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________________ khajurAho kI kalA aura jainAcAryoM kI samanvayAtmaka evaM sahiSNu dRSTi vRtti kA vikAsa huA usakA bahuta kucha zreya jainAcAryoM ko bhI hai / pabliziMga hAusa, naI dillI, 1962. sandarbha grantha mugala samrAToM kI dhArmika nIti, ku0 nInA jaina, kAzInAtha sarApha, vijayadharma sUri, samAdhi mandira, zivapurI, 1991. maNidhArI zrI jinacandra sUri abhinandana grantha, agaracanda nAhaTA va bhaMvara lAla nAhaTA, maNidhArI jinacandra sUri aSTama zatAbdI samAroha samiti, dillI, san 1971. akabara dI greTa vi0e0 smitha, oNksaphorDa aiTa dI kleraNDana presa 1 1919. guptakAla ke prArambha se pravRttimAga brAhmaNa paramparA kA punaH abhyudaya ho rahA thaa| jana-sAdhAraNa tapa tyAga pradhAna nIrasa vairAgyavAdI paramparA se vimukha ho rahA thA, use eka aise dharma kI talAza thI jo usakI mano-daihika eSaNAoM kI pUrti ke sAtha mukti kA koI mArga prazasta kara sake / manuSya kI isI AkAMkSA ko pUrti ke lie hindUdharma meM vaiSNava zaiva, zAkta aura kaula sampradArthoM kA tathA bauddha dharma meM vajrayAna sampradAya kA udaya huA / inhoMne tapa tyAga pradhAna vairAgyavAdI pravRttiyoM ko nakArA aura phalataH jana sAdharaNa ke AkarSaNa ke kendra bane / nivRttimArgI zramaNa paramparAoM ke lie aba astitva kA saMkaTa upasthita ho gayA thaa| unake lie do hI vikalpa zeSa the yA to ve tapa-tyAga ke kaThora nivRttimArgI AdarzoM se nIce utarakara yuga kI mA~ga ke sAtha koI sAmaMjasya sthApita kareM yA phira unake virodha meM khar3e hokara apane astitva ko hI nAmazeSa hone deN| bauddhoM kA hInayAna sampradAya, jainoM kA yApanIya sampradAya, AjIvaka Adi dUsare kucha anya zramaNa sampradAya apane kaThora nivRttimArgI AdarzoM se samajhautA na karane ke kAraNa nAmazeSa ho gaye / bauddhoM kA dUsarA varga jo mahAyAna ke rAste yAtrA karatA huA vajrayAna ke rUpa meM vikasita huA thA, yadyapi yugIna paristhitiyoM se samajhautA aura samanvaya kara rahA thA, kintu vaha yuga ke pravAha ke sAtha itanA baha gayA ki vaha vAma mArga meM aura usameM upAsya bheda ke atirikta anya koI bheda nahIM raha gayA thaa| isa kAraNa eka ora usane apanI svatantra pahacAna kho dI tathA dUsarI ora vAsanA kI pUrti ke paMka meM AkaNTha DUba jAne se jana sAdhAraNa kI zraddhA se bhI vaMcita ho gayA aura antataH apanA astitva nahIM bacA sakA / dI rilIjiyasa paoNlisI oNfa dI mug2ala empararsa zrI rAma zarmA eziyA siTI, saMvat 2438. 3 " khajurAho kI kalA aura jainAcAryoM kI samanvayAtmaka evaM sahiSNu dRSTi khajurAho kI mandira evaM mUrtikalA ko jainoM kA pradeya kyA hai? isa carcA ke pUrva hameM usa yuga kI paristhitiyoM kA Akalana kara lenA hogaa| khajurAho ke mandiroM kA nirmANakAla IsvI san kI navIM zatI ke uttarArdha se bArahavIM zatI ke pUrvArdha ke madhya hai| yaha kAlAvadhi eka / ora jaina sAhitya aura kalA ke vikAsa kA svarNayuga hai kintu dUsarI ora yaha jainoM ke astitva ke lie saMkaTa kA kAla bhI hai| jainAcAryoM ne ina paristhitiyoM meM buddhimattA se kAma liyA, unhoMne yugIna paristhitiyoM se eka aisA sAmaMjasya sthApita kiyA, jisake kAraNa unakI svatantra pahacAna bhI banI rahI aura bhAratIya saMskRti kI usa yuga kI mukhya dhArA se unakA virodha bhI nahIM rhaa| unhoMne apane vItarAgatA evaM nivRtti ke Adarza ko surakSita rakhate hue bhI hindU deva maNDala ke aneka devI-devatAoM ko, unakI upAsanA paddhati aura karmakANDa ko, yahA~ taka ki tantra ko bhI apanI paramparA ke anurUpa rUpAntarita karake svIkRta kara liyaa| mAtra yahI nahIM hindU samAja vyavasthA ke varNAzrama siddhAnta aura unakI saMskAra paddhati kA bhI jainIkaraNa karake unheM AtmasAt kara liyaa| sAtha hI apanI ora se sahiSNutA aura sadbhAva kA paricaya dekara apane ko nAmazeSa hone se bacA liyaa| hama prastuta Alekha meM khajurAho ke mandira evaM mUrtikalA ke prakAza meM inhIM tathyoM ko spaSTa karane kA prayAsa kreNge| 719 dI mug2ala empAyara, AzIrvAdIlAla zrIvAstava, zivalAla eNDa kampanI, AgarA, 1967. sUrIzvara ane samrATa, munirAja vidyAvijaya jI, yazovijaya jaina granthamAlA, bhAvanagara, saM0 1979. jagadguru hIra, mumukSu bhavyAnanda, vijayazrI jJAna mandira, ghANerAva, mAravAr3a, saMvat 2008 jaina zAsana dIpAvalI no khAsa aMka, hIravijaya sUri aura dI jainsa aiTa dI korTa oNpha akabara, cimanalAla DAhyAbhAI, harSacanda bhUrAbhAI, banArasa khajurAho ke hindU aura jaina paramparA ke mandiroM kA nirmANa samakAlIna hai, yaha isa tathya kA dyotaka hai ki donoM paramparAoM meM kisI sImA taka sadbhAva aura saha-astitva kI bhAvanA thI kintu jaina mandira / samUha kA hindU mandira samUha se paryApta dUrI para honA, isa tathya kA sUcaka hai ki jaina mandiroM ke lie sthala cayana meM jainAcAryoM ne buddhimattA aura dUradRSTi kA paricaya diyA tAki saMgharSa kI sthiti ko TAlA jA ske| jJAtavya hai ki khajurAho kA jaina mandira samUha hindU mandira samUha se lagabhaga 2 kilomITara kI dUrI para sthita hai / yaha satya hai ki mandira nirmANa meM donoM paramparAoM meM eka sAtvika pratispardhA kI bhAvanA bhI rahI tabhI to donoM paramparAoM meM kalA ke utkRSTa namUne sAkAra ho sake kintu jainAcArya isa sambandha meM sajaga the ki saMgharSa kA koI avasara nahIM diyA jAye kyoMki jahA~ hindU mandiroM kA nirmANa rAjyAzraya se ho rahA thA, vahA~ jaina mandiroM kA nirmANa vaNik varga kara rahA thaa| ataH itanI sajagatA Avazyaka thI ki rAjakIya koSa evaM bahujana samAja ke saMgharSa ke avasara alpatama hoM aura yaha tabhI sambhava thA jaba donoM ke nirmANasthala paryApta dUrI para sthita hoM / .
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________________ 720 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 mandira evaM mUrtikalA kI dRSTi se donoM paramparAoM ke mandiroM ke zatAbdiyoM pUrva hI jaina deva maNDala kA aMga banA liyA gayA thaa| meM paryApta samAnatA hai kintu isakA yaha artha nahIM hai ki jainoM ne apanI rAma, lakSmaNa, kRSNa, balarAma Adi vAsudeva aura baladeva ke rUpa meM paramparA ke vaiziSTya kI pUrNa upekSA kI hai / samanvayazIlatA ke prayatnoM zalAkA puruSa tathA sarasvatI, kAlI, mahAkAlI Adi 16 vidyA-deviyoM ke bAvajUda unhoMne apane vaiziSTya aura asmitA ko khoyA nahIM hai| ke rUpa meM athavA jinoM kI yakSiyoM ke rUpa meM mAnya ho cukI thIM, isI khajurAho ke mandira jisa kAla meM nirmita hue taba vAmamArga aura tantra kA prakAra navagraha, aSTadikpAla, indra Adi bhI jainoM ke deva maNDala meM pUrA prabhAva thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki khajurAho ke mandiroM meM kAmuka aMkana pratiSThita ho cuke the aura inakI pUjA-kI upAsanA bhI hone lagI thii| pUrI svatantratA ke sAtha pradarzita kiye gaye, prAkRtika aura aprAkRtika phira bhI jainAcAryoM kI viziSTatA yaha rahI ki unhoMne vItarAga kI zreSThatA maithuna ke aneka dRzya khajurAho ke mandiroM meM utkIrNa haiM / yadyapi jaina aura garimA ko yathAvata surakSita rakhA aura inheM jinazAsana ke sahAyaka mandiroM kI bAhya bhittiyoM para bhI aise kucha aMkana haiM kintu unakI mAtrA devI-devatA ke rUpa meM hI svIkAra kiyA / hindU mandiroM kI apekSA atyalpa hai / isakA artha hai ki jainadharmAnuyAyI khujarAho ke mandira evaM mUrtiyoM ke sambandha meM yadi hama isa sambandha meM paryApta sajaga rahe hoMge ki kAmavAsanA kA yaha uddAma aMkana tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra kareM to merI jAnakArI ke anusAra yahA~ ke unake nivRttimArgI dRSTikoNa ke sAtha saMgati nahIM rakhatA hai / isalie kisI bhI hindU mandira meM jina pratimA kA koI bhI aMkana upalabdha nahIM unhoMne aise dRzyoM ke aMkana kI khulI chUTa nahIM dii| khajurAho ke jaina hotA hai, jabaki jaina mandiroM meM na kevala una devI-devatAoM kA jo jaina mandiroM meM kAmukatA ke azlIla aMkana ke do-cAra phalaka milate haiN| devamaNDala ke sadasya mAna liye gaye haiM, apitu isake atirikta bhI hindU unake sambandha meM do hI vikalpa ho sakate haiM yA to ve jainAcAryoM kI dRSTi devI-devatAoM ke aMkana haiM-- yaha jainAcAryoM kI udAra dRSTi kA paricAyaka se ojhala rahe yA phira unheM usa tAntrika mAnyatA ke AdhAra para svIkAra hai| jabaki hindU mandiroM meM dazAvatAra ke kucha phalakoM meM yuddha ke aMkana kara liyA gayA ki aise aMkanoM ke hone para mandira para bijalI nahIM giratI ke atirikta jaina aura bauddha deva maNDala athavA jina aura buddha ke aMkana hai aura vaha surakSita rahatA hai| kyoMki khajurAho ke atirikta dakSiNa ke kA abhAva kisI anya sthiti kA sUcaka hai / maiM vidvAnoM kA dhyAna isa kucha digambara jaina mandiroM meM aura rAjasthAna ke tAraMgA aura rANakapura ke ora avazya AkarSita kanA cAhU~gA ki ve yaha dekheM ki yaha samanvaya yA zve. jaina mandiroM meM aise aMkana pAye jAte haiM / jahA~ taka kAma sambandhI sahiSNutA kI bAta khajurAho ke mandira aura mUrtikalA kI dRSTi se eka azlIla aMkanoM kA prazna hai isa sambandha meM jaina AcAryoM ne yuga kI pakSIya hai yA ubhayapakSIya hai| mA~ga ke sAtha sAmaMjasya sthApita karake use svIkRta pradAna kara dI thii| isI praMsaga meM khajurAho ke hindU mandiroM meM digambara jaina zramaNoM jina mandira kI bAhya bhittiyoM para zAlabhaMjikAoM (apsarAoM) ke aura kA jo aMkana hai vaha bhI punarvicAra kI apekSA rakhatA hai| DaoN0 lakSmIkAMta vyAloM ke utkIrNa hone kI sUcanA jainAgama rAjapraznIya meM bhI upalabdha tripAThI ne 'bhAratI' varSa 1959-60 ke aMka 3 meM apane lekha "The hai | isakA tAtparya hai ki khajurAho meM utkIrNa apsarA mUrtiyA~ jaina Agama Erotic Scenes of Khajuraho and theirProbable explasammata haiM / AcArya jinasena ne isake eka zatAbdI pUrva hI rati aura nation" meM isa sambandha meM bhI eka prazna upasthita kiyA hai| khajurAho kAmadeva kA mUrtiyoM ke aMkana evaM mandira kI bAhya bhittiyoM ko AkarSaka jagadambI mandira meM eka digambara jaina zramaNa ko do kAmuka striyoM se ghirA banAne kI svIkRti de dI thii| unhoMne kahA thA ki mandira kI bAhya bhittiyoM huA dikhAyA gayA hai| lakSmaNa mandira ke dakSiNa bhitti meM digambara jaina ko vezyA ke samAna honA cAhie / jisa prakAra vezyA meM logoM ko zramaNa ko pazupAzaka mudrA meM eka strI se sambhogarata batAyA gayA, mAtra AkarSita karane kI sAmarthya hotI hai, usI prakAra mandiroM kI bAhya bhittiyoM yahI nahIM usakI pAda-pITha para "zrI sAdhu nandikSapaNaka" aisA lekha bhI meM bhI jana-sAdhAraNa ko apanI ora AkarSita karane kI sAmarthya honA utkIrNa hai| isI prakAra jagadambI mandira kI dakSiNa bhitti para kSapaNaka caahiye| jana-sAdharaNa ko apanI ora AkarSita karane ke lie aise (digambara jaina muni) ko utthiga-liMga dikhAyA gayA hai, usake samakSa khar3A aMkanoM kI svIkRti unake yugabodha aura sAmaMjasya kI dRSTi kA hI huA bhAgavata saMnyAsI eka hAtha se usakA liMga pakar3e hue hai, dUsarA pariNAma thaa| yadyapi yaha bhI satya hai ki azlIla kAmuka aMkanoM ke hAtha mArane kI mudrA meM hai, jabaki kSapaNaka hAtha jor3e hue khar3A hai / prazna " prati jainoM kA rUkha anudAra hI rahA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki aise kucha phalakoM yaha hai ki isa prakAra ke anya aMkanoM kA uddezya kyA thA? DaoN0 tripAThI ko naSTa karane kA prayatna bhI kiyA gayA hai| ne ise jaina zramaNoM kI viSaya-lampaTatA aura samAja meM unake prati Akroza jainAcAryoM kI sahiSNu aura samanvayavAdI dRSTi kA dUsarA kI bhAvanA mAnA hai| unake zabdoM meM "The Penis erectus of the udAharaNa khajurAho ke jaina mandiroM meM hindU devamaNDala ke aneka devI- Kshapanakais suggestiveofhis licentious character and devatAoM kA aMkana hai| ina mandiroM meM rAma, kRSNa, balarAma, viSNu tathA lack of control over senses which appears to have been sarasvatI. lakSmI, kAlI, mahAkAlI. jvAlAmAlinI Adi deviyA~. aSTa in the rootof all these Conflicts and opposition" (Bharti, . dikpAla, navagraha Adi ko pracUratA se utkIrNa kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi 1959-60 No. 3, Page 100) yaha jJAtavya hai ki inameM se anekoM ko khajurAho ke mandiroM ke nirmANa kintu maiM yahA~ DaoN0 tripAThI ke niSkarSa se sahamata nahIM huuN| merI
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________________ khajurAho kI kalA aura jainAcAryoM kI samanvayAtmaka evaM sahiSNu dRSTi 721 dRSTi meM isakA uddezya jaina zramaNoM kI samAja meM jo pratiSThA thI use nIce samIkSA bhI kI hai, kintu, isake bAvajUda khajurAho ke jaina mandiroM meM girAnA thaa| pro0 tripAThI ne jaina zramaNoM kI viSya-lampaTatA ke apane hindU devamaNDala ke aneka devoM kA sapatnIka aMkana kyA jainAcAryoM kI niSkarSa kI puSTi ke lie "prabodhacandrodaya" kA sAkSya bhI prastuta kiyA udAra bhAvanA kA paricAyaka nahIM mAnA jA sakatA ? jisameM jaina kSapaNaka (muni) ke mukha se yaha kahalavAyA hai vastuta: sAmanyatayA jaina zramaNa na to AcAra meM itane patita dUra caraNa praNAmaH kRtasatkAraM bhojanaM ca miSTam / the jaisA ki unheM aMkita kiyA gayA hai aura na ve asahiSNa hI the| yadi IrSyAmalaM na kArya RSiNAM dArAn ramaNamANAnAm / / 4 ve cAritrika dRSTi se itane patita hote to phira vAsavacandra mahArAjA dhaMga arthAt, RSiyoM kI dUra se caraNa vaMdanA karanI cAhie, unheM sammAna pUrvaka kI dRSTi meM sammAnita kaise hote ? khajurAho ke abhilekha unake janamiSTa bhojana karavAnA cAhie aura yadi ve strI se ramaNa bhI kareM to bhI samAja para vyApaka prabhAva ko sUcita karate haiN| koI bhI viSaya lampaTa IrSyA nahIM karanA caahie| zramaNa jana-sAdhAraNa kI zraddhA kA kendra nahIM bana sakatA hai / yadi jaina pro0 tripAThI kA yaha pramANa isalie lacara ho jAtA hai ki yaha zramaNa bhI viSaya-lampaTatA meM vajrayAnI bauddha zramaNoM evaM kApalikoM kA bhI virodhI pakSa ne hI prastuta kiyA hai / prabodhacandrodaya nATaka kA mukhya anusaraNa karate to kAlAntara meM nAma zeSa ho jaate| jaina zramaNoM para samAja uddezya hI jaina-bauddha zramaNoM ko patita tathA kApalika (kaula) mata kI kA pUrA niyantraNa rahatA thA / duzcaritra zramaNoM ko saMgha se bahiSkRta karane ora AkarSita hotA dikhAnA hai / vastuta: ye samasta prayAsa jaina zramaNoM kA vidhAna thA, jo vartamAna meM bhI yathAvat hai / khajurAho ke jagadambI kI sAmAjika pratiSThA ko Thesa pahuMcAne ke nimitta hI the| yaha satya hai Adi mandiroM meM jaina zramaNoM kA jo citraNa hai vaha mAtra IrSyAvaza unake ki isa yuga meM jaina zramaNa apane nivRttimArgI kaThora saMyama aura deha titIkSA caritra-hanana kA prayAsa thA / yadyapi hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki ke ucca Adarza se nIce utare the| saMgha rakSA ke nimitta ve vanavAsI se ye aMkana sAmAnya hindU paramparA ke jainoM ke prati anudAra dRSTikoNa ke caityavAsI (maThavAsI) bane the| tantra ke bar3hate hue prabhAva se jana-sAdhAraNa paricAyaka nahIM haiM / kyoMki sAmAnya hindU samAja jainoM ke prati sadaiva hI jainadharma se vimukha na ho jAye -- isalie unhoMne bhI tantra cikitsA evaM udAra aura sahiSNu rahA hai| yadi sAmAnya hindU samAja jainoM ke prati anudAra lalita kalAoM ko apanI paramparA ke anurUpa DhAla kara svIkAra kara hotA to unakA astitva samApta ho gayA hotaa| yaha anadAra dRSTi kevala liyA thaa| kintu vaiyaktika apavAdoM ko chor3akara, jo hara yuga aura hara kauloM aura kApalikoM kI hI thI, kyoMki inake liye jaina zramaNoM kI sampradAya meM rahe haiM, unhoMne vAmamArgI AcAra-vidhi ko kabhI mAnyatA nahIM caritraniSThA IrSyA kA viSaya thI / aitihAsika AdhAroM para bhI kauloM aura dI / jaina zramaNa paramparA vAsanApUrti kI svachandatA ke usa stara para kabhI kApalikoM ke asahiSNu aura anudAra hone ke aneka pramANa hameM upalabdha nahIM utarI, jaisA ki khajurAho ke mandiroM meM use aMkita kiyA gayA hai| hote hai| ina donoM paramparAoM kA prabhAva khajurAho kI kalA para dekhA jAtA vastuta: isa prakAra ke aMkanoM kA kAraNa jaina zramaNoM kA cAritrika patana hai| jaina zramaNoM ke sandarbha meM ye aMkana isI prabhAva ke paricAyaka haiN| nahIM hai, apitu dhArmika vidveSa aura asahiSNutA kI bhAvanA hai / svayaM sAmAnya hindU paramparA aura jaina paramparA meM sambandha madhura aura sauhArdapUrNa pro0 tripAThI isa tathya ko svIkAra karate hue likhate haiM - hI the| The existence of these temples of different faiths puna: jagadambI mandira ke usa phalaka kI jisameM kSapaNaka apane at one site has generally,upto now, been taken indicative of virodhI ke Akroza kI sthiti meM bhI hAtha jor3e hue haiM, vyAkhyA jaina zramaNa an atmosphere of religious toleration and amity enabling kI sahanazIlatA aura sahiSNutA ke rUpa meM bhI kI jA sakatI hai| anekAMta peaceful co-existence. This long established notion in the aura ahiMsA ke pariveza meM pale jaina zramaNoM ke lie samanvayazIlatA aura light of proposed interpretation of erotic secnes requires sahiSNutA ke saMskAra svAbhAvika haiM aura inakA prabhAva khajurAho ke jaina modification. There are even certain sculptures on the mandiroM kI kalA para spaSTa rUpa dekhA jAtA hai| temples of khajuraho, which clearly reveal the existence of sandarbha religious rivalary and conflict at the time (Ibid, p.99-100) 1. dAraceDIo ya sAlabhaMjiyAo ya bAlarUvae ya lomahatyeNaM pamajjaI kintu vicAraNIya prazna yaha hai ki kyA isa prakAra ke vidveSa - rAjapraznIya (madhukaramuni), 200 pUrNa aMkana jaina mandiroM meM hindU saMnyAsiyoM ke prati bhI haiM ? jahA~ taka 2. harivaMzapurANa, 29/2-5 merA jJAna hai khajurAho ke jaina mandiroM meM eka apavAda ko chor3akara prAyaH 3. (a) AdipurANa, 6/181 aise aMkanoM kA abhAva hai aura yadi aisA hai to vaha jainAcAryoM kI udAra (ba) khajurAho ke jaina mandiroM kI mUrtikalA, ratneza varmA, pR. 56 se 62 aura sahiSNa dRSTi kA hI paricAyaka hai| yadyapi yaha satya hai ki isI 4. prabodhacandrodaya, aMka 3/6 yuga ke katipaya jainAcAryoM ne dharma-parIkSA jaise granthoM ke mAdhyama se 5. (a) puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 26 sapatnIka sarAga devoM para vyaMgya prastuta kiye haiM aura deva mUr3hatA, gurU mUr3hatA (ba) dhUrtAkhyAna, haribhadra aura dharma mUr3hatA ke rUpa meM hindU paramparA meM pracalita andhavizvAsoM kI (sa) yazastilakacampU (hanDikI), pR. 249-253