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________________ mahAtmA gAMdhI kA zikSA-darzana DaoN. vijaya kumAra eka kuzala rAjanItijJa, samAjasudhAraka aura AcArazAstrI the| adhyApaka, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ve vartamAna ke una vidvAnoM meM se nahIM the jinhoMne naI vicAradhArAoM ko vyavasthita rUpa se prastuta kiyA, balki unakA sampUrNa jIvana hI unake cintana kA mUrta rUpa thaa| yadyapi gA~dhIjI ne koI navIna tatvajJAna praNIlI nahIM dI jaisA ki yathArthavAda, vijJAnavAda Adi, balki purAne tatvoM ko nayA artha dekara vyAvahArika stara para eka naye jIvana mArga (Way of Life) ko prazasta kiyaa| gA~dhI dvArA bhAratIya sAmAjika itihAsa meM die gae avadAna ko bhulAyA nahIM jA sakatA hai| bhAratIya jIvana darzana kA koI bhI aisA kSetra nahIM hai jisameM gA~dhI ne apanA cintana prastuta na kiyA ho| prastuta patra meM hama gAMdhI dvArA bhAratIya zikSAvyavasthA meM kie gae avadAna ko prastuta kreNge| zaikSika vicAra : buniyAdI zikSA gAMdhI ne jo zikSa-vyavasthA samAja ko pradAna kI use hama buniyAdI zikSA ke nAma se jAnate haiN| sAmAnya evaM rAjanItika utthAna ke lie gAMdhI zikSA kA navasaMskAra cAhate the, yahI kAraNa hai ki unhoMne buniyAdI zikSA ko prastuta kiyaa| unakA mAnanA thA ki jisa prakAra kisI imArata ke nirmANa meM nIMva kI majabUtI apekSita hai, usI prakAra rASTra kI bhaviSya racanA ke lie baccoM kA zaikSika stara kA sudRr3ha honA Avazyaka hai| gAMdhI ne pratyeka vyakti, samAja yA sampradAya kA apanA jIvana sAkSaratA yA likhane-par3hane ko zikSA nahIM maanaa| unhoMne kahA ki darzana hotA hai, jIvana darzana se tAtparya hai jIvana se sambandhita sAkSaratA na to zikSA kA anta hai aura na hI zikSA kA praarmbh| vibhinna samasyAoM va ulajhanoM ke viSaya meM kisI niSkarSa para yaha to eka sAdhana hai, jisake dvArA strI-puruSa ko zikSita kiyA pahu~canA tathA usake anusAra jIvana-yApana krnaa| jaba vahI jAtA hai| vastuta: zikSA to vaha hai jo bAlaka aura manuSya ke vyakti yA samAja apane jIvana-darzana ke anurUpa apane bhAvI zarIra mana aura AtmA meM nihita sarvottama ko bAhara prakaTa kre| samAja ko r3hAlanA cAhatA hai aura apane isa uddezya kI pUrti ke dUsarI bhASA meM hama kaha sakate haiM ki saccI zikSA vaha hai jo lie jisa prakriyA ko apanAtA hai, vahI usakA zikSA-darzana bAlakoM kI Atmika, bauddhika aura zArIrika kSamatAoM ko hotA hai| unake bAhara prakaTa kare aura uttejita kre| zikSA kA viSaya sampUrNa mAnava jIvana hai, kyoMki zikSA zikSA aura jIvana eka dUsare ke paryAya haiN| donoM meM eka sAmAjika prakriyA hai aura usakA sambandha mAnava ke sampUrNa ghaniSTha sambandha hai, tabhI to gAMdhI ne kahA ki zikSA vahI jo jIvana se hotA hai| jIvana ko samunnata banAne ke lie zikSA aura jIvanapayogI ho| jo zikSA jIvana meM kAma na Ae vaha zikSA darzana donoM kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| samAja aura vyakti kI vyartha hai| gAMdhI ne vartamAna meM pracalita zikSA ko saMkIrNa aura unnati taba hotI hai jaba siddhAnta vyavahAra meM utaratA hai| lekina vAstavikatAoM se kosoM dUra batAyA aura kahA ki Adhunika samasyA uTha khar3I hotI hai ki siddhAnta ko vyavahAra meM kaise zikSA vyakti aura samAja donoM kI hI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti utArA jAe? yaha kAma zikSA ke dvArA hotA hai, gA~dhI ne bhI karane meM asamartha hai| unhoMne kahA ki vyakti ko aisI zikSA denI samAja ko samunnata karane ke lie eka zikSA-paddhati pradAna kI cAhiye jo usakI bhautika evaM AdhyAtmika AvazyakatAoM kI jise buniyAdI zikSA ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| pUrti kara ske| yahI kAraNa hai ki gAMdhI ne zikSA ko hastakauzala gA~dhI kA jIvana apane Apa meM eka navayugIna darzana hai| se joDane para bala diyaa| kisI hastakarma ke sAtha zikSaNa ko gA~dhI kisI hAr3a-mA~sa ke putale kA nAma nahIM balki eka cintana, joDa dene se vidyArthI zarIra se samartha, baddhi se sajaga aura eka dRSTi kA nAma hai jisane kabhI pIche mur3akara nahIM dekhaa| ve AtmavizvAsa se paripUrNa hotA hai| Adarza zikSA-paddhati ko 0 aSTadazI / 1770
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________________ paribhASita karate hue gA~dhI ne kahA hai- "maiM mAnatA hU~ ki koI hastakarma se vidyArthI kucha Aya bhI arjita karatA hai jisase bhI paddhati jo zaikSaNika dRSTi se sahI ho aura jo acchI taraha zikSA zulka meM bhI AMzika svAvalambana ho pAtA hai| se calAI jAe, Arthika dRSTi se bhI upayogI siddha hogii| zikSA-darzana kA prayojana spaSTa karate hue gA~dhI ne kahA udAharaNa ke lie hama apane baccoM ko miTTI ke khilaune banAne hai- hamAre jaise garIba deza meM hAtha kI tAlIma jArI rakhane se do bhI sikhA sakate haiM, jo bAda meM tor3a kara pheMka die jAte haiN| heta siddha hoNge| usase hamAre bAlakoM kI zikSA kA kharca nikala isase bhI unakI buddhi kA vikAsa hotA hai, lekina isameM naitika AegA aura ve aisA dhaMdhA sIkha leMge jisakA agara ve cAhe to siddhAnta kI upekSA hotI hai ki manuSya ke zrama, sAdhana tathA sAmagrI uttara-jIvana meM apanI jIvikA ke lie upayoga kara sakeMge tathA kA apavyaya kadApi nahIM honA caahiye| unakA anutpAdaka Atmanirbhara bana skeNge| rASTa ko koI cIja itanA kamajora nahIM upayoga kabhI nahIM karanA caahiye| apane jIvana ke pratyeka kSaNa banAegI jitanI yaha bAta ki zrama kA tiraskAra karanA siikheN| kA sadupayoga honA cAhiye, isa siddhAnta ke pAlana kA Agraha sAtha hI gAMdhI yaha bhI kahate haiM ki maiM ucca zikSA kA duzmana nahIM nAgarikatA ke guNa kA vikAsa karane vAlI sarvottama zikSA, sAtha haiN| merI yojanA meM to adhika se adhika sandara se sandara hI isase buniyAdI tAlIma svAvalambI bhI banAtI hai|"1| pustakAlaya, prayogazAlAe~ aura zodha saMsthAna rheNge| unase jo buniyAdI zikSA kA uddezya jJAna milegA vaha janatA kI saMpatti hogI aura janatA ko usakA buniyAdI zikSA ke uddezya ko batAte hue gAMdhI ne kahA lAbha milegaa| vastuta: maiM ucca zikSA meM krAntikArI parivartana hai ki 'buniyAdI zikSA kI maMzA yaha hai ki gAMva ke baccoM ko lAkara use rASTrIya AkAMkSAoM aura AvazyakatAoM se jor3anA sudhAra-saMvAra kara unheM gAMva kA Adarza vAzindA banAyA jAe, cAhatA huuN| maiM yaha mAnatA hU~ ki zikSA kI isa paddhati se vyakti isakI yojanA khAsakara unhIM ko dhyAna meM rakhakara kI gaI hai| kA sabase adhika mAnasika evaM adhyAtmika vikAsa ho sakatA isa yojanA kI bhI asala preraNA gAMva se milI hai| jo kAMgresajana hai|" svarAja kI imArata ko bilkula usakI nIvaM yA buniyAda se bAlakoM ko kisI na kisI jIvikA ke lie avazya hI cunanA cAhate haiM, ve deza ke baccoM kI upekSA kara hI nahIM skte| prazikSita karanA caahiye| usI ko dhyAna meM rakhakara usake zarIra, prathamata: prAthamika zikSA meM gAMvoM meM basane vAlI hindustAna kI mastiSka, hRdaya Adi kI zaktiyoM kA bhI vikAsa karanA jaruratoM aura gAMvoM kA jarA bhI vicAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai aura caahiye| isa prakAra vaha apane vyavasAya meM dakSatA prApta kara vaise dekhA jAe to usameM zaharoM kA bhI koI vicAra nahIM huA legaa| hai| nagara aura gA~va donoM ke lie buniyAdI zikSA kI tAlima buniyAdI zikSA meM nAgarikatA para vizeSa bala diyA gayA Avazyaka hai- buniyAdI tAlIma hindustAna ke tamAma baccoM ko, hai| isa zikSA ke mAdhyama se bhAvI nAgarikoM meM AtmasammAna, phira ve gAMva ke rahane vAle hoM yA zaharoM ke, hindustAna ke sabhI maryAdA evaM dakSatA ke bhAva bharane kI vyavasthA kI gaI hai| bAlaka zreSTha aura sthAyI tatvoM ke sAtha jor3a detI hai| yaha tAlIma bAlaka / apane ko rASTra kA eka pramukha aMga samajhakara rASTra nirmANa kI ke mana evaM zarIra donoM kA vikAsa karatI hai, bAlaka ko apane dizA meM kArya kre| buniyAdI zikSA vyavasthA eka vargahIna vatana ke sAtha jor3e rakhatI hai, use apane aura deza ke bhaviSya zikSA-vyavasthA hai jisameM naitika evaM AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI kA gauravapUrNa citra dikhAtI hai aura usa citra meM dekhate hue bhaviSya / kSamatA kA vikAsa hotA hai| isakA pAThyakrama aisA hai jisase ke hindustAna kA nirmANa karane meM bAlaka yA bAlikA apane vyakti ke mAnasika, zArIrika va Atmika vikAsa kI ora skala jAne ke dina se hI hAtha baTAne lage, isakA intajAma karatI parNa dhyAna diyA jA ske| zikSA dvArA bAlakoM meM kartavyaparAyaNatA ke bhAva vikasita karane para bala diyA jAtA hai| gAMdhI kArya ke dvArA zikSaNa para vizeSa jora dete the| pAThyakrama kI rUparekhA : unakA mAnanA thA ki 'mastiSka saccI zikSA ke lie zArIrika gAMdhI ne buniyAdI zikSA-vyavasthA kI saMracanA sAmAjika avayavoM kA samucita upayoga Avazyaka hai| zArIrika zakti paristhatiAyeM ke anurUpa kI hai| buniyAdI zilpa-isake antargata evaM karmendriyoM ke buddhipUrvaka upayoga se sundara se sundara aura kRSi, katAI-bunAI, lakar3I kA kArya, miTTI kA kArya, bAgavAnI zIghra se zIghra mAnasika vikAsa saMbhava ho sakatA hai| kisI evaM sthAnIya evaM bhaugolika paristhitiyoM ke anurUpa koI bhI hastakarma se zikSaNa ko jor3a dene se vidyArthI zarIra se samartha, zilpa rakhA gayA hai| bAlaka isameM se kisI eka zilpa kA cayana buddhi se sajaga aura AtmavizvAsa se paripUrNa hotA hai| phira 0 aSTadazI /1780
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________________ kara sakatA hai| zikSA kA mAdhyama mAtRbhASA honI cAhiye jisase buniyAdI tAlIma cU~ki lAkhoM karor3oM vidyArthI grahaNa kareMge bAlaka meM vicAra-vimarza karane, viSayoM ko suvyavasthita rUpa se tathA apane ko hindustAna kA nAgarika samajheMge, isalie unheM samajhane, bolane evaM likhane kI kSamatA vikasita ho ske| nApa- eka antara prAntIya bhASA nAgarI yA urdU bhASA kA jJAna honA taula evaM mAtrA ke jJAna se chAtroM meM tarka-zakti kA vikAsa hotA cAhiye, kyoMki donoM bhASAe~ hindustAnI likhI jAne vAlI ho hai| ata: gaNita kI zikSA kA sambandha bhI hastazilpa ke sAtha sakatI haiN| isalie donoM lipiyA~ acchI taraha se likhanI AnI honA caahiye| caahiye|10 isake antargata itihAsa, bhUgola, nAgarikazAstra se vidyArthI jIvana : sambandhita pramukha ghaTanAoM ke adhyayana para bhI bala diyA gayA hai gAMdhI ne samAja ke prati vidyArthiyoM ke kucha kartavya jisakA uddezya bAlakoM meM bhaugolika vAtAvaraNa ke lagAva, nirdhArita kiye haiM jo isa prakAra haiMmAtRbhUmi ke prati prema kA bhAva evaM nAgarika kartavyoM ke bodha se 1. kisI bhI dalabandI yA rAjanIti se dUra rahanA, bAlakoM meM mAnavIya guNoM kA vikAsa hogaa| 2. har3atAla meM sAmila nahIM honA caahiye| _ gA~dhI ne prakRti adhyayana, vanaspatizAstra, jIvavijJAna, rasAyanazAstra, zarIra vijJAna, svAsthyavijJAna, nakSatra vijJAna evaM sevA kI khAtira zAstrIya tarIke se sUta kAtanA caahiye| mahAna vaijJAnikoM evaM anveSakoM kI kathAe~ Adi ko bhI buniyAdI 4. apane or3hane-pahanane ke lie sarvadA khAdI kA prayoga zikSA meM sammilita kiyA hai| ina viSayoM kA uddezya prakRti ko karanA caahiye| samajhanA, avalokana tathA prayoga kI kSamatA kA vikAsa evaM 5. vande mAtaram bolane yA rASTrIya jhaNDe ko phaharAne ke prAkRtika ghaTanAoM ke siddhAntoM ko samajhanA hai| isake lie kisI para dabAva nahIM denA caahiye| atirikta kalA, saMgIta, gRhavijJAna, zArIrika zikSA Adi kI tiraMge jhaNDe ko jIvana meM utAra kara sAmpradAyikatA ko zikSA para bhI gAMdhI ne bala diyA hai| jIvana meM ghara na karane deN| gAMdhI ke anusAra saccI zikSA bAlaka ke mastiSka, duHkhI par3osiyoM kI sevA ke lie hamezA tatpara rhnaa| AtmA aura zarIra kI zaktiyoM kA samucita DhaMga se vikAsa karatI hai| bAlaka ke vyaktitva kA zArIrika, mAnasika, vidyArthI jo kucha bhI nayA sIkhe use samAja ke logoM ko bhAvAtmaka, sAmAjika aura AdhyAtmika vikAsa isa prakAra honA btaaye| cAhiye ki usake vyaktitva kA sAmaMjasyapUrNa vikAsa ho ske| apane jIvana ko nirmala aura saMyamI bnaayeN| koI bhI gAMdhI zarIra mastiSka aura AtmA tInoM meM sAmaMjasyapUrNa vikAsa kArya luka-chipa kara na kareM, jo bhI kareM, nirmala mana se kI bAteM karate haiN| unake anusAra zArIraki prazikSaNa ke binA khullama-khullA kreN| mAnasika prazikSaNa vyartha hai| 10 apane sAtha par3hane vAle chAtra-chAtrAoM ke prati sohArdapUrNa pUrI zikSA svAvalambI honI caahiye| isameM AkhirI darje vyavahAra rkheN| taka hAtha kA pUrA-pUrA upayoga honA caahiye| yAnI vidyArthI apane sArAMza rUpa meM dekhA jAe to gAMdhI kI sampUrNa zikSA kA hAthoM se koI na koI udyoga dhaMdhA kre| mUlAdhAra satya aura ahiMsA hai jisake AdhAra para Atma-vikAsa sArI tAlIma vidyArthiyoM ko unakI prAntIya bhASA meM dI karanA hai| unhoMne jIvana ke sabhI kSetroM meM Agraharahita hokara satya jAnI cAhiye, jisase unameM vicAra-vimarza karane, viSayoM ko ke saMdhAna ke lie adhyayana, zodha evaM prayoga kI AvazyakatA suvyavasthita rUpa se samajhane, bolane evaM likhane kI kSamatA para bala diyaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki gAMdhI kA sampUrNa jIvana AdarzoM vikasita ho ske| kA prayoga rhaa| gAMdhI ne spaSTa zabdoM meM kahA hai ki vidyArthI deza buniyAdI zikSA meM sAmpradAyika, dhArmika zikSA ke lie ke prati apane kartavya ko smjhe| apane AcaraNa meM pavitratA koI jagaha nahIM hai| lekina naitika tAlIma se koI samajhautA nahIM laaeN| anuzAsana meM rheN| cAhe jaisI bhI paristhiti ho jhUTha na hogaa| yaha tAlIma bacce leM yA bar3e, aurata le yA marda, vidyArthiyoM boleN| kisI bAta ko chipAe~ nahIM, apane adhyApakoM tathA bar3oM para ke gharoM meM phuNceNgii| bharosA karake unheM hara eka bAta saca-saca batalAeM, kisI ke prati durbhAvanA na rkheN| kisI ke pITha pIche usakI burAI na kreN| sabase bar3I bAta yaha hai ki ve svayaM apane prati sacce baneM rhe|11 0 aSTadazI / 1790
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________________ sandarbha : 1. harijana, 6-4-1940 2. racanAtmaka kAryakrama, pR0-8 racanAtmaka kAryakrama, pR0-8 harijana, 8-5-1937 harijana, 8-5-1937 yaMga iMDiyA 1-9-1921 harijana, 9-7-1938 harijana, 31-12-1938 harijana, 31-7-1937 harijana, 18-9-1937 10. harijana, 11-12-1947 11. mahAtmA gAMdhI kA saMdeza, sampA0-yU0esa0 mohana rAva, gai0 vi0 sUcanA evaM prasAraNa mantrAlaya bhArata sarakAra, 2-101969, pR0-16 isake sAtha hI gAMdhI ne jana-zikSA, praur3ha-zikSA, strI- zikSA, dharma-zikSA para apane vicAra vyakta kiye haiM, jana-zikSA hI aisA mAdhyama hai jisake dvArA vyakti aura samAja donoM kA hI vikAsa saMbhava hai| unakA mAnanA thA ki grAmINa evaM zaharI donoM ke bIca samAyojana honA caahiye| grAmavAsiyoM ko likhanA-par3hanA hI nahIM sikhAveM varan unheM ucita vyavahAra karane evaM svataMtra vicAra rakhane kI zikSA denI cAhiye jisase unameM apanI kSamatA ko jAnane aura samajhane kA avasara mile| jahA~ taka praur3ha-zikSA kI bAta hai ki gAMdhI usake pakSadhara rahe haiN| unakI dRSTi meM praur3ha zikSA sAdhAraNa zikSA nahIM hai jaisA ki loga usake bAre meM socate haiM, balki praur3ha zikSA abhibhAvakoM kI zikSA hai jisase ve apane baccoM ke nirmANa meM paryApta bhUmikA nibhA skeN| praur3ha zikSA ke mAdhyama se gAMdhI nirakSaratA ko dUra kara bhAratIya nAgarika ko sukhI dekhanA cAhate the| yahI kAraNa hai ki gAMdhI ne praur3ha-zikSa ke pAThyakrama meM udyoga, vyavasAya, saphAI, svAsthya, samAjakalyANa ke sAtha-sAtha bauddhika, sAmAjika vikAsa, bhAvAtmaka ekIkaraNa evaM saMskRti se sambandha rakhane vAlI kriyAoM ko bhI mahatva diyA hai| gAMdhI ne strI ko Izvara kI zreSTha racanA mAnA hai| unhoMne kahA ki striyoM ko Adhunika zRMgArikatA kA parityAga karake prAcIna AdarzoM ko sthApita karanA caahiye| unheM apane adhikAroM ke prati jAgarUka honA hogaa| jise hama ghara kI dAsI samajhate haiM vastuta: vaha hamArI ardhAMginI hai| use bhI zikSA grahaNa karane kA adhikAra hai| AvazyakatA hai unakI Antarika zakti ko jAgarUka karane kii| strI jaba apanI Antarika zakti ko pahacAna jAyeMgI taba unheM koI jhukA nahIM skegaa| strI zikSA ke antargata gAMdhI ne gharelU jJAna ke sAtha-sAtha bAlakoM kI zikSA evaM sevAbhAva ko prAthamikatA dI hai| gAMdhI ne yaha mAnA hai ki dharma-zikSA ke dvArA * sAmpradAyikatA kA anta ho sakatA hai| kyoMki dharma hameM rUr3hivAditA evaM andhavizvAsa nahIM varan prema, nyAya Adi sikhAtA hai| unhoMne spaSTa taura para yaha elAna kiyA hai ki yadi bhArata ko apanA AdhyAtmika divAliyApana ghoSita nahIM karanA hai to use navayuvakoM ke lie bhautika zikSA yA sAMsArika zikSA ke samAna dhArmika zikSA ko bhI Avazyaka karanA hogaa| 0 aSTadazI / 1800