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________________ DaoN0 kiraNa sipAnI tejI se badalatA vizva paridRzya eka ora to saMbhAvanAoM ke nita naye dvAra khola rahA hai aura dUsarI ora naye vizvavidyAlayoM evaM zikSaNa saMsthAnoM ke mAdhyama se vyAvasAyika, takanIkI, iMjIniyarI, kRSi evaM vijJAna saMbaMdhI navIna pAThyakramoM kI vyavasthA kI gayI hai| khule vidyAlayoM ke tahata mukhyadhArA se kaTe evaM samasyAgrasta vidyArthiyoM ko zikSA kI suvidhAe~ dI jA rahI haiN| nArI zikSA evaM praur3ha zikSA se saMbaMdhita ullekhanIya prayAsa kiye gaye haiN| videzoM meM adhyayana ke lie chAtravRttiyA~ sulabha huI haiN| parantu itane vikAsa ke bAvajUda zikSA sAmAjika, naitika, mAnavIya evaM AdhyAtmika sarokAroM se dUra hotI jA rahI hai| vidyArthiyoM meM akelApana, kuMThA, asurakSA evaM bhaya kI bhAvanAe~ ghara kara rahI haiN| hiMsA kI pravRtti bar3ha rahI hai aura burI AdateM panapa rahI haiN| jIvana adhika bojhila, adhika ucchRMkhala aura jaTila ho gayA hai| guNavattA kA sthAna * vistAra ne le liyA hai| pUrA vizva zikSA kI samasyAoM aura samAdhAnoM meM vicAramagna hai| sabhI zikSAvidoM kI mAnyatA hai ki 'sA vidyA yA vimuktaye'vidyA vyakti ko sImAoM se mukta karatI hai / vidyA kI paramArthaka evaM arthakarI rUpa usake vibhinna lakSyoM ko spaSTa karate haiN| paramArthakarI vidyA kA uddezya kevala jJAna prApta karAnA hI nahIM balki vidvata khaNDa / 32 zikSA ke pratimAna badala gaye haiN| pahale jahA~ zreSThatA kasauTI thI, Aja paise na Asana khisakA liyA hai| pratibhAsampanna ko aMgUThA dikhAte hue kama aMka pAne vAlA dhanADhya vidyArthI ucca zikSA ke avasaroM ko apane lie sulabha banA letA hai aura aba to bA~heM phailAkara AmaMtraNa dete bAjAravAda ne sabako pIche dhakela diyA hai| kreDiTa para par3hie, pratibhA ko baMdhaka rakhiye, kairiyara banAiye aura udhAra cukaaiye| mIThI AvAja meM pukAra -pukAra kara apane pralobhanoM apane hI ghara meM kisI dUsare ghara ke hama haiM meM phA~sate nita naye insTIcyUTa galI-kUcoM meM uga rahe haiN| kyA majAla ki Apa sone aura pItala meM pharka kara paayeN| acche se acche, bar3e se bar3e skUla-kaoNleja meM ceka buka lekara pIche ke daravAje se ghusane kI sahUliyata ho gayI hai| bar3e kadoM ke skUla-kaoNleja-insTIcyUTa meM par3hanevAloM kI DigriyoM kI kImata kaI gunA bar3ha jAtI hai aura vivAha - bAjAra meM DimAMDa bhI U~cI ho jAtI hai| mAnyatA prApta vidyAlayoM se sAMTha-gAMTha kara kaI nijI (prAiveTa) vidyAlaya lAkhoM kamA rahe haiN| zikSA taMtra meM panapatI isa mAphiyA saMskRti ke Sar3ayantroM ke kAraNa parIkSA na de pAnevAle vidyArthiyoM kI khabaroM se akhabAra ke panne raMga rahate haiN| parIkSA ko anivArya burAI mAnate hue bhI zikSAvid isakA koI vikalpa nahIM khoja pAye haiN| parIkSArthI banane meM hI vidyArthI ko apanA mokSa najara A rahA hai| parIkSopayogI praznoM ke 'noTsa' hI adhyayanaadhyApana kA kAmya ho uThe haiN| jo zikSaka 'noTsa' nahIM de sakatA vaha purANapaMthI (AuTaDeTeDa) mAna liyA jAtA hai| U~cI phIsa lenevAle TyUzanI zikSaka pUjanIya haiN| eka hI DhA~ce meM r3hale uttara parIkSaka ke lie kAphI suvidhAjanaka hote haiM- eka jaisA mAla, eka jaisI jA~ca ! binA phIsa lie par3hAne vAlA zikSaka mandabuddhi, dayApAtra evaM tyAjya hotA hai| phIsa lie binA bhalA kahIM buddhi kA dvAra khulatA hai ? parIkSA aura adhyayana-adhyApana kA yaha mela kitanA zikSA - eka yazasvI dazaka vidyArthiyoM ke vyaktitva, caritra evaM unake mAnasika-AdhyAtmika vikAsa ko bhI paridhi meM sameTanA hai| AdhyAtmika aura naitika vikAsa se hI jIvana mUlyoM kI rakSA ho sakatI hai / arthakarI vidyA AjIvikA se jor3atI hai, karmakSetra meM svayaM ko pramANita karane ke avasara detI hai| Aja kI zikSA meM paramArthakarI rUpa A~kha kI oTa - ho gayA hai, arthakarI uddezya hAvI ho gayA hai| saMpUrNa vizva artha aura zakti kI krIr3A meM AnaMdamagna hai| hara kSetra cAhe vaha zikSA kA hI kyoM na ho, 'pAvara' aura 'manI' se jur3a gayA hai| AjIvikA se jur3e pAThyakramoM (jaoNba orieNTeDa korsez2a) kI dhUma macI hai| zikSA ke paramparAgata viSaya sAhitya, darzana, itihAsa evaM bhASAzAstra Adi bAjAra kI paribhASA para khoTe utara rahe haiN|
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________________ arthapUrNa hotA hai- isI saMdarbha meM bAbA tulasIdAsa kI paMktiyA~ yAda gharoM-parivAroM meM parIkSA unmAda kA rUpa dhAraNa kara cukI hai| A rahI haiM : baccA aura sArA parivAra eka tanAva kI sthiti meM jIte haiN| tyohAroM "guru sisa aMdha-badhira kA lekhA para pahare baiThA diye jAte haiN| mA~-bApa, ghara-daphtara ke jarUrI kAmoM eka na sunai eka nahiM dekhaa|" ko tilAMjali de parIkSA-sthaloM para yogAsana kI mudrA meM baiThe-khar3e noTsa jIroksa karavAne ke calana ne vidyArthiyoM kA apakAra hI rahate haiN| hamAre zAstroM meM kahA bhI to gayA hai-"ekai sAdhai saba kiyA hai| jIroksa ke mAdhyama se apanA samaya bacAkara kucha hI kSaNoM sdhai|' bAhya parIkSA ke sAtha AMtarika mUlyAMkana (inTaranala meM noTsa kI pratilipiyA~ (kaoNpIz2a) - jJAna ke panne saMcita kara esesamenTa) evaM vArSika parIkSA ke sAtha satata mUlyAMkana ke prayoga vidyArthI bahuta prasanna hote haiN| pahale apane hAtha se utArane ke kAraNa bhI zuru kiye gaye haiN| AMtarika mUlyAMkana ke lie skUloM meM hara vidyArthiyoM ko viSaya-vastu kI eka jhalaka mila jAtI thii| likhate viSaya meM eka 'projekTa' banAne kA prAvadhAna kiyA gayA hai| ina rahane ke abhyAsa ke kAraNa unake likhane kI gati bhI tIvra ho jAtI projekTa phAiloM ke liye sAmagrI jaTAne evaM taiyAra karane meM baccoM .. thii| akSaroM ko suDaula banAne ke avasara bhI unheM sahaja sulabha ho ke sAtha mA~-bApa bhI jaTa jAte haiM aura kabhI-kabhI to viSaya ke jAte the, vatanA ko azuddhiyA bhI kama hotI thii| idhara vatanA kA prophezanala' ko moTI rakama dekara phAileM taiyAra karavAyI jAtI haiN| azuddhiyoM kI bAr3ha A gayI hai, cAhe likhanevAlA oNnarsa kA vidyArthI pariNAmasvarUpa aise prayAsa apane uddezyoM taka pahu~cane meM asamartha hI kyoM na ho| likhane kI gati dhImI hone ke kAraNa aksara vidyArthI rahate haiM, vidyArthI yathArtha jJAna (praikTikala naoNleja) ko jIvana meM utAra praznapatra ke sampUrNa uttara nahIM likha paate| nahIM paate| aniyamita parIkSAe~ varSa-dara-varSa manamAne parIkSakoM kA cunAva, zikSaka kI chavi mailI huI hai| karttavya para adhikAra hAvI ho manacAhe skUla-kaoNlejoM kI uttara-pustikAoM ke prati pakSapAta Adi gayA hai| rAjanIti aura vyaktigata baira bhAva se saMcAlita honevAle taraha-taraha ke AropoM se ghirI parIkSA-praNAlI ADambara banakara raha / zikSaka vidyArthiyoM ke kalyANa ko bhUla kara apanI goTiyA~ baiThAne gayI hai| adhikAMza parIkSA-kakSoM meM vidyArthiyoM ko unmukta sA~sa lene, .. - meM mazagula rahate haiN| unakA vyavahAra vidyArthiyoM kI maulikatA aura hAtha-pAMva-gardana hilAne evaM laghuzaMkA nivAraNa kI belagAma lambI racanAtmakatA ko kuMThita kara detA hai| kucha zikSaka vidyArthiyoM se chUTa siddha karatI hai ki svataMtratA unakA janmasiddha adhikAra hai| dUrI banAye rakhanA zreyaskara samajhate haiN| unase vidyArthI itane AtaMkita parIkSA sthaloM meM sarasvatI ke pratApa meM itanI vRddhi hotI hai ki rahate haiM ki nyAyapUrNa bAta kahane meM bhI hakalAte haiN| jahA~ zaucAlaya taka vidyAmaMdiroM meM pariNata ho jAte haiM aura cora daravAje saMvAdahInatA hotI hai, vahA~ dUriyA~ bar3hatI haiN| sIdhA-saccA-AtmIya se praveza kara lakSmI bhI virAjane lagatI hai| Alama yaha hai ki saMvAda samasyAoM ko sulajhAne meM kAragara sAbita hotA hai| naye kisI-kisI parIkSA-kakSa meM parIkSArthiyoM kI A~khoM se barasate tIroM vetanamAna ke sAtha zikSakoM ko aneka niyamoM meM bA~dha diyA gayA hai| ko phaulAdI sIne para jhelatA nirIkSaka raNabhUmi meM DaTA rahatA hai| yaha ThIka hai ki eka machalI tAlAba ko gaMdA karatI hai, parantu usakI zahAdata kA Akhira kyA mola hai? jo DigriyoM ke rAste meM zikSakoM para taraha-taraha kI pAbaMdiyA~ lagAnA unakI sRjanAtmakatA AyegA, vaha cUra-cUra ho jAyegA! ko baMdI banAnA hai| mastiSka kI urvaratA-UrjA ko prazAsanika evaM dhIre-dhIre sustAtA, kachuA cAla se calatA parIkSA taMtra lambe aMtarAla ke pazcAt parIkSakoM taka pahu~catA hai| kucha ko isa dAyitva daphtarI kAryoM meM kharca karanA nyAyasaMgata nahIM kahA jA sktaa| se mukta hone kI khUlI chUTa hai to kucha para atirikta bojha lAda ___ pAThyakramoM para punarvicAra ke tahata kahIM to tAjI havA ko diyA jAtA hai| kabhI parIkSakoM ke nikammepana ke prazastipatra par3he jAte praveza milA hai aura kahIM navInatA ke bahAne alpajJatAvaza jarUrI haiM to kabhI Anana-phAnana unase mA~ga kI jAtI hai ki itanI viSayoM ko bhI badala diyA gayA hai| eka ora saMskRta adhyayanapustikAe~ itane dinoM meM jA~ca kara do--goyA parIkSaka hAr3a-mA~sa kA adhyApana kI durgati hai aura dUsarI ora jyotiSa vidyA ko par3hAne ke putalA na hokara mazIna ho| svica dabAyA aura niyata samaya meM phaikTrI nagAr3e bajAye jA rahe haiM, itihAsa ke sAtha khilavAr3a kiyA jA rahA meM itanA proDakzana taiyAra! Ajakala adhikArIgaNoM kI jAgarUkatA hai| kabhI jarUrI evaM navIna pustakoM kI kharIda ke samaya pustakAlayoM ke carce haiN| parIkSakoM kI janmakuMDaliyA~ par3hI jA rahI haiM aura ke lie dhana kA ronA royA jAtA hai aura kabhI sarakArI anudAna ke AcAra-saMhitAe~ ghoSita kI jA rahI haiN| AzA kI jAnI cAhiye ki tahata pAThyakrama kI paridhi ke bAhara avAMchita pustakoM kI bhIr3a ke isa samudra-maMthana ke behatara pariNAma hoNge| kAraNa pustakAlayoM meM upayogI pustakoM ke lie sthAna kA abhAva zikSA-eka yazasvI dazaka vidvata khaNDa/33
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________________ rahatA hai| ucita dekha-rekha kI kamI ke kAraNa na to zikSaka aura par3osa aura samAja se kATa kr| zuru se hI use eka saMkIrNa ghere na hI vidyArthI pustakAlayoM kA lAbha uThA pAte haiN| meM kaida hone kA abhyAsa DAla diyA jAtA hai| thor3e bar3e hone para Az2AdI ke bAda zikSA kI sabase bar3I samasyA zikSA ke bacce ko hosTala meM bheja kara hama viziSTa banA denA cAhate haiN| mAdhyama kI hai| mAdhyama kA prazna jaTila se jaTilatara hotA jA rhaa| hosTalI yA skUlI zikSA ke pazcAt uccatara-zikSA ke liye videza hai| bhAratIya bhASAe~ abhizapta haiN| aMgrejI ne unake adhikAra chIna yAtrA kI yojanAoM meM hama tana-mana-dhana samarpita karane ke liye liye haiN| hindI, mAtRbhASA evaM kSetrIya bhASA meM zikSA kI bAteM ___ Akula-vyAkula rahate haiN| isa pUrI vyavasthA meM kyA mahatva hai pichar3epana kI nizAnI hai| unake mAdhyama se calane vAle vidyAlaya yA bhAvanAtmaka pariveza kA! kitanA saTIka kahA thA prasAda ne :to baMda hote jA rahe haiM athavA apane astitva kI rakSA ke lie unheM "kintu hai bar3hatA gayA mastiSka hI nizzeSa, aMgrejI mAdhyama kI vaikalpika vyavasthA karanI par3I hai| bhAratIya chUTa kara pIche gayA hai raha hRdaya kA desh|" bhASAoM ke mAdhyama se zikSita hAziye para DAla diye gaye haiN| ina isa taMtra meM saMskAroM kA koI sthAna nhiiN| isa khatare ko bhASAoM ke vidvAnoM kA gaMbhIra ciMtana apane hI deza meM do kaur3I kA mahasusate hue baccoM ko saMskArita karane ke liye saMskAra-zivira sAbita ho rahA hai, usakA bAjAra meM koI mUlya nhiiN| ve zikSaka hI Ayojita kiye jA rahe haiN| inake mahat uddezya meM koI saMdeha nahIM vidvAna samajhe jAte haiM jo paga-paga para aMgrejI ke udAharaNa dekara hai, parantu vartamAna pariveza meM ye mAtra ghaTanA bana kara raha jAte haiM, apanI dhAka jamAte haiN| aMgrejI AdhunikatA aura pratiSThA ke sAtha jIvana meM utara nahIM paate| pAramparika utsava aura tyohAra hameM jur3a gayI hai| aMgrejIdA~ hI naukariyoM ke liye cune jAte haiM, dezaja zikSita nahIM kara pA rahe haiM, mahaja karmakANDa banakara raha gaye haiN| caritroM kI koI kadra nhiiN| isa dezaja pIr3A ko nidA phAjalI ne dIpAvalI ke ThIka bAda vAle dina parIkSA meM baiThanevAlA vidyArthI kyA bakhUbI vyakta kiyA hai : tana-mana se tyohAra ko jI pAtA hai? TI0vI0 para tyohAra manA kara "pahale hara cIja thI apanI magara aba lagatA hai, baccoM ko saMskArita nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| tyohAroM ke anukUla apane hI ghara meM kisI dUsare ghara ke hama haiN|" pariveza kA nirmANa honA caahiye| skUla-kaoNlejoM kI chuTTiyA~ hamAre deza ke atirikta kisI bhI svAdhIna deza kA baccA bhAratIya jIvanazailI ko dRSTigata rakhakara taiyAra kI jAnI caahiye| videzI bhASA yA aMgrejI bhASA se zikSAraMbha nahIM krtaa| jApAna jaisA deza ke mahatvapUrNa muddoM meM zikSA ko sammilita nahIM kiyA unnata deza bhI apanI bhASA ke mAdhyama se carama U~cAiyoM kA sparza jaataa| sakala rASTrIya Aya kA bahuta choTA sA pratizata (cha: kara pAyA hai| hamAre deza ke uccatama zikSaNa saMsthAna aMgrejI mAdhyama pratizata) zikSA para kharca kiyA jAtA hai| apane dAyitva se mukta se apane vidyArthiyoM ko vizvonmukha banAne meM magana haiM kyoMki aMgrejI hokara sarakAra nijI zikSaNa saMsthAnoM ko protsAhana de rahI hai| parantu ke binA vizva kI kalpanA nahIM kI jA sktii| hamAre rASTrIya parivAra kI Aya meM bar3hotarI karanevAle bacce ko vidyAlaya bheja netAoM ne khulI sampUrNa bahasa se hamezA bacane kA prayAsa kiyaa| voTa pAnA eka duSkara kArya hai| yadi mA~-bApa bheja bhI pAye to choTe se hindI aura prAMtIya bhASAoM meM mA~ge aura rAjya aMgrejI meM kiyaa| kamare meM DhUMse gaye pacAsa-sATha baccoM ko cha:-sAta sau ke vetana para buddhijIviyoM kA eka varga aMgrejI ke mAdhyama se lokataMtra kI lar3AI niyukta zikSaka/zikSikA ke havAle kara denA kitanA amAnavIya hai| lar3anA cAhatA hai| lokataMtra kI lar3AI lokabhASA ke binA saMbhava nahIM bhautika-zaikSaNika-mAnavIya sAdhanoM ke abhAva meM aisI yojanAe~ hai| vartamAna zAsana vyavasthA kI bhASA aMgrejI hai aura rASTrabhASA hindI divA-svapna bana kara raha jAtI haiN| grAmINa jIvana ke prati gaharI isa vyavasthA se bAhara hai| isa vyavasthA ke TUTe binA hindI evaM koI samajha ke binA zikSA ke gantavya ko pAyA nahIM jA sktaa| san bhI prAdezika bhASA sira uThAkara jI nahIM sktii| bhAratIya bhASAoM 2001 ko nArI sazaktikaraNa varSa kI saMjJA dI gyii| riporToM ke se kaTanA apane pariveza se kaTanA hai, sAmAjika riztoM kI garamAhaTa AdhAra para 6 se 14 varSa ke baccoM ke liye anivArya zikSA ke kA ThaMDe hote jAnA hai| tahata 38.52 pratizata lar3akiyA~ hI pA~cavIM kakSA se Upara zikSita svataMtra bhArata kI svatantra zikSA nIti vikasita nahIM huii| vaha haiN| isa pratizata meM kamI kA kAraNa hai- lar3akiyoM para atirikta maikAle ke padacihnoM kA anusaraNa karatI huI naukarI taka sImita kAma kA bojha evaM samaya kI kmii| grAmINa abhibhAvaka bhayabhIta haiN| rahI. jIvana se dUra hotI gyii| do-aDhAI varSa kA baccA narsarI aura unakA dRr3ha vizvAsa hai ki skUlI lar3akiyoM para honevAle yauna hamaloM kejI zikSA-vyavasthA meM bheja diyA jAtA hai - apane ghara, Asa- ke viruddha sarakAra kI ora se sazakta kadama nahIM uThAye jaate| vidvata khaNDa/34 zikSA-eka yazasvI dazaka
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________________ lokagIta lokagIta loka kI dharohara haiM, kisI vyakti kI nahIM / ye kevala zabdaracanA hI nahIM loka kA pUrA zAstra lie hote haiN| unameM sAmUhika maMgalecchA nihita milatI hai| ve apane mUla samUha kI saMracanA bhI hai| inameM zabda bhI samUha kA, svara bhI samUha kA, tAla, laya, chaMda bhI samUha kA hotA hai| ye kisI bhI samAja, sabhyatA, saMskRti ke darpaNa, rakSaka va poSaka hote haiN| loka jIvana kI sukhada bhAvanAoM ora kamanIya kAmanAoM ke sahAre unheM vANI kA rUpa milatA hai| eka prakAra se loka kI guMjana meM kucha nizcita zabdoM kA jamAva aura unake gAyana se loka kA harSAva ina gItoM kA mahattva paribhASita karate haiN| lokagItoM ke kaI rUpa haiN| vibhinna prAntoM meM anuSThAna, banabhaTa, unake prayoga gAyana samaya, gAyaka kalAkAra aura anya vizeSatAoM ke AdhAra para bhinna-bhinna vargIkaraNa hue haiM lekina mUlataH lokagIta cAra zreNI ke mAne jA sakate haiM1) saMskAra sambandhI lokagIta 2) sAmAjika lokagIta 3) dhArmika lokagIta 4) manovinoda ke lokagIta lokagItoM kI hI koTi kA eka bheda bhajana, harajasa, prabhAtI, sAkha- sabada Adi bhI haiN| ina lokagItoM kI prabhAvanA aura ati vyApti jIvana ke pratyeka chora para dekhI jA sakatI hai| isIlie yaha mAnyatA calI AI hai ki binA gIta ke koI rIta nahIM hotI hai| bhArata meM janma se lekara mRtyu taka lokagItoM kI paramparAbaddha zrRMkhalA ko dekhA jA sakatA hai| saralatA, samarasatA, sarasatA ke sAtha madhuratA aura layabaddhatA lokagItoM ke ve guNa haiM jinake kAraNa ve zIghra hI kaMThastha ho jAte haiN| loka jIvana meM ye lokazikSaNa ke mahattvapUrNa AdhAra bane hue haiN| Adhunika yuga ke ciMtakoM aura pracArakoM ne bhI lokagItoM kI zakti kA lohA mAnA hai| Adhunika mAdhyamoM kI sarvasAdhAraNa kI pahuMca ke lie bhI lokagItoM ne mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA nibhAI haiN| isa prakAra bhArata ke pAramparika loka mAdhyama apanA svarUpa aura vistAra banAye hue haiN| AdhunikatA kI camaka meM yadyapi cakAcauMdha hokara apane svarUpa ko khote jA rahe haiM tathApi inakI apanI samRddha paramparA rahI hai aura isI paramparA ne ina mAdhyamoM ko kAlajayI bhI banA rakhA hai| 1 zikSA - eka yazasvI dazaka saMcAra loka vyavahAra kA AdhAra stambha hai| kisI soca, kisI saMkalpa aura kisI sRjana ko auroM taka pahuMcAne yA samaSTigata karane ke prayAsoM meM saMcAra setu kA kArya karatA hai| prAcIna kAla meM saMcAra ko prathamata: 'nAda' nAma diyA gayA aura usakI kalpanA zreSTha sattA yA IzvarIya rUpa meM kI gii| isake pIche dhArmika bhAva cAhe jo rahA ho kintu mUlataH vicAroM kI saMpreSaNIyatA hI thI aura use yena-kena-prakAreNa eka mana yA eka hAtha se aneka manA yA aneka hastA karane kA ciMtana mukhya rhaa| isI dRSTikoNa kA paricAyaka hai lokamAdhyamoM ke pIche kA soca / zabda, vANI, lipi aura kalA- utpAda se lekara abhinaya yA pradarzana bhI isI ke aMga rahe haiN| isa rUpa meM AMgika, vAcika aura kAlika tathA likhita evaM vastugata sarjita rUpa saMcAra ke mUla svarUpa kahe jA sakate haiN| loka mAdhyamoM meM yahI avadhAraNA nihita milatI hai| loka mAdhyamoM meM cAhe loka kathA ho, lokanATya ho, lokanRtya ho, lokagIta ho athavA aura koI lokazilpa, ve kahIM na kahIM eka saMkalpa aura eka vicAra ko eka se aneka taka prasArita karane kA nihitArtha lie hote haiN| lokamAdhyamoM ke lie kahA jA sakatA hai ki ve sAmAjikatA ke vistAra kA pUrA vAGmaya lie hote haiN| ina mAdhyamoM ne na kevala parivAra aura parivAra ke bIca hI balki samAja aura samAja ke bIca sambandhoM aura saMvAdoM kA silasilA zurU kiyA tathA vibhinna cIjoM, zilpoM, vicAroM, mAnyatAoM aura Aja ke soca se mUlyoM ko pIr3hI-dara-pIr3hI hastAMtarita saMcAlita kiyA / eka prakAra se pArasparika loka mAdhyama sarjana se lekara Alor3ana-bilor3ana aura ciMtana taka kI avadhAraNA apane mUla meM lie hote haiM / isIlie inheM saMcayI kahA jAtA hai kyoMki ye mAdhyama hajAroM varSoM ke anubhavoM ko apane meM saMcita aura samAhita kiye apane svarUpa ko suvidhAnusAra vikasita evaM vardhita karate rahe haiN| Aja ke vicAroM ne inheM sAMskRtika dharohara kaha diyA aura yahI vicAra eka hada taka inheM sthagita aura sImita karane kA hathakaNDA hI kahA jaayegaa| yahAM vicAra yaha bhI hai ki ati yAMtrika yuga meM dehAtI yA loka mAdhyamoM ko bhale hI jaMgalI, nAmasajha yA zatAbdiyoM pUrva ke soca vAle logoM ke anuraMjana ke alAvA kucha nahIM mAnA jAtA hai athavA dina-ba-dina parivartita hote pariveza meM vidvat khaNDa / 39
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________________ ina mAdhyamoM ko phaizana kI taraha dekha lene kI kalpanA bar3ha calI ho parantu grAmINa yA pAramparika loka mAdhyama apane mUla meM naI paramparAoM ke janmadAtA aura naye mAdhyamoM ke bIca bhI rahe haiN| isa prakAra dekhA jAya to Aja pAramparika loka mAdhyama kaI cunautiyoM se jUjha rahe haiN| yaha bhI socA jA sakatA hai ki kaI mAdhyama to arthahIna yA nakArA karAra diye gaye haiN| isI kAraNa jahAM loka kalAkAroM kA abhAva hotA jA rahA hai vahIM logoM kA athavA pUre samudAya kA bhI ravaiyA dRSTikoNa badalatA jA rahA hai| - pAramparika lokamAdhyama Aja ke daura meM jina cunautiyoM se lohA le rahe haiM athavA jina cunautiyoM se hAra mAna rahe haiM, ve tIna vicAroM para nirbhara hai 1) badalAva a) takanIka ke stara para ba) jIvana stara para 2) palAyana - a) kalAkAroM kI parAGmukhatA ba) darzaka yA zrotA samudAya kA dizA hIna honA 3) dikhAvA ka) Ayojana ke nAma para ba) sAmudAyika soca ke stara para isa prakAra dekhA jAye to Aja pAramparika loka mAdhyama sImita yA sthagita hote jA rahe haiM jabaki inakA vikAsa aura kAlakrama bahuta lambA najara AtA hai| yaha jAna par3atA hai ki ye mAdhyama saikar3oM aura hajAroM varSoM ke kAlakrama meM jo apanA svarUpa taya kara pAye, vaha Adhunika saMcAra krAMti ke Ate hI vigata cAra pAMca dazakoM meM baune aura vAmanAkAra hote hote aMDAkAra hote cale jA rahe haiN| yadi vistAra se inake samakSa upasthita cunautiyoM para najara DAleM to mukhya cunautiyAM nimna jAna par3atI haiMilekTraoNnika krAMti bIsavIM zatAbdI kA uttarArddha vidyuta krAMti ke bAda ilekTraoNnika krAMti kA rahA aura isa daura meM sarvAdhika vikasita rUpa saMcAra mAdhyamoM kA sAmane aayaa| isa daura meM jahAM ati yAMtrikatA bar3hI vahIM zravya aura dRzya mAdhyama bhI navIna rUpa aura aura tar3akabhar3aka lekara sAmane aaye| nabbe ke dazaka meM saMcAra mAdhyamoM kA jo svarUpa sAmane AyA vidvat khaNDa / 40 usane nAgarikIya mAnasikatA meM yaha savAla khar3A kara diyA ki kala koI naI takanIka Ane vAlI hai| isakA Alama yaha huA ki ina mAdhyamoM meM bhI vikasita, ati vikasita aura nava vikasita mAdhyamoM kI relamapela rahI aura aba sadya takanIka athavA leTesTa TeknolaoNjI eka kahAvata ke rUpa meM sAmane hai| saMcAra mAdhyamoM meM Aja reDiyo aura dUradarzana kI bAta kyA kareM, upagrahIya saMcAra mAdhyama sAmane haiM aura vizva ke kisI bhI kone meM hone vAlI ghaTanA, durghaTanA athavA Ayojana ko tatkAla athavA sAtha-sAtha kisI anya kone meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| philmoM meM bhI Aja kaI takanIkeM sAmane haiM tathA sadiyoM purAne jIvoM ko bhI sajIva aura sAkAra rUpa meM philmAye jAne kI AdhunikakRta paddhatiyAM sAmane AI hai jinake mUla meM kampyUTara hai| Aja dUra saMvedI takanIka bhI saMcAra mAdhyamoM ke sAtha hai| isake viparIta pAramparika saMcAra mAdhyamoM ke sAtha yaha vikAsakrama nahIM dekhA jA sktaa| isI kAraNa jamAne kI havA vAle kisI vyakti ke sAmane yadi pAramparika yA TheTha dehAta kI bAta kI jAtI hai to bemAnI lagAtI hai| yaha bhI eka yugIna saca hai ki navIkRta mAdhyamoM ko adhunAtana karane kI dazA meM sarakAreM aura vaijJAnika kitanA ciMtana aura artha niyojana yA artha nivezana kara rahe haiM utanA pAramparika mAdhyamoM ke sAtha dekhanA to dUra, socanA bhI sambhava nahIM hai| jIvana zailI meM navInatA bhArata kI hI kyA bAta kareM, vizva kI hI jIvana zailI meM ekadama badalAva AyA hai na kevala pArivArika sampadAoM balki sAmAjika riztoM para bhI isa badalAva kA asara dekhA jA sakatA hai| Aja kI jIvana zailI navInatA kI anugAminI hai / paramparA yA paurANikatA ko vaha chor3a denA cAhatI hai| navInatA kI anuzAyinI hone se jahAM jIvana ko artha milA hai vahIM vaha apanI paramparA se TUTe patte kI taraha kaTa gaI hai| Aja ke jIvana ke pAsa paisA hai kintu samaya nahIM hai| vaha lokazikSaNa kI bAta bhUla cukA hai jabaki pAramparika mAdhyama lokazikSaNa ke bahuAyAma lie upasthita hote rahe haiN| badalAva ke isa daura ne pAramparika mAdhyamoM para na kevala AghAta kiyA apitu unakA sarvadRSTi damana bhI kiyA hai| zikSA - eka yazasvI dazaka
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________________ pratiyogitAtmaka vAtAvaraNa paramparA ke nAma para ghUmara, gavarI, hamelo, paNihArI, ciramI, Aja hara kSetra meM pratispardhA dekhane ko milatI hai| gaNagaura jaise sAMskRtika nAmoM se Ayojana rakhe jAte haiM para vyApAra, vyavasAya, udyama, cikitsA aura saMskAroM taka meM unameM AdhunikatA athavA bhoMDApana hI dekhane ko milatA hai| navInatA ke sAtha-sAtha pratiyogitAtmaka bhAvanAeM dekhane ko ise bhI eka phaizana parastI kA rUpa kahA jA sakatA hai ki mila rahI haiN| hara vyakti par3osI ke mukAbale apane ko lokagItoM ke sAtha Adhunika mAnasikatA kI mAMga ko atyAdhunika aura ati yAMtrikatA se yukta batAne ke upakrama Avazyaka karAra dete hue bar3e stara para cher3achAr3a kI jA rahI meM lagA hai| aise meM pAramparika mAdhyamoM aura unake kalAkAroM hai| eka aura jahAM isameM kalAkAra kI asImita yazalipsA yA saMcAlakoM meM pratispardhI mAnasikatA kA vikAsa nahIM huA kA bhAva hai vahIM oDiyo-vIDiyo nirmAtAoM kA vipaNana hai, phalataH ve eka bhayaMkara cunautI se jUjha rahe haiN| aura arthArjana kA dRSTikoNa bhI dekhane ko milatA hai| Aja yajamAnI prathA kI samApti hara cIja eka utpAda ke rUpa meM dekhI jAne lagI hai| pAramparika loka mAdhyamoM kA vikAsa bahuta hada taka pAramparika kalpanAeM aura pAramparika mAdhyama isa mAnasikatA yajamAnI prathA kI dena rhaa| loka kalAkAra apane yajamAnoM se burI taraha coTa khAye hue haiN| athavA AzrayadAtAoM ke gAMva aura ghara taka jAte tathA arthapUka Ayojana evaM sarakArIkaraNa unakA anurajaMna karate hue loka zikSaNa kA prayAsa karate the| vartamAna daura meM hara Ayojana arthasAdhya ho gayA hai| bar3e Aja upabhoktA saMskRti kA daura hai jisane yajamAnI prathA ko AyojanoM kA sarakArIkaraNa bhI hotA calA jA rahA hai| sadiyoM pIche chor3a diyA hai| isa bAta ko isa dohe se bhI sArvajanika hita ke nAma para loka kalAkAroM ko tarajIha nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai - dI jAtI aura tathAkathita abhijanoM ke saMgaThana, klaba kisI vaizyA kAte kAtaNo, bhATa kare vyaupaar| philma, elabama ke kalAkAra ke nAma para sAMskRtika saMdhyA vAMkA mara gayA rAtiyA ana vAMkA marayA dAtAra / / evaM nAiTa Ayojita karane kI mAnasikatA lie baiThe haiN| isI kAraNa loka kalAkAroM meM bhI apanI kalA ke prati Aja choTe se lekara bar3e zahara taka una kalAkAroM ke virakti jAgI hai| yaha eka taraha se na kevala kalAkAroM kI Ayojana rakhe jAne lage haiM jo skrIna para najara Ate haiN| do apitu nikhila samudAya kI bhI palAyanatA ko darzAtA hai| cAra ThumakoM aura manalubhAvane ardhanagna nRtyoM kI prastutiyoM sAkSaratA kA daura ke sAtha-sAtha bhArI bharakama ArkesTrA ke bIca loka kA samAja meM kala taka jo nirakSaratA thI vaha lokonmukhI apanA sAjosAmAna baunA jAna par3atA hai| eka prakAra se loka bhAva se loka mAdhyamoM ko saMrakSaNa de rahI thI athavA yaha kahA kI aura lokajIvana se jur3e mAdhyamoM kI Aja bhArI upekSA jA sakatA hai ki apane sahaja bhAva meM vaha kalAoM ko hone lagI hai| loka kalAkAroM ko yadi kisI bar3e Ayojana Azraya de rahI thI kintu sAkSaratA ne jamAne kI havA kA kAma meM bulAyA jAtA hai to ve dayA ke pAtra se jyAdA kucha najara kiyA hai aura usane sahajatA ko asahajatA kA jAmA pahanA nahIM aate| zAdI, janmadina, nAmakaraNa yA vivAha-varSagAMTha ke diyA hai| samAja meM benakAbI bar3hI aura choTI kalAoM ko sAtha hI sevAnivRtti para dI jAne vAlI pArTiyoM meM loka kSudra karAra dete hue AdhunikatA kI Dagara para apane kadama kalAkAroM ko bulAnA bhI eka phaizana ho gayA hai aura vahAM bar3hAye haiN| bhI dhvani vistAraka yaMtroM, sIDI Adi mAdhyamoM ke Age ve phaizana parastI vAmanAkAra najara Ate haiN| pAramparika mAdhyama phaizana parastI kI mAnasikatA se sarakAra ne apane stara para jahAM sAMskRtika kendroM kI jUjha rahe haiN| Aja paramparA ko phaizana ke rUpa meM dekhA jAne sthApanA kI vahIM saMgIta nATaka akAdamiyAM, kalAkendra, lagA hai| gharoM kI sajAvaTa pAramparika utpAdoM se kI jAne lokakalA vIthiyAM bhI sthApita kii| lokakalA meloM ke lagI haiN|vidyaalyoN, mahAvidyAlayoM aura anya saMskAroM ke Ayojana bhI zurU kiye kintu inameM bhI lokanRtya mAdhyamoM kI AyojanoM ko pAramparika pravRttiyoM ke nAma to diye jAte haiM upekSA hI huI kyoMki kalAkAra apanA samagra jauhara nahIM dikhA lekina vahAM baiThA kucha dekhane ko nahIM milatA jaise ki Aja skte| ve saMcAlaka athavA saMyojaka ke sUtra meM lipaTe saMkocI zikSA-eka yazasvI dazaka vidvat khaNDa/41
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________________ vyaktitva ke dhAraka ho jAte haiM phira eka viDambanA yaha bhI lokakathA upakaraNoM kA nirmANa rukanA kala taka jo kalAkAra apane hAthoM se pasaMdIdA vAdyoM yA pAramparika kalA sAdhakoM yA kalApakSa parivAroM kI upekSA kara kalA sahayogI sAmAna kA nirmANa karate the ve apanI kalA DuplIkesI kA khela khelate najara Ate haiN| ko chor3a cuke haiN| putalIkAra, naTa, bhATa apane mAdhyama svayaM loka kalAkAroM ke prazikSaNa kA abhAva nahIM banAte balki bane banAye sAmAna se hI apanA kAma kala taka bAtapozI, lokagItoM kA gAyana, nartana, vAdana, calAkAra yaha kahate sune jAte haiM ki hamane to apanI jindagI kathA kathana jaisI kalAoM kA prazikSaNa kalAkAra apane ghara jI lI aba Ane vAlI pIr3hI khuda apanI ciMtA karegI para hI kara liyA karate the, Aja vaha paramparA nahIM rhii| naI kyoMki Agantuka pIr3hI kucha nayA kara dikhAnA cAhatI hai| pIr3hI apanI paramparA ko heya dRSTi se dekhane lgii| use nayA siMghI, sAraMgI kA nirmANa banda ho gayA, moracaMga kA vAdana kucha karane kI jugata meM ebIsIDI se kAryArambha karanA par3atA aura nirmANa thama sA gayA hai| nar3a, alagauMje, caMga, tArapI, hai| eka prakAra se ve apane pAramparika karma aura dharma se hIna pAvarI, ghorayU, bAMkiyA, narasiMge kevala saMgrahAlayoM kI zobhA hokara navIna anuzAsana meM anubhava prApta karanA cAhate haiM jo hokara raha gye| mazaka aura arabI tANa ke bAje aba na kevala unheM mahaMgA par3atA hai balki pAramparika kalA samArohoM kI zobhA nahIM bar3hAte balki vivAha vAdyoM meM bhI mAdhyamoM para bhI bhArI par3a rahA hai| sinthesAijara bajAyA jAne lagA hai jo eka hI vAdya kaI vAdyoM pichale kucha samaya se kucha kalA saMsthAnoM meM loka ko pUrti kara detA hai| bassI jaise kASTha zilpiyoM ke gAMva meM kAvar3oM, mukhauToM, eka viDambanA hai ki ye kalA prazikSaNa samayabaddha hote haiM putaliyoM, gaNagauroM, khAMDoM kevANoM kA nirmANa nahIM hotaa| jabaki lokakalAkAroM ke lie satata prazikSaNa aura sudhi- khAMDoM ko bane hue varSoM ho gye| bharAvoM ke zilpa, gavAriyoM darzaka samudAya kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| kI kAMgAtiyA Aja loka pasandagI se hI jAte rhe| yahI __loka kalAkAroM ko prazikSaNa ve loga dene lage hai jo kAraNa hai ki 'ghATa se gar3AI' mahaMgI hone lgii| par3oM kA kalA rUpoM ko jAnate hI nahIM haiN| Aja bar3e zaharoM meM kaI sthAna par3akyoM ne le liyA phira mudraNa kalA ne bhI par3a para saMsthAeM loka kalA prazikSaNa ke nAma para grISmakAla Adi bhArI prahAra kiyaa| eka prakAra se mudraNa ne jahAM durlabha cIjoM avakAza ke samaya zivira Ayojita karate haiM kintu unakA ko sareAma lAkara rakha diyA vahIM kalAkAroM kI utpAdana pariNAma eka-do nRtya taka hI sImita hokara raha jAtA hai| kSamatA ora udarapUrti ke mAdhyama para bhI bhArI coTa kI hai| anya kaI mAdhyama haiM jinake prazikSaNa kI koI vyavasthA nahIM isa prakAra yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki pAramparika hai yathA par3agAyana, kAvar3a vAcana, kathA kathana athavA lokamAdhyama jo kabhI apane aMcala meM apanI paramparA kI bAtapozI, kathA gAyana, lokacitrAyaNa kA aMkana Adi sAkha bharate the, ve apanI pahacAna hI khote jA rahe haiM kyoMki vidhAoM ke lie koI prazikSaNa nahIM hote kyoMki ye behada unake sAmane cunautI, cunautI na hokara surasA kI taraha dina zrama aura samaya sAdhya kalA mAdhyama rahe haiN| dugunA rAta caugunA bar3hane vAlA saMkaTAkAra rUpa lie muMha bAyeM isI prakAra lokavAdyoM ke vAdana ke prazikSaNa zivira bhI khar3A hai| aise meM yadi pAramparika mAdhyamoM ko bacAne ke nahIM lagAye jaate| khar3atAla, rAvaNahatthA, siMdhI, sAraMgI, hanumat prayAsa nahIM hue to kevala cunautiyAM hI najara AyeMgI apaMga, giragir3I, bhUgala, DoMsakA, moracaMga, nar3a, ghorayU Adi aura lokamAdhyamoM kI kevala bAteM hI raha jaayeNgii| vAdyoM kA vAdana to lupta hI hotA calA gyaa| mATha vAdana kI bAteM to dekhate hI dekhate khatma ho gaI haiN| zAdI samArohoM meM gaye haiN| vidvat khaNDa/42 zikSA-eka yazasvI dazaka