Kuch Videshi Lekhako ki Drushti me Jain Dharm aur Mahavir

Author(s): Mahendra Raja
Publisher: Z_Hajarimalmuni_Smruti_Granth_012040.pdf
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/210402/1

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mahendra rAjA ema0 e0, Dipa0 lipa-esa-sI0, epha0 ela0 e0 (laMdana) kucha videzI lekhakoM kI dRSTi meM jainadharma evaM bhagavAna mahAvIra lagabhaga 7 varSa taka iMglaiMDa ke sArvajanika pustakAlayoM ke saMparka meM rahane ke bAda mujhe Aja yaha likhane meM jarA bhI saMkoca nahIM ki bhArata aura bhAratIyoM ke viSaya meM jitanI pustakeM aMgrejI meM prakAzita huI haiM, utanI hindI to bahuta dUra, bhArata hI nahIM, saMsAra kI bhI kisI anya bhASA meM upalabdha nahIM hoMgI. itanA hone para bhI aMgrejI meM prativarSa bhArata sambandhI 20-25 pustakeM prakAzita hotI hI rahatI haiM. ina pustakoM ke racayitA koI aire-gere loga nahIM hote jo iMglaiMDa yA yuropa meM rahate hue bhArata ke sapane dekhate rahate haiM aura phira bhArata ke saMbaMdha meM idhara udhara se kucha par3hakara svayaM ke nAma se koI pustaka taiyAra kara lete haiM. ina pustakoM ke lekhaka vastuta: ve loga hote haiM jinheM bhAratIya parivAroM ke saMparka meM Ane kA bhale hI koI avasara na milA ho, para unhoMne bhArata ke bAharI rUpa ko acchI taraha dekhA hai. Aja aMgrejI ke upalabdha prakAzita sAhitya kI sthiti yaha hai ki Apako prAyaH pratyeka viSaya kI pustaka mila jAegI. kucha viSayoM ke eka-eka aMga para bar3e-bar3e graMtha prakAzita ho cuke haiM. kisI bhI deza kA itihAsa, saMskRti, dharma, AcAravicAra, Arthika-sAmAjika vyavasthA Adi ke sambandha meM usa deza kI kisI bhASA meM bhale hI koI pustaka na mile, para yadi Apa aMgrejI sAhitya kI ora dRSTi kareM to Apako zAyada hI nirAza honA par3e. sUcIkAra evaM vargIkAra (Cataloguer and classifier) ke rUpa meM kArya karate hue prativarSa lagabhaga dasa hajAra se jyAdA pustakeM mere hAtha se gujaratI haiM. ina pustakoM meM maiMne upanyAsa evaM kathAsAhitya kI pustakeM sammilita nahIM kI haiM. itanI adhika pustakeM par3hane kA avasara bhale hI na milA ho para ina pustakoM kI viSayavastu, unake lekhaka kA paricaya, unakI upAdeyatA, viSaya-vizleSaNa Adi ko samajhane kA avasara avazya milA hai. isake atirikta kabhI-kabhI pustaka ke kisI adhyAya meM akasmAt bhArata sambandhI koI bAta najara A gaI to phira utsukatAvaza use par3hane kA moha bhI saMvaraNa nahIM kara pAyA hU~. isa prakAra apane kArya ke daurAna meM mere hAthoM se aisI aneka pustakeM gujarI haiM jinameM yathAvasara bhagavAn mahAvIra evaM jaina dharma sambandhI carcA bhI AI hai. ina pustakoM ke jainadharma sambandhI adhyAyoM yA peregrAphoM ko maiMne rucipUrvaka par3hA hai. unheM par3ha kara kaI bAra mere mana meM yaha icchA huI ki maiM "videzI lekhakoM kI dRSTi meM jainadharma evaM mahAvIra" zIrSaka eka lekha likha DAlU, para Alasyavaza aisA nahIM kara sakA. pichale varSa jaba zrI hajArImala smRti-graMtha ke lie kisI lekha kI mAMga kI gaI to akasmAt hI mujhe ukta viSaya smaraNa ho AyA aura maiM isa lekha kI taiyArI karane lagA. abhI taka mujhe jitanI bhI pustakoM meM jaina dharma sambandhI ullekha dekhane ko mile haiM, una sabhI ke lekhaka isa mata se sahamata haiM ki jainadharma bauddhadharma se purAnA hai para ina donoM hI dharmoM kA vikAsa evaM utthAna chaThI zatAbdI meM vizeSa rUpa se huA. prAyaH sabhI lekhaka isa mata ke bhI haiM ki ye donoM dharma brAhmaNatva ke virodha meM uThe aura apane uddezya meM bahuta kucha saphala bhI hue. Jain Education Intemational

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-0--0-0--0-0--0-0--0-0-0 272 : muni zrIhajArImala smRti-grantha : dvitIya adhyAya "ena enasAIklopIDiyA Apha rilIjana' meM cArlsa esa0breDana jainadharma sambandhI pariccheda meM likhate hai "ki jainadharma spaSTa hI bauddhadharma se kucha purAnA hai aura usakA prArambha chaThI zatAbdI se bahuta pahale kA mAnA jA sakatA hai ..jainadharma meM hiMdU dharma ke karma evaM punarjanma ke siddhAnta ko kucha parivartita rUpa meM apanAyA gayA hai. vizva ke kisI bhI anya dharma kI apekSA jainadharma meM 'ahiMsA' yA kisI ko kaSTa na dene ke siddhAnta ko sarvAdhika pramukhatA dI gaI hai. jainadharmAnuyAyiyoM ke maMdira bahuta hI AkarSaka evaM vizva ke anya matAnuyAyiyoM ke pUjAsthaloM kI apekSA bhavya hote haiM. vAstukalA kI dRSTi se bhI unakA alaga mahattva hai. koI bhI aparicita vyakti unheM prathama bAra dekhakara sahasA staMbhita raha jAtA hai." vizvaprasiddha amerikI pAkSika patrikA 'lAipha' meM samaya-samaya para jo lekhamAlAeM prakAzita hotI haiM, bAda meM adhikAMza kA prakAzana saMdarbha-grantha ke rUpameM bhI hotA hai. 1656 meM isa patrikAke saMpAdakoM kI ora meM varlDa s greTa rilIjiyansa'2 nAmaka grantha prakAzita huA thA. vaise to isa graMtha meM prAyaH sabhI dharmoM ke sambandha meM lambe-lambe sacitra lekha diye gae haiM tathA vizva ke aneka dharmoM kA paricaya alaga-alaga paricchedoM meM haiM. kama saMkhyA vAle matAnuyAyiyoM kA paricaya eka prArambhika pariccheda meM diyA gayA hai. isI pariccheda meM jaina, sikha aura pArasI dharmoM ke lie bhI eka-eka pairAgrApha diyA gayA hai. anya prasiddha lekhakoM ke samAna, 'lAipha' ke saMpAdakoM ke mata se bhI jainadharma kA prArambha IsApUrva chaThI zatAbdI meM hindUdharma kI burAiyoM ke viruddha eka AMdolana ke rUpa meM huA thA... - eka zabda meM jainadharma kA mukhya siddhAMta 'ahiMsA' hai jise bahudhA jaina loga isa sImA taka mAnate haiM ki pAzcAtya vAtAvaraNa meM pale logoM ko hAsyAspada sA jAna par3atA hai. aisI sthiti meM yaha samajhane meM koI kaThinAI nahIM honA cAhie ki jaina loga gAMdhIjI ko kisa prakAra apane mata kA anuyAyI mAnane kA dAvA karate haiM. 'lAipha' ke mata se jainatva 'dharma' kI apekSA nIti' adhika hai, bhale hI jainiyoM ke apane tIrthakara hoM, vizAla mandira hoM tathA unameM ve pUjana-arcana karate hoM. Adhunika yuga meM jainadharma eka nae rUpa meM vizva ke samakSa Age A rahA hai. vizvabandhutva tathA yuddha kI samApti kI pRSThabhUmi meM jainadharma kA apanA alaga mahattva hai tathA rahegA. "dI nyU zepha-hara joga enasAiklopIDiyA oNpha rilIjiyasa nAleja" 3 meM zrI jyopha DablyU0 gilamora ne jainadharma ke saMbandha meM likhA hai ki jainadharma ke saMsthApaka pArzvanAtha the jinhoMne yadyapi eka svataMtra vicAradhArA ko janma diyA para vaha vicAradhArA unake bAda do zatAbdI taka kAryazIla nahIM ho pAI. unakI isa vicAradhArA ko Age bar3hAne kA zreya mahAvIra ko hai jo unake karIba 250 sAla bAda hue. isake bAda jainadharma evaM bauddhadharma kI samAnatA batalAte hue lekhaka ne mukhya rUpa se ahiMsA kA ullekha kiyA hai aura yaha ThIka hI likhA hai ki "donoM dharmoM meM ahiMsA mukhya siddhAMta hote hue bhI jainadharma isa artha meM adhika mahattva rakhatA hai ki ahiMsA ke siddhAnta ko jaina loga jisa kaTTaratA se mAnate haiM aura usakA vyavahAra meM jitanA prayoga karate haiM, utanA bauddha loga nahIM. isakA pramANa kevala isa tathya se mila jAtA hai ki jaina muni ahiMsA kA pAlana karane meM itane Age bar3he hue haiM ki ve apane muMha para hamezA eka paTTI bA~dhe rahate haiM tAki sAMsa lene yA bAhara nikAlane meM kisI jIva kI hatyA na ho jAe, isI prakAra jaba ve uThate-baiThate yA sar3aka para calate haiM to eka choTA sA jhADU sAtha meM lie rahate haiM jisase ve rAstA sApha karate calate haiM aura isa prakAra kisI saMbhAvita hiMsA se bace rahate haiM. 1. Encyclopedia of Religion; edited by vergilius Ferm (New york, Philosophical Library, 1945) 2. 'World's Great religions' by the editors of 'Life' International. 3. The New Schaff Herzog encyclopedia of religious Knowledge, edited by Samuel Macaulay Jackson (Baker Book, House Michigan,1956, 4. lekhaka kA Azaya rajoharaNa se hai, jo prAyaH Una kA hotA hai.-sampAdaka COM SATIRTHI TANI INDI SUDAREL MAP Jain Educa .org

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mahendra rAjA : videzI lekhakoM kI dRSTi meM jainadharma aura mahAvIra : 273 bAda meM jainadharma evaM brAhmaNa dharma kI samAnatA kA vilakSaNa udAharaNa dete hue lekhaka ne jainadharma kA mUla brAhmaNa dharma meM batalAyA hai. lekhaka kA mata hai ki jainadharma kA adhikAMza AcAra-vicAra brAhmaNa dharma para AdhArita hai. udAharaNataH brAhmaNa dharma meM sAdhuoM ko varSAkAla meM vihAra karanA manA hai tathA kisI eka sthAna para nizcita kAla se adhika samaya taka Thaharane kA bhI niSedha hai. yahI bAta jaina dharma meM bhI hai. brAhmaNa evaM jaina dharma donoM meM hI sAdhuoM ko keza na kaTavAne kA vidhAna hai tathA donoM hI dharmoM meM pAnI chAna kara pIne tathA sAdhuoM ko sAtha meM eka bhikSApAtra rakhane kA niyama hai. ata: jainadharma ko brAhmaNa dharma ke virodha meM khar3e do AndolanoM meM se eka hI mAnA jA sakatA hai, jainadharma kI nIMva, vicAradhArA evaM AcAra-vicAra kA AdhAra brAhmaNa dharma hI hai." kahane kI AvazyakatA nahIM ki lekhaka ke ukta mata se vizeSakara 'pAnI chAnakara pIne kI bAta' se zAyada hI koI vyakti sahamata hogA. ahiMsA ke samAna hI pAnI chAnakara pIne kI bAta bhI jainadharma kI apanI vizeSatA hai tathA usakA uddezya bhI anAvazyaka hiMsA se bacAva hI hai. Aja taka aisA kahIM kabhI sunA yA par3hA nahIM gayA ki brAhmaNa dharma meM bhI pAnI chAnakara pIne kA eka Avazyaka niyama batalAyA gayA hai. jainadharma ko itanI jaldI mahattva kaise mila gayA tathA mahAvIra ko apane siddhAMtoM kA pracAra karane meM itanI adhika saphalatA kyoM milI, isakA samAdhAna bhI lekhaka ne apanI vilakSaNa sUjha-bUjha se kiyA hai. lekhaka kA mata hai ki cUMki mahAvIra ko samAja meM mahattva prApta thA tathA dhanI logoM se unakA paricaya thA ataH unheM una sabhI kA sahayoga AsAnI se prApta ho gayA. dUsarI ora unake sarala jIvana evaM vicAradhArA se nimna vargoM ke loga bhI unakI ora AkarSita hae. jainadharma ko brAhmaNa dharma ke virodha meM saphalatA kevala isIlie milI ki jainadharma ne sabhI vargoM ke lie apanA dvAra khola diyA aura tathAkathita jAtivAda ko koI prazraya nahIM diyA. jainadharma ke siddhAMtoM kA jitanA spaSTa, niSpakSa evaM sahI-sahI paricaya laMdana vizvavidyAlaya ke prophesara zrI e0 ela0 bAzama ne 'kAnsAija ensAiklopIDiyA Apha liviMga phaithsa' meM diyA hai, vaisA saMbhavata: aba taka koI anya Adhunika lekhaka nahIM de pAyA hai. zrI bAzama kA mata hai ki hindu dharma se apane Apako alaga evaM svatantra mAne jAne kA jitanA dAvA bauddha dharma kA hai, karIba utanA hI, balki usase kucha adhika hI, dAvA jaina dharma kA bhI hai. jaina dharma prArambha se hI vizuddha rUpa meM eka bhAratIya dharma rahA hai. bauddhadharma ke viparIta jaina dharma Theism se kabhI samajhautA nahIM kiyA aura vaha apanI janmabhUmi meM hI phalatA-phUlatA rahA. bauddha dharma yadi jIvita raha sakA to isakA mukhya zreya una bauddha maThoM ko milanA cAhie jo bAda meM muslima AkramaNakAriyoM dvArA naSTa kara diye gaye. isake viparIta jainadharma yadi jIvita raha sakA to kevala una ine-gine zikSita evaM susaMskRta anuyAyiyoM ke kAraNa jo apane bhikSuoM ke kar3e AcaraNa ke kAraNa unase prabhAvita rahe tathA apane siddhAnta evaM vizvAsa para dRDha rahe. jaina dharma ke siddhAntoM ko unhoMne apane jIvana meM utArA. ina thor3e se dharmabhakta nAgarikoM evaM unakI bhAvI pIr3hI ne Aja taka jaina dharma ko jIvita rakhA hai. lekhaka kA mata hai ki jaina dharma kA AtmA evaM mokSa kA siddhAnta hinduoM ke sAMkhyadarzana se bahuta kucha milatA-julatA hai aura isa bAta kI bhI sambhAvanA kI jA sakatI hai ki jaina evaM sAMkhyadarzana donoM kA hI AdhAra koI eka prAcIna mula sutra rahA ho. ... ... anya dharmoM kI apekSA jaina dharma kI eka mukhya vizeSatA yaha hai ki isa dharma ne hI sarva prathama yaha mata pratipAdita kiyA ki saMpUrNa vizva jIvamaya hai. vaise dekhA jAya to aba bahuta kucha bAtoM meM jaina dharma ne hindU dharma se apratyakSa rUpa meM samajhautA kara liyA hai. kucha 1. Concise encyclopedia of living faiths; edited by R. C. Zaehner. (London, Hutchinson, 1959) Jain Education intemational

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-0-0--0-0--0--0--0-0-0-0 Jain Education 274 : muni zrIhajArImala smRti grantha : dvitIya adhyAya hindU devatAoM ko jaina loga bhI pUjate haiM tathA jainiyoM ke yahAM janma, mRtyu va zAdI ke avasara para vividha saMskAroM ke lie brAhmaNoM ko bhI bulAyA jAtA hai. isake bAvajUda bhI Theism se jainadharma ne kabhI samajhautA nahIM kiyA. jaina dharma jaisA Aja se karIba do bAI hajAra varSa pUrva thA, vaisA hI, apane usI mUla rUpa meM Aja bhI hai. yadyapi saMkhyA meM jaina loga bhArata ke anya kisI bhI dharma ke matAnuyAyiyoM kI apekSA kama haiM, para bhArata ke dainika sAmAjika evaM rAjanaitika jIvana meM ye bar3e hI prabhAvazAlI rahe haiM. isakA mukhya kAraNa inakI saMpannatA, inakA atula vaibhava evaM zikSA kA ucca stara hai. isa bAta kI kiMcit bhI sambhAvanA nahIM kI jAnI cAhie ki ye loga hindutva ke vizAla sAgara meM samAkara apanA svatantra astitva samApta kara deMge..... ... inake ahiMsA siddhAnta kA Adhunika bhArata para jo prabhAva par3A hai, usakA pUrA-pUrA zreya unheM nahIM mila sakA hai. mahAtmA gAMdhI ke jIvanadarzana para jina kucha mukhya bAtoM ke prabhAva kA abhI taka patA cala sakA hai, usameM jainadharma kA pramukha sthAna hai. apanI yuvAvasthA meM hI gAMdhIjI jaina sAdhuoM se prabhAvita ho cuke the. isa bAta meM koI saMdeha nahIM ki gAMdhIjI kA ahiMsA kA siddhAnta vastutaH jaina dharma kI hI dena hai tathA isa bAta ke lie gAMdhIvAdI jainiyoM ke sadA RNI raheMge." karIba do varSa pUrva bAlakoM ke lie upayogI eka choTI sI pustaka yahAM prakAzita huI thI. isa pustaka kA nAma hai " enasiyeNTa iNDiyA"" aura isake lekhaka haiM zrI I0 rAyasTana pAika. 13 se 15 varSa taka ke bAlakoM ke lie likhita isa pustaka meM prAcIna bhArata kA paricaya 10 paricchedoM meM diyA gayA hai. isameM se eka pariccheda bhagavAn mahAvIra ke sambandha meM hai. jisakA zIrSaka hai "dI priMsa hU bikema greTa hIro" The prince who became great hero ( arthAt vaha rAjakumAra o mahAvIra banA 'greTa hIro' vastutaH mahAvIra kA hI aMgrejI anuvAda hai, para maiM samajhatA hU~ ki hindI meM 'mahAvIra' kA jo zAbdika artha hotA hai, aMgrejI meM 'greTa hIro' kA artha usase kahIM adhika prabhAvotpAdaka hai. aisA likhane kA merA abhiprAya mAtra itanA hI hai ki isa pustaka ke lekhaka kI dRSTi meM mahAvIra kA sthAna kAphI UMcA hai. jaisA ki maiM pahale likha cukA hUM, ukta pustaka prAcIna bhArata se saMbandhita hai, ataH bhagavAn mahAvIra sambandhI isa pariccheda meM bhI tatkAlIna bhAratIya pRSTha bhUmi meM hI bhagavAn mahAvIra kA vivaraNa diyA gayA hai. lekhaka ne bar3I hI sarala evaM subodha zailI meM pahale mahAvIra ke samaya ke bhArata kA paricaya dete hue vimbasAra, ajAtazatru, vaizAlI, kozala Adi kA vivaraNa diyA hai. ajAtazatru kA ullekha karate hue lekhaka ne likhA hai ki usane mahAvIra aura buddha donoM ke darzana kiye the aura vaha unase kAphI prabhAvita bhI huA thA. mahAvIra ke avataraNa ke pUrva sarvatra hiMsA kA bolabAlA thA. pazubali carama sImA para thI. maMdiroM meM isa kArya ke lie vizeSa sthAna niyata kara diye gae the aura devatAoM ke nAma para pratidina aneka mUka pazuoM kI bali dI jAtI thI. jAtivAda kI prathA bhI una dinoM isa prakAra vyApta thI ki kucha ine-gine logoM ko chor3akara adhikAMza kA jIvana bar3I vipanna avasthA meM bItatA thA. kevala brAhmaNoM ko hI veda par3hane-par3hAne yA tatsambandhI jJAna prApta karane kA adhikAra thA. itanA hI nahIM, bhagavAn kI pUjA-ArAdhanA bhI hara koI nahIM kara sakatA thA. kevala brAhmaNoM kI kRpA se hI koI vyakti kisI prakAra kA dhArmika kArya kara sakatA thA. isakA eka mukhya kAraNa yaha bhI thA ki una dinoM brAhmaNoM ne dharma ko itanA jaTila banA diyA thA, dharma sambandhI pratyeka kriyAkalApa aisI-aisI rUr3hiyoM evaM saMskAroM se grasita kara 1. Ancient India; by E. Royston Pike. (London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1961) Young enthusiast library : The young historian series. No. 5. aalibrary.org

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mahendra rAjA : videzI lekhakoM kI dRSTi meM jainadharma aura mahAvIra : 275 6-0-0--0-0--0-0-0-0---- diyA gayA thA ki una vidhi-vidhAnoM kI kriyA brAhmaNoM ke atirikta aura koI nahIM jAnatA thA. brAhmaNoM ke abhAva meM kiyA gayA koI bhI kArya vyartha aura mahattvahIna samajhA jAtA thA.. brAhmaNoM kI hI icchAnusAra deza meM sthAna-sthAna para kucha aise sthala niyukta kara diye gae the jahAM bar3e samAroha ke sAtha pazubali dI jAtI thI. brAhmaNoM ne janasAdhAraNa ke mana meM aisI dhAraNA utpanna kara dI thI ki bhagavAn bali se prasanna hote haiM. unakA aisA kahanA saca ho yA nahIM, para yaha nirvivAda hai ki dharma kI Ar3a lekara usa samaya brAhmaNa loga aneka prakAra se apanA svArtha sAdhana karate the. brAhmaNoM kA isa prakAra kA bAhya ADambara aura bhraSTAcAra dekhate-dekhate jaba loga taMga ho gae, lagAtAra bali ke dRzya dekhate-dekhate jaba logoM ke mana meM bhI kucha samajha AI to yaha svAbhAvika thA ki unake hRdaya meM brAhmaNoM ke ekAdhikAra ke viruddha bhAvanA jAgRta ho. para itanA hI paryApta nahIM thA. IsApUrva chaThI aura 5vIM sadI meM logoM ke mana meM dharma aura darzana ke prati AsthA bar3ha rahI thI aura loga svayaM ina bAtoM meM ruci lene lage the. 'brAhmaNavAkya pramANam' mAnane ke lie aba ve taiyAra nahIM the. aba ve pratyeka bAta ke viSaya meM kyoM aura kaise ?' kahAM ba kyA ? Adi prazna pUchane lage the. jaba brAhmaNa loga unakI isa jijJAsA kA samAdhAna nahIM kara sake to unake mana meM brAhmaNoM ke prati avizvAsa aura azraddhA ho uThI. aise hI samaya mahAvIra kA avataraNa huA. 'mahAvIra' zabda kA artha hai 'greTa hIro' (Great hero) yaha upAdhi unheM unake anuyAyiyoM dvArA dI gaI hai. unakA asalI nAma varddhamAna thA tathA unakA janma gaNatantra kI rAjadhAnI vaizAlI ke licchavi vaMza meM huA thA. kucha logoM kA yaha bhI mata hai ki ve vaizAlI-nareza ke nAtI the tathA kucha loga rAjA bimbasAra se bhI unakA saMbaMdha jor3ate haiM. mahAvIra kA janma kaba huA, isa sambandha meM logoM meM matabheda hai para Adhunika anusaMdhAna ke AdhAra para unakA janma I0 pU0 540 meM huA mAnA jAtA hai. kSatriyavaMza meM janma lene ke kAraNa unakI zikSA-dIkSA bhI tatkAlIna rIti-rivAjoM ke anusAra huI. zikSAsamApti ke bAda yuvAvasthA meM unakA vivAha huA aura unako eka putrI bhI huI. lekina mahAvIra eka mahAn vicAraka the. ghara-gRhasthI meM unakA mana adhika samaya taka nahIM raha sakA. tIsa varSa kI avasthA meM ve apanI patnI, putrI tathA ghara-bAra chor3akara kucha aise sAdhuoM ke sAtha cale gae jo pArzvanAtha ke upAsaka mAne jAte the.' pArzvanAtha lagabhaga 250 varSa pUrva hue the tathA ve jainoM ke mahApuruSoM kI zreNI meM 233 mAne jAte haiM. kahA jAtA hai ki unake pUrva 22 anya mahApuruSa ho cuke the. lagabhaga 12 varSa taka mahAvIra sAre deza meM idhara-udhara ghUmate rahe. apanI dainika jIvana kI AvazyakatAeM unhoMne bahuta kama kara dI tathA ve tapasyA meM adhika samaya bitAne lage. kabhI-kabhI ve dhyAnAvasthA meM kaI dinoM taka bhUkhe-pyAse raha jAte the. pahale to ve kucha vastra pahane rahe para kucha samaya bAda unhoMne sabhI prakAra ke parigraha kA tyAga kara diyA. unhoMne vastroM ko bhI anAvazyaka kahakara tyAga diyA. kahA jAtA hai ki isake bAda ve mRtyu paryanta nirvastra rahe. isa prakAra rahate-rahate ve 13veM varSa meM jina ho gae. 'jina' kA artha hai 'vijetA'. yaha eka prakAra se ThIka hI hai, kyoMki isa avadhi meM unhoMne pratyeka viSaya kA jJAna prApta kara liyA thA aura sabhI prakAra kI mAnavIya bhAvanAoM, AkAMkSAoM para vijaya prApta kara lI thI. isI 'jina' zabda se hI jaina zabda banA jo Aja unake anuyAyiyoM ke lie prayoga kiyA jAtA hai. mahAvIra yadyapi jaina dharma ke saMsthApaka nahIM the, para anya kisI vyakti kI apekSA unhoMne hI isake prasAra-pracAra meM sarvAdhika yogadAna diyA. unheM 'tIrthaMkara' bhI kahA jAtA hai. unake pahale 23 tIrthaMkara ho cuke the, ataH unheM 24vAM 1. mahAvIra ne kucha sAdhuoM ke sAtha nahIM, ekAkI hI abhiniSkamaNa kiyA thA aura dIrgha kAla taka ve ekAkI hI sAdhanAnirata rahe the, yaha tathya itihAsa se pramANita hai kintu yahA~ zrIpAika ke vicAra diye jA rahe haiM.-sampAdaka RAND Jain Education Interational : www.janelibrary.org

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206 : muni zrIhajArImala smRti-grantha : dvitIya adhyAya --------------------0-0 tIrthakara mAnA gayA hai. tIrthaMkara kA artha hotA hai vaha vyakti jo janasAdhAraNa ko sAMsArika baMdhanoM se chuTakArA dilAkara 'nirvANa' kI ora agrasara kare. tIrthaMkara kI vizeSatAoM ke sambandha meM kahA jAtA hai ki vaha 'puruSottama' 'Adarza puruSa' hotA hai. vaha aisA vyakti hotA hai jo na kisI se rAga karatA hai, na dveSa, na kisI para krodhita hotA hai, na prasanna. jise kisI vastu ke prApta hone para na to khuzI hotI hai aura na usake viyoga meM raMja. dhanI-garIba, UMca-nIca, sabhI ke sAtha vaha samAna vyavahAra karatA hai. sarvathA nirbhaya aura niHzaMka vaha sabhI mAnavIya AvazyakatAoM ke prati rAgahIna hokara na to nidrA kI AvazyakatA mahasUsa karatA hai aura na kisI prakArake AhAra-vihAra kI. jainoM ke dhArmika graMthoM meM tIrthaMkara kI 34 vizeSatAe~ batalAI gaI haiM. mahAvIra meM ye sabhI vizeSatAe~ thIM. lagabhaga 30 varSa taka mahAvIra jagaha-jagaha upadeza dete rahe. karIba 72 varSa kI Ayu meM zarIratyAga kiyA. yadyapi mahAvIra ne upaniSadoM se bhI bahuta kucha grahaNa kiyA para upaniSadoM kI apekSA mahAvIra ke siddhAntoM meM kucha maulika aMtara thA. mahAvIra 'AtmA' ko mAnate the 'vizvAtmA' ko nahIM. jainadharma ke anusAra marane ke bAda jIva punaH (turanta) janma letA hai. isa prakAra yaha jIvana-cakra calatA hI rahatA hai. jainadharma meM 'karma' ko bahuta mahattva diyA gayA hai. vastuta: jainadharma ke sAre siddhAnta 'karma' ke irda-girda ghUmate haiM. karma kA sIdhA aura sarala artha hai jIva dvArA kiyA gayA kArya. jo jIva jaisA kArya karatA hai usI ke anusAra janma-janmAMtara meM use acchA-burA phala milatA hai. mahAvIra ke siddhAnta ke anusAra jIva ko jahA~ taka saMbhava ho acche-se-acche kArya karake zIghrAtizIghra janma-maraNa ke isa cakkara se chuTakArA pAnA cAhie. isakA sarala mArga bhI unhoMne batalA diyA. yaha sarala mArga hai 'ahiMsA' arthAt kisI ko kisI prakAra kA zArIrika yA mAnasika kaSTa nahIM denA. mahAvIra kA mata thA ki kevala mAnava hI nahIM, varana pazu-pakSiyoM, per3a-paudhoM, jala-vAyu Adi meM bhI jIva hotA hai. isa AdhAra para jaina loga kama-se-kama vastuoM kA upayoga kara ahiMsA kA pAlana karate haiM. isI AdhAra para jainadharma meM pazubali kA niSedha to ho hI gayA, para aisI krIr3AoM-kAryoM kA bhI jainoM ne bahiSkAra kiyA, jinameM pazu-pakSiyoM ko kisI prakAra kA kaSTa pahuMcatA ho. AhAra ke lie pazu-hatyA to svAbhAvika hI baMda ho gaI. Aja saMsAra meM jaina samAja hI eka aisA samAja hai jise pUrNata: zAkAhArI kahA jA sakatA hai. bhArata meM jaina parivAroM meM kisI bhI prakAra ke upayoga ke lie pAnI ko pahale chAna liyA jAtA hai. isakA bhI mukhya uddezya adRzya jIvoM kI hatyA rokanA hai. kucha jaina sAdhu apane muMha ke Upara kapar3A bAMdhate haiM (kevala isIlie ki bolane meM sUkSma kITANu muMha ke aMdara na cale jAeM.) sar3aka para calate samaya bhI pUrNata: sAvadhAnI rakhI jAtI hai tAki rAste meM choTe-choTe kIr3e na kucala jAe~. cUMki jIvita rahane ke lie kucha-na-kucha khAnA-pInA Avazyaka hai, ataH yaha jAnate hue ki 'vanaspati' meM bhI jIva hotA hai, jaina loga AhAra ke lie kucha (sabhI nahIM) aisI vanaspatiyoM kA upayoga karate haiM jinheM prApta karane meM jIvahatyA kI saMbhAvanA kama rahatI hai. jaina logoM ko isa bAta kA gaurava hai ki bhArata meM sabase pahalA pazu-aspatAla unhoMne hI kholA thA. mahAvIra ke siddhAntoM meM ahiMsA pramukha hai. vastuta: ahiMsA hI jainadharma kI rIr3ha hai, jhUTha, corI, kuzIla, parigraha-ina cAra bAtoM se bacanA ahiMsA ke bAda mukhya rUpa se mAnA jAtA hai. ye sabhI bAteM aisI haiM jo koI bhI vyakti AsAnI se pAlana kara sakatA hai, para mahAvIra kA Agraha thA ki saMsAra meM rahate hue ina bAtoM se bace rahanA muzkila hai. ataH unakA mata thA ki zIghrAtizIghra isa saMsAra se vairAgya lekara sAdhu-saMnyAsI kA jIvana bitAnA cAhie. jana-sAdhAraNa kI apekSA jaina sAdhu ke jIvana-nirvAha ke niyama aura bhI kaThina haiM. ve apane sAtha na to kisI prakAra kA dhana yA sAmAna Adi rakhate haiM aura na kabhI kisI eka makAna meM hI rahate haiM. yadyapi vyAvahArika jIvana meM sabhI jaina vastra pahinate haiM para siddhAntataH unameM 'digambara' nAmaka eka sampradAya hai jo sAdhuoM ke nirvastra rahane para jora detA hai. unakI mUrtiyA~ bhI nagna rahatI haiM. isa prakAra socane-samajhane aura kArya karane kI preraNA mahAvIra ko kahA~ se milI ? isa saMbaMdha meM maiM kucha bhI nahIM kaha sakatA. vidvAnoM meM bhI isa saMbaMdha meM matabheda hai. lekina hameM isase koI sarokAra nahIM. mukhya bAta yahI hai ki Aja se JainEd.SH minary.org

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-0-0---0-0-0--0--0--0-0 mahendra rAjA : videzI lekhakoM kI dRSTi meM jainadharma aura mahAvIra : 277 karIba do hajAra varSa se bhI adhika samaya pahale eka ucca kSatriya vaMza ke rAjakumAra ne sAdhAraNa jana kI bhAMti rahakara janasAdhAraNa ko itanA adhika prabhAvita kiyA aura unheM aisA naitika upadeza diyA ki unake bAda se aba taka vaha upadeza amiTa rahA hai. saMsAra ke sabhI dharmoM meM mahAvIra ke siddhAnta kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM vidyamAna haiM. jisa vyakti ne 'AtmA' kA mahattva batalAyA, sarala aura sAde jIvana para jora diyA, jisane pazu-pakSiyoM ko bhI mAnava ke samakakSa rakhA tathA yaha batalAyA ki ve bhI mAnava ke samAna sukha-dukha kA anubhava karate haiM, use hama sarvocca sammAna va zraddhA nahIM deM to phira aura kise degeM ? eka ora jahA~ zrI pAika ne jainadharma evaM mahAvIra kI prazaMsA meM itanA adhika likhA hai, tathA baccoM ke lie likhI gaI ukta pustaka meM jainadharma kI bahuta prazaMsA kI hai, to dUsarI ora amerikA meM prakAzita kAleja stara kI eka pAThya pustaka meM kevala kucha hI pairAgrAphoM meM jainadharma ko calatA kara diyA gayA hai. isa pustaka ke lekhaka haiM zrI jArja e. bArTana aura pustaka kA nAma hai 'dI rilijiyansa Apha dI varlDa'. zrI bArTana likhate haiM-bauddhadharma ke samAna hI jainadharma bhI brAhmaNa dharma ke virodha meM eka AMdolana ke rUpa meM prAraMbha huA. jahA~ taka IzvaroM kA prazna hai, mahAvIra gautama se bhI bar3ha gae. gautama IzvaroM kA astitva mAnate the lekina unakI pUjA ke himAyatI nahIM the. mahAvIra IzvaroM ko mAnate hI nahIM the para gautama ke samAna punarjanma evaM karma ke siddhAnta ko unhoMne mAnA. jainadharma ke 5 mukhya (AcArasaMbaMdhI) siddhAnta haiM, jinake AdhAra para usake anuyAyiyoM ko hiMsA, jhUTha, corI, kuzIla, parigraha se bacAne kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai. yadyapi bauddhadharma meM bhI kucha isI prakAra ke 5 niyama haiM, para yaha kahanA galata hogA ki jaina dharma ne unheM bauddhadharma se liyA yA bauddhadharma ne jainadharma se. prasiddha lekhaka jaikobI ke matAnusAra isa bAta kI saMbhAvanA adhika hai ki donoM para hindU dharma kA prabhAva par3A. jaina loga ahiMsA ke siddhAnta ko itanA adhika Age mAnate haiM ki ve (manuSyetara) jIvahatyA ko bhI bahuta hI bar3A mAnate haiM. zAyada yahI kAraNa hai ki bhArata ke pratyeka grAma aura nagara meM, jahA~ jainiyoM kI kucha bastI hai, koI na koI pazucikitsAlaya Avazya hai. I0 DablyU. hopakinsa to jaina dharma ko dharma hI nahIM mAnate. unakA kahanA hai ki jo dharma Izvara ke astitva meM vizvAsa nahIM karatA varana mAnavapUjA kA himAyatI hai, use jIvita rahane kA koI adhikAra nahIM. "ensAiklopIDiyA amerikAnA"4 meM jaina dharma ko bhArata ke bahuta se dharmoM meM se eka mAnate hue lekhaka kA mata hai ki kevala ahiMsA ke kAraNa hI jaina dharma kA janma va vikAsa huA. mukhya brAhmaNoM kI baliprathA ke virodha meM janme isa dharma ne logoM ko zIghra hI AkarSita kiyA aura isI kA pariNAma hai ki bhArata meM adhikAMza pazucikitsAlaya jainadharmAvalambiyoM dvArA khulavAe gae haiM. jaina mandiroM kI prazaMsA meM lekhaka ne likhA hai ki ve atyanta sUndara cittAkarSaka, bhavya evaM vAstukalA kI dRSTi se uccakoTi ke hote haiM. jainiyoM kI apanI svatantra vAstu kalA hai. "ensAIklopIDiyA briTAnikA"5 meM lekhaka ne jainiyoM ko bhArata kA eka mahattvapUrNa sampradAya mAnA hai. apanI saMpannatA ke kAraNa jaina loga apanI saMkhyA kI apekSA adhika prabhAvazAlI haiM. "briTAnikA' ke lekhaka ko yaha mAnane meM koI Apatti nahIM ki jainadharma bauddhadharma kI apekSA kucha purAnA hai. anya 1. Barton, George A. : The Religions of the world. (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1919). 2nd edition. 2. Jacobi, H. in "Sacred Books of the East. Vol. xxii 3. Hopkins E. W. Religions of India (Bostan,1895). 4. Encyclopedia Americana. vol Xv, 1958 edition. 5. Encyclopedia Brittanica. vol. XII 1961. edition. MAHABALILAALAALIYA PRIDHIANALANDA AAAAN wwwwwwy wwwwway www Isiolo i oloill 10101010101010 MAITRINITIN ololololololol

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------------ ----- 278 : muni zrIhajArImala smRti-grantha : dvitIya adhyAya lekhakoM ke samAna isa lekha kA lekhaka bhI yaha mAnatA hai ki pahale ke 22 tIrthaMkara bhale hI paurANika caritra hoM, para pArzvanAtha evaM mahAvIra vAstavika vyakti the. pahale 22 tIrthakara kahA~ taka aitihAsika haiM, yaha vivAda kA viSaya hai. zvetAmbara-digambara vivAda para kucha vicAra karate hue tathA tatsaMbaMdhI aitihAsika tathyoM kI puSTi apuSTi para apanA mata vyakta karate hue lekhaka ne jaina sAhitya kI alabhyatA para kheda prakaTa kiyA hai. lekhaka kA mata hai ki jaina sAhitya pracura mAtrA meM astitva meM hai, para usakA adhikAMza abhI taka aprakAzita hai tathA AlamAriyoM meM banda hai. isI kAraNa janasAdhAraNa ko isa saMbaMdha meM adhika jAnakArI nahIM ho sakI. lekhaka kA mata hai ki jaina vAstukalA, vizeSakara mandiranimaNikalA kI apanI alaga zailI hai. isa kalA meM jainiyoM se Age bar3hanA anya kisI ke lie kaThina hai. yadyapi kucha jaina guphA mandiroM evaM stUpoM para bauddha-zailI kA prabhAva hai para pattharoM para khudAI kI kalA ko unhone carama sImA para pahu~cAyA thA jisa para aba taka anya koI nahIM pahu~ca sakA hai. eka choTe se lekha meM yaha saMbhava nahIM ki aMgrejI meM prApta pratyeka aise grantha kA saMdarbha diyA jA sake jisameM jaina dharma yA mahAvIra saMbaMdhI kucha carcA ho. pAThakoM kI suvidhA ke lie isa lekha ke anta meM kucha aise mahattvapUrNa prakAzanoM kA vivaraNa diyA gayA hai jinameM jaina dharma sambandhI carcA vistAra se kI gaI hai. icchuka vyaktiyoM ko unheM dekhane kA prayatna karanA cAhie. yahA~ upasaMhAra ke rUpa meM maiM amerikA meM prakAzita eka bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa graMtha "dI ArkiyolAjI Apha varlDa rilIjiyansa''' kA ullekha karane kA moha saMvaraNa nahIM kara pA rahA hU~. isa pustaka meM karIba 60 pRSThoM meM jaina dharma evaM mahAvIra sambandhI vivaraNa tathA viSaya se sambandhita karIba 20 citra diye gae haiM. abhI taka mujhe jaina dharma sambandhI jitane bhI graMtha dekhane ko mile haiM, unameM sabase adhika vistRta evaM spaSTa vivaraNa isI graMtha meM dekhane ko milA hai. vidvAn lekhaka ne jaina dharma sambandhI prAyaH pratyeka prazna para jaina dhArmika graMthoM ke AdhAra para vicAra kiyA hai. jaina dharma ke 24 saMsthApaka, vipula jaina sAhitya, sabhI tIrthaMkaroM kA varNa, cihna, Ayu, UMcAI, kAla tathA eka dUsare ke bIca kI avadhi kA ullekha karate hue niSkarSa nikAlA hai ki eka ke bAda dUsare pratyeka tIrthakara kI Ayu evaM bIca kI avadhi, tathA UMcAI meM kramazaH kamI hotI gaI. prArambhika kucha tIrthaMkaroM ke sambandha meM to jaina sAhitya meM aise kalpanAtIta AMkar3e diye gae haiM jo spaSTa hI atizayokti mAne jAeMge. para lekhaka kA anumAna hai ki anya dharmoM ke devatAoM ke samAna ye bhI paurANika caritra hI haiM. antima do tIrthaMkaroM ke vivaraNa sahaja saMbhAvya mAnate hue lekhaka kA mata hai ki kevala pArzvanAtha evaM mahAvIra ko hI aitihAsika caritra mAnA jA sakatA hai. tathA unheM hI isa dharma kA saMsthApaka mAnA jAnA cAhie. yadyapi pArzvanAtha ke saMbandha meM lekhaka kA mata hai ki adhikAMza bAteM bar3hA-car3hAkara kahI gaI haiM. para vaha yaha svIkAra karatA hai ki pArzvanAtha ke jIvana kI ghaTanAe~ tatkAlIna bhAratIya sAmAjika sthiti dekhate hue satya ho sakatI haiM tathA unake saMbaMdha meM jo kucha likhA gayA hai, adhikAMza aitihAsika mAnA jA sakatA hai. isake bAda pArzvanAtha evaM mahAvIra kI janmatithi evaM kAla, jainadharma ke mUla siddhAMta, jainadharma ke AdhAra para vizvaracanA, kAlakramAnusAra vizva-vivaraNa, jIva-ajIva, puNya-pApa, Azrava Adi kA vistRta paricaya, dharma kA vizleSaNa, bhAratIya itihAsa kI pRSThabhUmi meM jainadharma kA vikAsa-pracAra, zizunAga evaM nanda kAla, mauryakAla, kuSANakAla, guptakAla tathA madhyakAla meM jainadharma ke itihAsa para alaga-alaga paricchedoM meM vicAra kiyA gayA hai. jaina dharma kA itihAsa tathA ukta sabhI kAloM meM jaina vAstu evaM citrakalA kA jitanA vizada vivaraNa isa pustaka meM diyA 1. Finegan Jack : The archeology of world Religions. (Princeton, princeton university press 1952.) O 697 Jain Ed Lation Inter Duration:-DacanaLLLL Mw.jainalibudiy.org

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----- ------- mahendra rAjA : videzI lekhakoM kI dRSTi meM jainadharma aura mahAvIra : 276 gayA hai utanA anyatra milanA durlabha hai / isa pustaka ke lekhaka zrIphAinagena barkalI (kailIphoniyA) meM pesiphika skUla Apha rilIjiyana meM lekcarara haiM. kucha anya grantha jinakA ullekha lekha meM nahIM ho sakA1. Brown, W. Norman : The story of Kalka, Texts, History, Legends, and Miniature Paintings of the Svetambara Jain Hagiographical Work, The Kalkacharyakatha. (Smithsonian Institution, Freer Gallery of Art. Oriental Studies. I) 2 Smith Vincent A. : The Jain Stupa and other antiquities of Mathura . (Archeologi cal Survey of India, New Imperial Series, xx) 1901. Griffin, Lepel : Famous monuments of Central India. 1886 Macdonell, A.A. : India's past : a survey of her literatures, languages and antiquities. 1927 Brown, Noman Brown : A. descriptive and illustrated catalogue of the miniature paintings of the Jain Kalpasutra as executed in the early Western Indian style. (Smithsonian Institution, Freer Gallery of Art, Oriental studies, Vol. 2) 1934 Brown, W. Norman : Manuscript illustrations of the Uttradhyayana Sutra reproduced and described (American Oriental Series 21) 1941 Moore, George Foot : History of religions. International Theological Library 19191920