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________________ bhagavAn mahAvIra zramaNa saMskRti ke mahAn utthApaka : bhArata eka vizAla aura mahAn deza hai| yahAM kI sabhyatA aura saMskRti bhI utanI hI mahAn hai / yahAM na jAne kitane dharma aura kitanI saMskRtiyAM phailiiN| inameM vaidika, jaina eva bauddha saMskRtiyoM kA Aja bhI utanA hI mahattva hai| ina tIna saMskRtiyoM ke sambandha meM hama jyAmiti ke zabdoM meM agara kaheM to kaha sakate haiM ki vaidika saMskRti eka aisI AdhAra rekhA hai jisa para bauddha aura jaina zramaNa saMskRti kI do bhujAeM Apasa meM milakara samadvibAhu tribhuja kA nirmANa karatI haiN| 'zramaNa' zabda kI vyAkhyA ke pahale saMskRti kyA hai ? hama ise samajha leN| saMskRti zabda apane Apa meM itanA vizAla aura mahAn hai ki ise kisI paribhASA meM bAMdha lenA sahaja pratIta nahIM hotA hai| zrI rAmadhArI siMha 'dinakara' racita 'saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya " nAmaka graMtha kI prastAvanA meM paMDita neharU ne saMskRti ke sambandha meM likhA hai "saMskRti hai kyA ? zabdakoSa ulaTane para isakI aneka paribhASAeM milatI haiN| eka bar3e lekhaka kA kahanA hai ki saMsAra meM jo bhI sarvottama bAteM jAnI yA kahI gayI hai, unase apane Apako paricita karanA saMskRti hai|" eka dUsarI paribhASA meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki "saMskRti zArIrika yA mAnasika zaktiyoM kA prazikSaNa, dRDhIkaraNa yA vikAsa athavA pariSkRti yA zuddhi hai / yaha sabhyatA kA bhItara se prakAzita ho uThanA hai|"" isa artha meM saMskRti kucha aisI cIja kA nAma ho jAtA hai jo buniyAdI aura antarrASTrIya haiN| phira saMskRti ke kucha rASTrIya pahalU bhI hote haiM aura isameM koI saMdeha nahIM ki aneka rASTroM ne apanA kucha viziSTa vyaktitva tathA apane bhItara kucha khAsa DhaMga ke maulika guNa vikasita kara liye haiM / bhAratIya janatA kI saMskRti kA rUpa sAmAjika hai aura usakA vikAsa dhIre-dhIre huA hai| eka ora to isa saMskRti kA mUla AyoM se pUrva mohanajodar3o Adi kI sabhyatA tathA dravir3oM kI mahAn sabhyatA taka pahuMcatA hai| dUsarI ora isa saMskRti para AryoM kI bahuta hI gaharI chApa hai jo bhArata meM madhya eziyA se Aye the| pIche calakara yaha saMskRti uttara-pazcima se Ane vAlI tathA phira samudra kI rAha se 'pazcima se Ane vAle logoM se barAbara prabhAvita huI / isa taraha hamArI rASTrIya saMskRti ne dhIre-dhIre bar3hakara apanA AkAra grahaNa kiyA / isa saMskRti meM samanvaya tathA naye upakaraNoM ko pacAkara AtmasAt karane kI adbhuta yogyatA thii| ravindranAtha Taigora ne apanI kavitA 'mahAmAnavera sAgara tIre' meM aneka sabhyatAoM ke samanvita svarUpa ko saMskRti batAyA hai / DaoN0 nandakizora upAdhyAya saMskRti ko kisI vyAkhyA yA paribhASA meM bAMdhanA sahaja nahIM, kintu use hama eka rUpaka se samajhane kA prayatna kara sakate haiM / amarakaNTaka pahAr3a se narmadA nadI nikalakara apane sAtha caTTAnoM ko ghasITatI huyI samatala taka AtI hai| isa yAtrA meM ye caTTAna Apasa meM ghisakara atyanta laghu aura sundara rUpa grahaNa kara lete haiM aura loga ise grahaNa kara narmadezvara bhagavAna kaha kara isakI pUjA karate haiN| hama samajhate haiM ThIka isI prakAra sadiyoM se pUrvajoM kI sabhyatAoM aura saMskAra ke chApa par3ate-par3ate jo hamAre pAsa zeSa bacI raha jAtI hai vahI hamArI saMskRti hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra aura bhagavAn buddha isI amaNa saMskRti ke do narmadezvara hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ko zramaNa saMskRti kA utthApaka kahA gayA hai| zramaNa kA abhiprAya saMnyAsI, yogI, tapasvI, muni, yati evaM sAdhu se hai| pAli ke granthoM meM 'samaNa-brAhmaNa' kA sarvatra ullekha milatA hai / bhagavAn buddha ko 'samaNo gotamo' kahakara pukArA gayA hai| 'sAmaJJaphalasutta' zrAmaNya phala kA vivecana prastuta karatA hai / zramaNa aura brAhmaNa kahane se hI patA calatA hai ki buddha ke pahale se hI donoM saMskRtiyAM sAtha-sAtha calatI A rahI haiN| kucha logoM kA vicAra hai ki zramaNa saMskRti vaidika saMskRti ke bAda panapI hai| kintu aisA pratIta nahIM hotA hai| brahmajAvata meM jina 62 matavAdoM kI carcA hai, ve ati prAcIna haiM aura ve saba ke saba abadika haiM / bhagavAn buddha ke samaya jina chaH dharmAcAryoM kI carcA hai ve bhI saba ke saba avaidika haiM, aura inakA svarUpa eka dina meM nahIM 1. saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya -rAmadhArI siMha dinakara prastAvanA / jaina itihAsa, kalA aura saMskRti 127
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________________ banA hogaa| hameM lagatA hai ki jaise klAsikala saMskRta (Classical Sanskrit) ke sAtha-sAtha janabhASA calatI rahI, vaise hI vaidika saMskRti ke sAtha-sAtha loka dharma yA loka saMskRti bhI sAtha-sAtha calatI rahI / bhAgavAn buddha 24veM buddha the aura mahAvIra caubIsaveM tIrthaGkara the / isase bhI patA calatA hai ki inake dharma aura vicAra vaidika saMskRti ke pIche ke nahIM balki pUrva ke the kyoMki vedoM meM bhI inakI carcA hai| bahuta dinoM taka to bhagavAna mahAvIra ko hI jainadharma kA janmadAtA mAnA jAtA rahA hai| kintu itihAsa ne yaha siddha kara diyA hai ki mahAvIra ke pUrva aura kaI tIrthaGkara ho cuke haiM ; yajurveda meM RSabhadeva, ariSTanemi aura ajitanAtha kI carcA milatI hai| udayagiri evaM khaNDagiri ke hAthIgumphA abhilekha se patA calatA hai ki jaina samrAT khAra-bela, puSyamitra ke samaya magadha para car3hAI kara jisa mUrti ko prApta karane meM saphala hue the, vaha Adi tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva kI pratimA batAyI gayI hai|' zrImadbhAgavata meM RSabhadeva ko Adi tIrthaGkara batAyA gayA hai|' RSabhadeva kI gaNanA manu se pAMcaveM pIr3hI meM kI gaI hai| isase RSabhadeva kI ati prAcInatA kA spaSTa bodha hotA hai| purANoM meM RSabhadeva ko viSNu ke AThaveM avatAra ke rUpa meM smaraNa kiyA gayA hai| yahAM yaha draSTavya hai ki gItagovinda meM bhagavAna buddha ko navama avatAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| mahAbhArata ke anusAra ahiMsA dharma aura ahiMsaka yajJa kI kalpanA buddha pUrva thI jisake pravartaka ghora aMgirasa the| inheM hI neminAtha kahA gayA hai, jo kRSNa ke guru the| I0 pU0 8vIM sadI meM teIsaveM tIrthaGkara pArzvanAtha hue / unakA janma kAzI meM huA thaa| kAzI ke pAsa hI gyArahaveM tIrthaGkara zreyAMsanAtha kA janma huA thA jinake nAma para sAranAtha kA nAma calA AtA hai| zramaNa sampradAya kA pahalA saMgaThana pArzvanAtha ne kiyA thaa| isa taraha hama dekhate haiM ki jaina dharma eka bahuta hI prAcIna dharma hai aura zramaNa saMskRti kI eka mukhya dhArA ke rUpa meM RSabhadeva se aba taka pravahamAna hai| pArzvanAtha ne isa dharma aura saMskRti ko eka nayA mor3a diyA aura ise eka vyavasthita svarUpa pradAna kiyaa| pAli granthoM meM nigaNThanAthaputta aura usake 'cAturyAmasaMvara' kI carcA milatI hai| cAturyAmasaMvara yA cAra mahAvrata se pArzvanAtha ke hI dharma kA bodha hotA hai / satya, ahiMsA, asteya aura aparigraha ko cAturyAma saMvara batAyA gayA hai|' zramaNoM meM kadAcit prAcInatama sampradAya nigaNThoM athavA jainoM kA hI thaa| IsA se agaNita varSa pahale se jainadharma bhArata meM phailA huA thA / Arya loga jaba madhyabhArata meM Aye taba yahAM jaina loga maujUda the| gayA ke nikaTa barAbara aura nAgArjunI pahAr3iyoM meM nirmita guhAoM meM azoka-evaM usake pautra dazaratha ke abhilekha mila rahe haiM jinameM AjIvikoM kI carcA hai / ye AjIvaka kauna the? inakI saMskRti kyA thI ? pAli granthoM meM AjIvikoM kI carcA milatI hai| ye prAyaH nagna rahA karate the aura atyanta duSkara tapazcaryA meM lIna rahA karate the / buddha kAla meM 'makkhaliputtagosAla' ko isa sampradAya kA netA mAnA gayA hai| vaha apane ko udAyI kuNDiyAyana kA ziSya batAtA hai / yaha kuNDiyAyana buddha se lagabhaga 150 varSa pUrva thaa| gozAla niyativAdI the / pAli granthoM meM 'kissasaMkicca' aura 'nandabaccha' nAmaka anya do AjIvaka netAoM kA bhI jikra milatA hai| 'gosAla' ko mahAvIra kA ziSya bhI batAyA gayA hai| hameM lagatA hai ki ina AjIvikoM kI bhI eka lambI paramparA vaidika kAla se hI rahI hai jo antataH jaina saMskRti meM mila gaI / brahmajAla aura sAmaJaphalasutta se jaisA patA calatA hai, buddhakAla meM bAsaTha matavAda evaM chaH pramukha sampradAyoM kI prasiddhi thii| ye zramaNa kahe jAte the| buddha aura mahAvIra kAla meM ye hI zramaNa kucha buddha aura kucha jaina ho gae aura donoM ne apanI alaga-alaga saMkhyA bar3hA lii| Aja hamAre sAmane mUla rUpa se vaidika, jaina evaM bauddha-tIna saMskRtiyAM bacI raha gaI haiN| 1. "jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra yaha dharma atyanta prAcIna hai aura isakA zrIgaNeza sRSTi se prArambha hotA hai| vizva ke vizAla kAraNa krama meM tIrthaGkaroM kI saMkhyA 720 hai, kintu mAnavatA ke pracalita itihAsa meM inakI saMkhyA 24 hai"-bhAratIya dharma evaM saMskRti DaoN0 buddha prakAza, pRSTha 56. 2. nandarAjanItaM ca kA (li) ga jinaM saM nivesa...."aMga magadha vasu ca nayati - khAravela kA hAthI-gumphA abhilekha, bhArata ke prAcIna abhilekha, prabhAtakumAra majUmadAra, pR0 100 3 manu-priyavrata-agnIdhra- nAbhi-RSabhadeva-zrImad bhAgavata-skandha-5 adhyAya 2-6 / / 4. nindasi yajJa vidheraha zrutijAtam sadayahRdaya-dazitapazupAtam / dhutakezava-buddha-zarIra, jaya jagadIza hare / (gIta govindam) 5. upAli sutta-ma0ni0 / 6. di zaurTa sTaDI ina sAinsa oNpha kampareTiva rIlijIyana-mejara jenarala je0 sI0 phAralAMga / AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana graMtha
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________________ mahAvIra jaina (zramaNa) saMskRti ke mahAna utthApaka ke rUpa meM jAne jAte haiN| jaisA Upara kahA gayA hai, pArzvanAtha ne hI jaina dharma meM cAra vratoM kI vyavasthA kara isa dharma ko suvyavasthita kiyA hai|' jaina vidvAn paM0 becaradAsa jI kA kahanA hai ki "pArzvanAtha ke bAda dIrghatapasvI vardhamAna hue| unhoMne apanA AcaraNa itanA kaThina aura dussaha rakkhA ki jahAM taka merA khyAla hai, isa taraha kA kaThina AcaraNa anya kisI dharmAcArya ne Acarita kiyA ho aisA ullekha Aja taka ke itihAsa meM nahIM miltaa| vardhamAna kA nirvANa hone se paramatyAga mArga ke cakravartI kA tirodhAna ho gyaa|" pAli sAhitya meM ise hI 'attakilamacAnuyoga' kahA hai| Atma-kleza kA zAyada isase bar3A koI rUpa aba taka dekhane ko nahIM milA hai| mahAvIra ko isakA sAkSAt svarUpa mAnA gayA hai| pArzvanAtha ke cAturyAma saMvara meM brahmacarya ko jor3akara mahAvIra ne ise 'paMcamahAvrata' kA svarUpa pradAna kiyA / isalie mahAvIra ko 'paMcamahAvratadhArI' kahA gayA hai / aparigraha ko to isa dharma meM aparimeya bala prApta hai| saMgraha kI to koI bAta nahIM, jisane apane zarIra meM koI gAMTha hI nahIM lagAyI use parigraha se kyA matalaba ? isI artha meM to mahAvIra ko nigaMTha yA 'nirgrantha' kahA gayA hai| mahAvIra ko 'jina' kahA gayA hai aura 'jina' ke dvArA jo kahA gayA vahI 'jainadharma' hai| jina zabda kA artha hotA hai-jItane vaalaa| jisane apane Atmika vikAroM para pUrI taraha se vijaya prApta kara lI hai vahI 'jina' hai| jo 'jina' banate haiM ve hama prANiyoM meM se hI banate haiN| pratyeka jIvAtmA paramAtmA bana sakatA hai| isalie 'jina' apane karmoM ke prayatnoM kA phala hai| jina ko sarvajJa aura vItarAga kahA gayA hai| jina dharma ke vicAra aura AcAra do aMga haiN| inake vicAroM kA mUla syAdvAda meM hai aura AcAroM kA mUla ahiMsA meM / bhagavAn mahAvIra ne isa 'syAdvAda' aura ahiMsA donoM kA carama utthAna kiyaa| syAt zabda kA abhiprAya 'kathaMcit' yA 'kisI apekSA' se hai| ataH saMsAra meM jo kucha hai vaha kisI apekSA se nahIM bhI hai| isI apekSAvAda kA dUsarA svarUpa 'syAdvAda' hai jisakA prayoga anekAntavAda ke lie bhI kiyA jAtA hai| ataH anekAnta dRSTi se pratyeka vastu 'syAt-sat' aura 'syAtasat' hai / yaha kitanA bar3A udAra siddhAnta hai, jo isameM bhI koI apanI gAMTha nahIM lagAtA hai| AcAravAda meM ahiMsA kA sarvAdhika mahattva hai / ahiMsA meM kAyaratA nahIM hai balki vIratA hai| zaurya AtmA kA eka pradhAna guNa hai, jaba vaha AtmA ke hI dvArA prakaTa kiyA jAtA hai taba use vIratA kahate haiN| isa taraha yaha ahiMsA yA to vIratA kA pATha par3hAtI hai yA kSamAdAna kA / mahAvIra ke isa rUpa ko hama kyA kaheM-ahiMsA, zaurya, kSamA yA usase bhI koI Upara kI cIja? ise hI dekhakara to logoM ne vardhamAna ko usa dina se 'mahAvIra' kahA / satya, ahiMsA, aparigraha, asteya aura brahmacarya ye sabake sabavIra-dharma haiM, sAdhAraNa dharma nahIM hai / magadha ke pAvApurI nAmaka sthAna meM isa AtmajayI bhagavAn mahAvIra kA parinirvANa huaa| yahAM Aja loga hara varSa lAkhoM kI saMkhyA meM ekatra hokara dIpAvalI ke rUpa meM bhagavAn ke nirvANa divasa ko manAte haiN| Aja mahAvIra ke bhaktoM ne bhagavAn ko to apanA liyA hai kintu unake siddhAntoM ko bhulA diyA hai / isIlie Aja 'aNuvrata' aura mahAvrata kI mahattA atyadhika bar3ha gayI hai / agara hama eka kSaNa ke lie bhI isa siddhAnta kA pAlana karate haiM aura apane jIvana meM utArate haiM to jagat kA bar3A upakAra karate haiN| Aja jo vizva meM itane tanAva haiM, isase hameM bhagavAn mahAvIra ke mArga se hI mukti mila sakatI hai| yahIM nahIM, pravRtti se dhIre-dhIre haTakara nivRtti ke mArga para calakara mokSa pada ko prApta kara sakate haiN| apane jIvana kAla meM ghUma-ghUma kara mahAvIra ne logoM ko isa siddhAnta se paricita karavAyA aura isa mArga para calane ke liye prerita kiyaa| zramaNa saMskRti kA sArA svarUpa hama mahAvIra ke caritra meM dekha sakate haiN| apanA sArA jIvana inhoMne isa saMskRti ke utthAna meM lagA diyaa| Aja loka meM jo kucha bhI hai vaha isI tapaHpuJja 'jina' ke vikIrNa teja kI razmiyAM haiN| 1. cAtuyAmasaMvarasaMvuto -sabbavArivArito, sabbavAriyutto, sabbavAridhuto, sabbavAriphuTo sAmaJaphalasuttavaNNanA, sumaGgala vilA sinI, saM0 DaoN0 maheza tivArI, pR0 188 / 2. jaina sAhitya meM vikAra, pR0 87-88 / jaina itihAsa, kalA aura saMskRti 129