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________________ madhyapradeza kI prAcIna jaina kalA pro0 kRSNadatta vAjapeyI lalita kalAoMke vikAsakI daSTise bhAratake madhyavartI kSetrakA vizeSa mahattva hai / prAgaitihAsika yugase lekara uttara-madhyakAla taka isa bhUbhAgameM lalita kalAe~ aneka rUpoMmeM saMvardhita hotI rhiiN| narmadAke uttara vidhyakI upatyakAoMmeM Adima jana eka dIrghakAla taka zilAzrayoMmeM nivAsa karate the| ve apanI guhAoMkI dIvAloM aura chatoMpara citrakArI karate the| adhikAMza prAcIna citra Aja bhI ina guhAoMmeM surakSita haiM aura tatkAlIna jana-jIvana para rocaka prakAza DAlate haiN| isa kSetrameM se hokara aneka bar3e mArga jAte the| ye mArga mukhyataH vyApArika suvidhA hetu banAye gaye the| dharma-pracAra tathA sAdhAraNa AvAgamanake lie bhI unakA upayoga hotA thaa| eka bar3A mArga ilAhAbAda jileke prAcIna kauzAmbI nagarase bharahata ( ji. satanA), erana (prAcIna airikiNa, ji. sAgara ), gyArasapura tathA vidizA hote hue ujjainako jAtA thaa| ujjainase godAvarI-taTa para sthita pratiSThAna ( Adhunika paiThana ) nagara taka mArga jAtA thA / anya bar3A mArga mathurAse padmAvatI ( gvAliyarake pAsa pavAyA ), kAntipurI ( murenA jilekA kutavAra ), tumbavana ( tumaina, ji0 gunA ), devagar3ha ( ji0 jhAMsI ) hotA huA vidizAko jAtA thaa| tumbavanase eka mArga kauzAMbIko jor3atA thaa| ina mArgoM para aneka nagaroMke atirikta choTe gA~va bhI the| vyApArI tathA anya loga jo ina mArgoMse yAtrA karate the, ina mArgoke upayukta sthAnoM para maMdiroM, stUpoM, dharmazAlAoM AdikA nirmANa karAte the| bar3e nagaroM, gAMvoM tathA vanyasthaloMmeM aneka maMdiroM Adike avazeSa mile| inameM jaina smArakoM tathA kalAkRtiyoMkI saMkhyA bahuta bar3I hai| tumana, devagar3ha, caMderI, thabauna, ahAra, vidizA, khajurAho Adi sthAna jaina vAstu tathA mUrtikalAke pramukha kendra bane / madhyakAlameM dezake vibhinna bhAgoMmeM jaina dharmakA jo itanA adhika prasAra huA usakA eka mukhya kAraNa vyApAriyoM dvArA bahata bar3I saMkhyAmeM jaina maMdiroM, maThoM, mUrtiyoM AdikA nirmANa karAnA tathA vidvAnoMko protsAhana pradAna karanA thaa| madhyapradeza kSetrameM bharahata tathA sAMcI bauddhakalAke AraMbhika kendroMke rUpameM prakhyAta haiM / vidizA, erana, bhumarA, nacanA Adi aneka sthaloM para vaiSNava tathA zaivadharmokA vikAsa maurya yugase lekara gupta-yuga taka bar3e rUpameM haa| jahAM taka jaina dharmakA saMbaMdha hai, anuzruti dvArA isa kSetrameM isa dharmake udbhava tathA prAraMbhika vikAsa para rocaka prakAza par3atA hai| jaina sAhityameM vidizA nagarIkA ullekha bar3e sammAnake sAtha kiyA gayA hai, aura yaha kahA gayA hai ki isa nagarImeM bhagavAn mahAvIrakI pUjA prAraMbhameM 'jIvantasvAmI' ke rUpameM hotI thii| anuzrutike AdhArapara, avantike zAsaka pradyotane isa pratimAko zeruka ( siMdha-sauvIra rAjya )se lAkara vidizAmeM pratiSThApita kiyA thaa| isa pratimAke sammAnameM rathayAtrAoMke utsava bar3e samArohake sAtha nikalate the| vidizAke atirikta ujjayinI ( ujjaina meM bhI jainadharmake prAraMbhika pracArakA ullekha 'kAlakAcArya-kathAnaka' Adi granthoM meM upalabdha hai| 22 : agaracanda nAhaTA abhinandana-grantha
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________________ zuga-sAtavAhana kAla ( I0 pUrva dUsarI zatIse lagabhaga 200 I. taka )meM vidizAmeM yakSa-pUjAkA pracalana thaa| yakSoM tathA yakSiyoMkI aneka mahattvapUrNa mUrtiyAM vidizAse milI haiN| kucha varSa pUrva betavA nadIse yakSa-yakSIkI vizAla pratimAeM prApta haI, jo aba vidizAke saMgrahAlayameM surakSita hai| nAga-pUjAkA bhI pracAra vidizA, padmAvatI, kAntipurI Adi sthAnoMmeM bar3e rUpameM huaa| nAga-nAgiyoMkI pratimAe~ sAkAra tathA mAnavAkAra donoM rUpoMmeM banAyI jAtI thiiN| zaka-kuSANa-yuga ( I0 pUrva prathama zatIse dvitIya zatI I0ke aMta taka )meM kalA-keMdra ke rUpameM mathurA kI bar3I unnati huI / vahAM jaina tathA bauddha dharmoMkA asAdhAraNa vikAsa huaa| mUrti zAstra ke mahattvakI dRSTi se matharAmeM nirmita prAraMbhika jaina evaM bauddha kalAkRtiyAM tathA vaidika-paurANika devoMkI aneka pratimAe~ ullekha nIya haiN| vividha bhAratIya dharma pUrNa svAtaMtrya tathA sahiSNutAke vAtAvaraNameM sAtha-sAtha, binA IrSyA-dveSake mathurA, vidizA, ujjayinI Adi aneka nagaroMmeM zatAbdiyoM taka pallavita-puSpita hote rhe| yaha dharma-sahiSNutA prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsakI eka bahuta bar3I vizeSatA mAnI jAtI hai / zaka-kuSANa kAlameM mathurAke sAtha vidizAkA saMparka bahuta bddh'aa| ina vaMzoMke zAsakoMke bAda vidizAmeM nAga rAjAoMkA zAsana sthApita huaa| unake samayameM mathurA kalAkA spaSTa prabhAva madhyabhAratake padmAvatI, vidizA Adi nagaroMkI kalAkRtiyoMmeM dekhaneko milatA hai| kalAmeM bAhya rUpa tathA AdhyAtmika sauMdaryake sAtha rasadRSTikA samAveza isa kAlase milane lagatA hai, jisakA unmeSa gupta kAla ( cauthIse chaThI zatI I0 )meM vizeSa rUpase huaa| mukhyataH mathurAmeM jaina tIrthaMkara pratimAoMko viziSTa lAMchana yA pratIka pradAna karanekI bAta prAraMbha huI / zrIvatsa cihna ke atirikta vividha maMgalacihna tathA tIrthaMkaroMse saMbaMdhita unake vizeSa pratIkoMkA vidhAna unakI pratimAoMmeM mathurAkI prAcIna kalAmeM dekhaneko milatA hai| jaina sarvatobhadra ( caumukhI) pratimAe~ bhI mathurAmeM kuSANakAlase banane lgii| isakA anukaraNa anya kalA kendroMmeM kiyA gyaa| kucha varSa pUrva vidizAse tIna durlabha tIrthaMkara mUrtiyoM kI prApti huii| ina tInoM para brAhmI lipi tathA saMskRta bhASAmeM lekha khude haiM / do pratimAoM para tIrthaMkara candraprabhakA nAma tathA tIsarI para tIrthaMkara puSpadaMtakA nAma utkIrNa hai / lekhoMse jJAta huA hai ki tInoM mUrtiyoMkA nirmANa guptavaMzake zAsaka 'mahArAjAdhirAja' rAmaguptake dvArA karAyA gyaa| yaha rAmagupta guptasamrATa caMdragupta dvitIya vikramAdityakA bar3A bhAI thaa| ukta lekhoM tathA rAmagupta nAmavAle bahusaMkhyaka sikkoMse rAmaguptakI aitihAsikatA siddha ho gayI hai| ina tInoM mUrtiyoMkI kalA nissaMdeha mathurA zailIse prabhAvita hai| dhyAnamudrAmeM padmAsana para sthiti, aMgoMkA vinyAsa, sAdA prabhAmaMDala Adise isa bAtakI puSTi hotI hai / mathurAkI prAraMbhika mUrtiyoMkI taraha ye tInoM pratimAeM bhI cAroM orase korakara banAyI gayI haiN| pratyeka tIrthakara martike donoM ora caeNvara lie hue devatAoMko pradarzita kiyA gayA hai| mUrtiyoMkI caukI para cakra banA hai| vidizAse prApta ye tInoM navIna mUrtiyA~ sthAnIya maTamaile pattharakI banI haiN| unake lekha sAMcI tathA udayagirike guptakAlIna brAhmI lekhoM jaise haiN| guptayugameM jaina kalAkRtiyoMkA nirmANa vivecya kSetrake vividha bhAgoMmeM jArI rhaa| vidizAke pAsa udayagirikI guphA saMkhyA 20meM gupta-samrAT kumAragupta prathamake zAsanakAlameM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAthakI atyaMta kalAparNa mUrtikA nirmANa huA / pannA jilemeM sahelAke samIpa sIrA pahAr3Ise eka tIrthakara pratimA milI hai. jisakA nirmANakAla lagabhaga 500I0 hai| itihAsa aura purAtattva : 23
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________________ jhAMsI jilAkI lalitapura tahasIla meM sthita devagar3hameM guptakAlameM tathA pUrvamadhyakAla (lagabhaga 650 se 1200 I0 )meM kalAkA pracura unmeSa huaa| guptakAlameM vahAM viSNake prasiddha dazAvatAra-maMdirakA nirmANa huaa| agale kAlameM yahAM betavA nadIke ThIka taTa para atyaMta manorama sthala para jaina maMdiroMkA nirmANa huaa| yaha nirmANa kArya sAtavIMse bArahavIM zatI taka hotA rhaa| isa kAryameM zAsakIya protsAhanake atirikta vyavasAyI varga tathA janasAdhAraNakA sahayoga prApta huaa| phalasvarUpa yahAM bahusaMkhyaka kalAkRtiyAM nirmita huii| devagar3hameM jaina dharmake bhaTrAraka saMpradAyake AcAryoMne samIpavartI kSetrameM jaina dharmake prasArameM bar3A kArya kiyaa| caMderI, thabona, dudhaI, cAMdapura Adi aneka sthaloMse jaina dharma saMbaMdhI bahusaMkhyaka smAraka tathA mUrtiyAM milI haiN| ye isa bAtakI dyotaka haiM ki pUrvamadhyakAlameM jaina dharmakA atyadhika vikAsa huaa| pUrvameM khajurAho (ji. chatarapura ) isa kSetrakA eka keMdra banA, jahAM maMdiroM ke atirikta aneka kalAtmaka mUrtiyAM darzanIya hai| pUrva tathA uttara madhyakAla (1200 se 1800 I0)meM madhyapradezake aneka kSetroMmeM kalAkA pracura vikAsa huA / ahAra, bInA-bArahA, ajayagar3ha, bAnapurA, mohendrA, terahI, damoha, gaMdharAvala, gvAliyara, gyArasapura bhAnaparA. baDoha-paThArI Adi kitane hI sthaloMse jaina kAlakI prabhata sAmagrI upalabdha huI hai| ise dekhanepara patA calA ki vAstukalA tathA mUrtikalA aneka rUpoMmeM yahAM vikasita hotI rhii| adhikAMza maMdiroMkA nirmANa nAgara-zailI para huA / mUrtiyoMmeM pratimA-lakSaNoMkI ora vizeSa dhyAna diyA gayA / pUrva yugoMke anurUpa bahusaMkhyaka madhyakAlIna jaina kalAkRtiyAM abhilikhita milI hai| una para aMkita lekhoMse na kevala dhArmika itihAsake saMbaMdhameM jAnakArI prApta huI hai apitu rAjanItika, Arthika, sAmAjika tathA bhASAtmaka viSayoM para rocaka prakAza par3A hai| madhyapradezake vibhinna sArvajanika saMgrahAlayoM tathA nijI saMgrahoMke atirikta kalAkI vizAla sAmagrI Aja bhI vibhinna prAcIna sthaloM para bikharI par3I hai, jisakI samucita surakSAkI ora aba turaMta dhyAna denA Avazyaka hai / 24 : agaracanda nAhaTA abhinandana-grantha