 4 ) pariNAmI AtmavAda yA kartA AtmavAda yA puruSArthavAda (5) sUkSma AtmavAda (6) vibhu AtmavAda ( yahI bAda meM upaniSadoM kA sarvAtmavAda yA brahmavAda banA hai)| mahAvIra anekAntavAdI the, sAtha hI ve ina vibhinna AtmavAdoM kI dArzanika evaM naitika kamajoriyoM ko bhI jAnate rahe hoNge| ataH unhoMne apane AtmavAda ko inameM se kisI bhI siddhAnta ke sAtha nahIM baaNdhaa| unakA AtmavAda inameM se kisI bhI eka varga ke antargata nahIM AtA, varan unakA AtmavAda ina sabakA eka sundara saMyojita samanvaya hai| AcArya hemacandra ne apane vItarAga stotra meM ekAMta nitya AtmavAda aura ekAnta anitya AtmavAda ke doSoM kA digdarzana karAte hue batAyA hai ki vItarAga kA darzana ina donoM ke doSoM se mukta hai| vistArabhaya se nitya AtmavAda aura anitya AtmavAda tathA kUTastha AtmavAda aura pariNAmI AtmavAda ke doSoM kI vivecanA meM na par3akara hameM kevala yahI dekhanA hai ki mahAvIra ne ina vibhinna AtmavAdoM kA kisa rUpa se samanvaya kiyA hai -- (1) nityatA -- AtmA apane astitva kI dRSTi se sadaiva rahatA hai arthAt nitya hai| dUsare zabdoM meM Atma tattva rUpa se nitya hai, zAzvata hai| (2) anityatA -- AtmA paryAya kI dRSTi se anitya hai| AtmA ke eka samaya meM jo paryAya rahate haiM, ve dUsare samaya meM nahIM rahate hai| AtmA kI anityatA vyAvahArika dRSTi se hai, bar3hAtmA meM hI paryAya parivartana ke kAraNa anityatA kA guNa rahatA hai| (3) kUTasthatA -- svabhAva kI dRSTi se AtmA kartA yA bhoktA athavA pariNamanazIla nahIM hai| (4) pariNAmIpana yA kartRtva -- sabhI bar3hAtmAe~ karmoM kI kartA aura bhoktA hai| yaha eka Akasmika guNa hai, jo karma pudgaloM ke saMyoga se utpanna hotA hai| __(5-6) sUkSmatA tathA vibhutA -- AtmA saMkoca evaM vikAsazIla hai| Atma-pradeza dhanIbhUta hokara itane sUkSma ho jAte haiM ki Agamika dRSTi se eka sUcikAgrabhAga para asaMkhya AtmA sazarIra nivAsa karatI haiN| talavAra kI sUkSma tIkSNa dhAra bhI sUkSma ekendrika jIvoM ke zarIra taka ko naSTa nahIM kara sktii| vibhutA kI dRSTi se eka hI AtmA ke pradeza yadi prasArita hoM to samasta loka ko vyApta kara sakate haiN| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki mahAvIra kA AtmavAda tAtkAlIna vibhinna AtmavAdoM kA sundara samanvaya hai| yahI nahIM varan yaha samanvaya isa prakAra prastuta kiyA gayA hai ki sabhI prakAra kI AtmavAdI dhArAyeM apane-apane doSoM se mukta ho-hokara AkAra mila jAtI haiN| hemacandra isa samanvaya kI aucityatA ko eka sundara udAharaNa dvArA prastuta karate
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________________ 68 : pro0 sAgaramala jaina gaDo hi kapha hetuH syAta nAgaraM pittkaarnnm| bdayAtmani na doSo'sti guddnaagrbhessje|| jisa prakAra gur3a kapha janaka aura sauMTha pitta janaka hai lekina donoM ke samanvaya meM yaha doSa nahIM rhte| isI prakAra vibhinna AtmavAda pRthak-pRthak rUpa se naitika athavA dArzanika doSoM se grasta hai, lekina mahAvIra dvArA kiye gaye isa samanvaya meM ve sabhI apane-apane doSoM se mukta ho jAte haiM yahI mahAvIra ke AtmavAda kI aucityatA hai| yahI unakA vaiziSTya hai| sandarbha 1. majjhimanikAya, 2/3/7 2. saMyuktanikAya, 3/1/1 4. ye prAcInatama mAne jAne vAle upaniSad mahAvIra ke samakAlIna hI haiM, kyoMki mahAvIra ke samakAlIna "ajAtazatru" kA nAma nirdeza inameM upalabdha hai| bRhadA0 2/15-17 5. gItA adhyAya 3, zloka 27 adhyAya 2, zloka 21 adhyAya 8, zloka 17 6. aMguttaranikAya kA chakka nipAta sutta tathA bhagavAn buddha, pR0 185 (dharmAnandajI kauzambI) 7. gozAlaka kI chaH abhijAtiyA~ AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI bhUmikAe~ hai -- 1. kRSNa, 2. nIla, 3. lohita, 4. harita, 5. zukla, 6. paramazukla, tulanIya, 7. jainoM kA lezyA siddhAnta -- (1) kRSNa, (2) nIla, (3) kapota, (4) tejo, (5) padma, (6) zukla ( vicAraNIya tathya yaha hai ki gozAlaka ke anusAra nirganya sAdhu tIsare lohita nAmaka varga meM haiM jabaki jaina dhAraNA bhI use tejolezyA ( lohita ) varga kA sAdhaka mAnatI hai) 8. chAndogya upaniSada, 3/14/3 bRhadAraNyaka upaniSada, 5/6/1 kaThopaniSada, 214/12 9. gItA, adhyAya 2 nidezaka, pArzvanAtha zodhapITha, vArANasI-5