Page #1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ khajurAho kI kalA aura jainAcAryoM kI samanvayAtmaka evaM sahiSNu dRSTi - DaoN. sAgaramala jaina khajurAho kI mandira evaM mUrtikalA ko jainoM kA pradeya kyA hai ? isa carcA ke pUrva hameM usa yuga kI paristhitiyoM kA Akalana kara lenA hogaa| khajurAho ke mandiroM kA nirmANakAla IsvI san kI navIM zatI ke uttarArdha se bArahavIM zatI ke pUrvArdha ke madhya hai| yaha kAlAvadhi eka ora jaina sAhitya aura kalA ke vikAsa kA svarNayuga hai, kintu dUsarI ora yaha jainoM ke astitva ke lie saMkaTa kA kAla bhI hai| guptakAla ke prArambha se pravRttimArgI brAhamaNa paramparA kA punaH abhyudaya ho rahA thaa| jana-sAdhAraNa tapa-tyAga pradhAna nIrasa vairAgyavAdI paramparA se vimukha ho rahA thA, use eka aise dharma kI talAza thI jo usakI mano-daihika eSaNAoM kI pUrti ke sAtha mukti kA koI mArga prazasta kara ske| manuSya kI isI AkAMkSA kI pUrti ke lie hindUdharma meM vaiSNava, zaiva, zAkta aura kaula sampradAyoM kA tathA bauddha dharma meM vajrayAna sampradAya kA udaya huA / inhoMne tapa-tyAga pradhAna vairAgyavAdI pravRttiyoM ko nakArA aura phalataH jana-sAdhAraNa ke AkarSaNa ke kendra bne| nivRttimArgI zramaNa paramparAoM ke lie aba astitva kA saMkaTa upasthita ho gayA thaa| unake lie do hI vikalpa zeSa the yA to ve tapa-tyAga ke kaThora nivRttimArgI AdarzoM se nIce utarakara yuga kI mAMga ke sAtha koI sAmaMjasya sthApita kareM yA phira unake virodha meM khar3e hokara apane astitva ko hI nAmazeSa hone deN| bauddhoM kA hInayAna sampradAya, jainoM kA yApanIya sampradAya, AjIkka Adi dUsare kucha anya zramaNa sampradAya apane kaThora nivRttimArgI AdarzoM se samajhautA na karane ke kAraNa nAmazeSa ho gye| bauddhoM kA dUsarA varga jo mahAyAna ke rAste yAtrA karatA huA vajrayAna ke rUpa meM vikasita huA thA, yadyapi yugIna paristhitiyoM se samajhautA aura samanvaya kara rahA thA, kintu vaha yuga ke pravAha ke sAtha itanA baha gayA ki vAma mArga meM aura usameM upAsya bheda ke atirikta anya koI bheda nahIM raha gayA thaa| isa kAraNa eka ora usane apanI svatantra pahacAna kho dI tathA dUsarI ora vAsanA kI pUrti ke paMka meM AkaNTha DUba jAne se jana-sAdhAraNa kI zraddhA se bhI vaMcita ho gayA aura antataH apanA astitva nahIM bacA skaa| jainAcAryoM ne ina paristhitiyoM meM buddhimattA se kAma liyA, unhoMne yugIna paristhitiyoM se eka aisA sAmaMjasya sthApita kiyA, jisake kAraNa unakI svatantra pahacAna bhI banI rahI aura
Page #2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ 174 khajurAho kI kalA bhAratIya saMskRti kI usa yuga kI mukhya dhArA se unakA virodha bhI nahIM rhaa| unhoMne apane vItarAgatA evaM nivRtti ke Adarza ko surakSita rakhate hue bhI hindU deva maNDala ke aneka devI-devatAoM ko, unakI upAsanA paddhati aura karmakANDa ko, yahA~ taka ki tantra ko bhI apanI paramparA ke anurUpa rUpAntarita karake svIkRta kara liyaa| mAtra yahI nahIM hindU samAja vyavasthA ke varNAzrama siddhAnta aura unakI saMskAra paddhati kA bhI jainIkaraNa karake unheM AtmasAt kara liyaa| sAtha hI apanI ora se sahiSNutA aura sadbhAva kA paricaya dekara apane ko nAma zeSa hone se bacA liyaa| hama prastuta Alekha meM khajurAho ke mandira evaM mUrtikalA ke prakAza meM inhIM tathyoM ko spaSTa karane kA prayAsa kreNge| khajurAho ke hindU aura jaina paramparA ke mandiroM kA nirmANa samakAlIna hai, yaha isa tathya kA dyotaka hai ki donoM paramparAoM meM kisI sImA taka sadbhAva aura saha-astitva kI bhAvanA thii| kintu jaina mandira samUha kA hindU mandira samUha se paryApta dUrI para honA, isa tathya kA sUcaka hai ki jaina mandiroM ke lie sthala-cayana meM jainAcAryoM ne buddhimattA aura dUra-dRSTi kA paricaya diyA, tAki saMgharSa kI sthiti ko TAlA jA ske| jJAtavya hai ki khajurAho kA jaina mandira samUha hindU mandira samUha se lagabhaga 2 kilomITara kI dUrI para sthita hai| yaha satya hai ki mandira nirmANa meM donoM paramparAoM meM eka sAtvika pratispardhA kI bhAvanA bhI rahI tabhI to donoM paramparAoM meM kalA ke utkRSTa namUne sAkAra ho sake, kintu jainAcArya isa sambandha meM sajaga the ki saMgharSa kA koI avasara nahIM diyA jAye kyoMki jahA~ hindu mandiroM kA nirmANa rAjyAzraya se ho rahA thA, vahA~ jaina mandiroM kA nirmANa vaNik varga kara rahA thaa| ataH itanI sajagatA Avazyaka thI ki rAjakIya koSa evaM bahujana samAja ke saMgharSa ke avasara alpatama hoM aura yaha tabhI sambhava thA jaba donoM ke nirmANasthala paryApta dUrI para sthita hoN| mandira evaM mUrtikalA kI dRSTi se donoM paramparAoM ke mandiroM meM paryApta samAnatA hai kintu isakA yaha artha nahIM hai ki jainoM ne apanI paramparA ke vaiziSTya kI pUrNa upekSA kI hai| samanvayazIlatA ke prayatnoM ke bAvajUda unhoMne apane vaiziSTya aura asmitA ko khoyA nahIM hai| khajurAho ke mandira jisa kAla meM nirmita hue taba vAmamArga aura tantra kA pUrA prabhAva thA / yahI kAraNa hai ki khajurAho ke mandiroM meM kAmuka aMkana pUrI svatantratA ke sAtha pradarzita kiye gaye, prAkRtika aura aprAkRtika maithuna ke aneka dRzya khajurAho ke mandiroM meM utkIrNa haiN| yadyapi jaina mandiroM kI bAhya bhittiyoM para bhI aise kucha aMkana hai, kintu unakI mAtrA hindU mandiroM kI apekSA atyalpa hai| isakA artha hai ki jainadharmAnuyAyI isa sambandha meM paryApta sajaga rahe hoMge ki kAmavAsanA kA yaha uddAma aMkana unake nivRttimArgI dRSTikoNa ke sAtha saMgati nahIM rakhatA hai| isalie unhoMne aise dRzyoM ke aMkana kI khulI chUTa nahIM dii| khajurAho ke jaina mandiroM meM kAmukatA ke azlIla aMkana ke jo do-cAra phalaka milate haiM unake sambandha meM do hI vikalpa ho sakate haiM yA to ve jainAcAryoM kI dRSTi se ojhala rahe yA phira unheM usa tAntrika mAnyatA ke AdhAra para svIkAra kara liyA gayA ki aise aMkanoM ke hone para mandira para bijalI nahIM giratI hai aura vaha surakSita rahatA hai| kyoMki khajurAho ke atirikta dakSiNa ke kucha digambara jaina
Page #3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ DaoN. sAgaramala jaina 175 mandiroM meM aura rAjasthAna ke tAraMgA aura rANakapura ke zve. jaina mandiroM meM aise aMkana pAye jAte haiN| jahA~ taka kAma sambandhI azlIla aMkanoM kA prazna hai isa sambandha meM jaina AcAryoM ne yuga kI mAMga ke sAtha sAmaMjasya sthApita karake use svIkRti pradAna kara dI thii| jinamandira kI bAhya bhittiyoM para zAlabhaMjikAoM (apsarAoM) ke aura vyAloM ke utkIrNa hone kI sUcanA jainAgama rAjapraznIya meM bhI upalabdha hai| isakA tAtparya hai ki khajurAho meM utkIrNa apsarA mUrtiyA~ jaina Agama sammata hai| AcArya jinasena ne isake eka zatAbdI pUrva hI rati aura kAmadeva kI mUrtiyoM ke aMkana evaM mandira kI bAhya bhittiyoM ko AkarSaka banAne kI svIkRti de dI thii| unhoMne kahA thA ki mandira kI bAhaya bhittiyoM ko vezyA ke samAna honA caahie| jisa prakAra vezyA meM logoM ko AkarSita karane kI sAmarthya hotI hai, usI prakAra mandiroM kI bAhya bhittiyoM meM bhI jana-sAdhAraNa ko apanI ora AkarSita karane kI sAmarthya honA caahiye| jana-sAdhAraNa ko apanI ora AkarSita karane ke lie aise aMkanoM kI svIkRti unake yugabodha aura sAmaMjasya kI dRSTi kA hI pariNAma thA / yadyapi yaha bhI satya hai ki azlIla kAmuka aMkanoM ke prati jainoM kA skha anudAra hI rahA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki aise kucha phalakoM ko naSTa karane kA prayatna bhI kiyA gayA hai| jainAcAryoM kI sahiSNu aura samanvayavAdI dRSTi kA dUsarA udAharaNa khajurAho ke jaina mandiroM meM hindU devamaNDala ke aneka devI-devatAoM kA aMkana hai| ina mandiroM meM rAma, kRSNa, balarAma, viSNu tathA sarasvatI, lakSmI, kAlI, mahAkAlI, jvAlAmAlinI Adi deviyA, aSTa dikpAla, navagraha Adi ko pracuratA se utkIrNa kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi yaha jJAtavya hai ki inameM se anekoM ko khajurAho ke mandiroM ke nirmANa ke zatAbdiyoM pUrva hI jaina deva maNDala kA aMga banA liyA gayA thaa| rAma, lakSmaNa, kRSNa, balarAma Adi vAsudeva aura baladeva ke rUpa meM zalAkA puruSa tathA sarasvatI, kAlI, mahAkAlI Adi 16 vidyA-deviyoM ke rUpa meM athavA jinoM kI yakSiyoM ke rUpa meM mAnya ho cukI thI, isI prakAra navagraha, aSTadikpAla, indra Adi bhI jainoM ke deva maNDala meM pratiSThita ho cuke the aura inakI pUjA aura upAsanA bhI hone lagI thii| phira bhI jainAcAryoM kI viziSTatA yaha rahI ki unhoMne vItarAma kI zreSThatA aura garimA ko yathAvata surakSita rakhA aura inheM jinazAsana ke sahAyaka devI-devatA ke rUpa meM hI svIkAra kiyaa| khajurAho ke mandira evaM mUrtiyoM ke sambandha meM yadi hama tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra kareM to merI jAnakArI ke anusAra yahA~ ke kisI bhI hindU mandira meM jina pratimA kA koI bhI aMkana upalabdha nahIM hotA hai, jabaki jaina mandiroM meM na kevala una devI-devatAoM kA, jo jaina devamaNDala ke sadasya mAna liye gaye hai, apitu isake atirikta bhI hindU devI-devatAoM ke aMkana haiM -- yaha jainAcAryoM kI udAra dRSTi kA paricAyaka hai| jabaki hindU mandiroM meM dazAvatAra ke kucha phalakoM meM yuddha ke aMkana ke atirikta jaina aura bauddha deva maNDala athavA jina aura buddha ke aMkana kA abhAva kisI anya sthiti kA sUcaka hai| mai vidvAnoM kA dhyAna isa ora avazya AkarSita karanA cAhU~gA ki ve yaha dekheM ki yaha samanvaya yA sahiSNutA kI bAta khajurAho ke mandira aura mUrtikalA kI dRSTi se eka pakSIya hai yA ubhayapakSIya hai|
Page #4
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ 176 khajurAho kI kalA isI prasaMga meM khajurAho ke hindU mandiroM meM digambara jaina zramaNoM kA jo aMkana hai vaha bhI punarvicAra kI apekSA rahatA hai| DaoN. lakSmIkAMta tripAThI ne 'bhAratI varSa 1959-60 ke aMka 3 meM apane lekha "The Erotic Scenes of Khajuraho and their Probable explanation" meM isa sambandha meM bhI eka prazna upasthita kiyA hai| khajurAho jagadambI mandira meM eka digambara jaina zramaNa ko do kAmuka striyoM se ghirA huA dikhAyA gayA hai| lakSmaNa mandira ke dakSiNa bhitti meM digambara jaina zramaNa ko pazupAzaka mudrA meM eka strI se sambhogarata batAyA gayA, mAtra yahI nahIM usakI pAda-pITha para "zrI sAdhu nandikSapaNaka" aisA lekha bhI utkIrNa hai| isI prakAra jagadambI mandira kI dakSiNa bhitti para eka kSapaNaka (digambara jaina muni) ko utthita-liMga dikhAyA gayA hai, usake samakSa khar3A huA bhAgavata saMnyAsI eka hAtha se usakA liMga pakar3e hue hai, dUsarA hAtha mArane kI mudrA meM hai, jabaki kSapaNaka hAtha jor3e hue khar3A hai| prazna yaha hai ki isa prakAra ke anya aMkanoM kA udadezya kyA thA ? DaoN. tripAThI ne ise jaina zramaNoM kI viSaya-lampaTatA aura samAja meM unake prati Akroza kI bhAvanA mAnA hai| unake zabdoM # "The Penis erectus of the Kshapanaka is suggestive of his ficentious character and lack of control over Senses which appears to have been in the root of all these conflicts and opposition" (Bharti, 1959-60 No. 3, Page 100) kintu maiM yahA~ DaoN. tripAThI ke niSkarSa se sahamata nahIM huuN| merI dRSTi meM isakA uddezya jaina zramaNoM kI samAja meM jo pratiSThA thI use nIce girAnA thaa| pro. tripAThI ne jaina zramaNoM kI viSaya-lampaTatA ke apane niSkarSa kI puSTi ke lie "prabodhacandrodaya" kA sAkSya bhI prastuta kiyA jisameM jaina kSapaNaka (muni) ke mukha se yaha kahalavAyA hai -- dUre gharaNa praNAmaH kRtasatkAraM bhojanaM ca missttm| ISyAmalaM na kArya RSiNAM dArAna rmnnmaannaanaam| arthAta RSiyoM kI dUra se caraNa vaMdanA karanI cAhie, unheM sammAna pUrvaka miSTa bhojana karavAnA cAhie aura yadi ve strI se ramaNa bhI kareM to bhI IrSyA nahIM karanI caahie| pro. tripAThI kA yaha pramANa isalie lacara ho jAtA hai ki yaha bhI virodhI pakSa ne hI prastuta kiyA hai| prabodhacandrodaya nATaka kA mukhya uddezya hI jaina-bauddha zramaNoM ko patita tathA kApAlika (kaula) mata kI ora AkarSita hotA dikhAnA hai| vastutaH ye samasta prayAsa jaina zramaNoM kI sAmAjika pratiSThA ko Thesa pahuMcAne ke nimitta hI the| yaha satya hai ki isa yuga meM jaina zramaNa apane nivRttimArgI kaThora saMyama aura deha titIkSA ke ucca Adarza se nIce utare the| saMgha rakSA ke nimitta ve vanavAsI se caityavAsI ( maThavAsI) bane the| tantra ke bar3hate hue prabhAva se jana-sAdhAraNa jainadharma se vimukha na hoM jAyeM -- isalie unhoMne bhI tantra, cikitsA evaM lalitakalAoM ko apanI paramparA ke anurUpa DhAla kara svIkAra kara liyA thaa| kintu vaiyaktika apavAdoM ko chor3akara, jo hara yuga aura hara sampradAya meM rahe hai, unhoMne vAmamArgI AcAra- vidhi ko kabhI mAnyatA nahIM dii| jaina zramaNa paramparA vAsanApUrti kI svachandatA ke
Page #5
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ DaoN. sAgaramala jaina 177 usa stara para kabhI nahIM utarI, jaisA ki khajurAho ke mandiroM meM use aMkita kiyA gayA hai| vastutaH isa prakAra ke aMkanoM kA kAraNa jaina zramaNoM kA cAritrika patana nahIM hai, apitu dhArmika vikrepa aura asahiSNutA kI bhAvanA hai| svayaM pro. tripAThI isa tathya ko svIkAra karate hue likhate haiM -- The existence of these temples of different faiths at one site has generally, upto now, been taken indicative of an atmostphere of religious toleration and amity enabling peaceful co-existence. This long e stablished notion in the light of proposed interpretation of erotic scenes requires modification. There are even certain sculptures or even certain sculptures on the temples of Khajuraho, which clearly reveal the existence of religious rivalary and conflict at the time (Ibid, p. 99-100) kintu vicAraNIya prazna yaha hai ki kyA isa prakAra ke vidveSa pUrNa akana jaina mandiroM meM hindU sanyAsiyoM ke prati bhI haiM ? jahA~ taka merA jJAna hai khajurAho ke jaina mandiroM meM eka apavAda ko chor3akara prAyaH aise aMkanoM kA abhAva hai aura yadi aisA hai to vaha jainAcAryoM kI udAra aura sahiSNu dRSTi kA hI paricAyaka hai| yadyapi yaha satya hai ki isI yuga ke katipaya jainAcAryoM ne dharma-parIkSA jaise granthoM ke mAdhyama se sapatnIka sarAga devoM para vyaMgya prastuta kiye haiM aura deva mUr3hatA, guru mUr3hatA aura dharma mUr3hatA ke rUpa meM hindU paramparA meM pracalita andhavizvAsoM kI samIkSA bhI kI hai, kintu, isake bAvajUda khajurAho ke jaina mandiroM meM hindU devamaNDala ke aneka devoM kA sapatnIka aMkana kyA jainAcAryoM kI udAra bhAvanA kA paricAyaka nahIM mAnA jA sakatA ? vastutaH sAmanyatayA jaina zramaNa na to AcAra meM itane patita the, jaisA ki unheM aMkita kiyA gayA hai aura na ve asahiSNu hI the| yadi ve cAritrika dRSTi se itane patita hote to phira vAsavacandra mahArAja dhaMga kI dRSTi meM sammAnita kaise hote ? khajurAho ke abhilekha unake jana-samAja para vyApaka prabhAva ko sUcita karate haiN| koI bhI viSaya lampaTa zramaNa jana-sAdhAraNa kI zraddhA kA kendra nahIM bana sakatA hai| yadi jaina zramaNa bhI viSaya-lampaTatA meM vajayAnI bauddha zramaNoM evaM kApAlikoM kA anusaraNa karate to kAlAntara meM nAma zeSa ho jaate| jaina zramaNoM para samAja kA pUrA niyantraNa rahatA thA aura duzcaritra zramaNoM ko saMgha se bahiSkRta karane kA vidhAna thA, jo vartamAna meM bhI yathAvat hai| khajurAho ke jagadambI Adi mandiroM meM jaina zramaNoM kA jo citraNa hai vaha mAtra IrSyAvaza unake caritra-hanana kA prayAsa thaa| yadyapi hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki ye aMkana sAmAnya hindU paramparA ke jainoM ke prati anudAra dRSTikoNa ke paricAyaka nahIM hai| kyoMki sAmAnya hindU samAja jainoM ke prati sadaiva hI udAra aura sahiSNu rahA hai| yadi sAmAnya hindU samAja jainoM ke prati anudAra hotA to unakA astitva samApta ho gayA hotaa| yaha anudAra dRSTi kevala kauloM aura kApAlikoM kI hI thI, kyoMki inake liye jaina zramaNoM kI caritraniSThA IrSyA kA viSaya thii| aitihAsika AdhAroM para bhI kauloM aura kApAlikoM ke
Page #6
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ 178 khajurAho kI kalA asahiSNu aura anudAra hone ke aneka pramANa hameM upalabdha hote haiN| ina donoM paramparAoM kA prabhAva khajurAho kI kalA para dekhA jAtA hai| jaina zramaNoM ke sandarbha meM ye aMkana isI prabhAva ke paricAyaka haiN| sAmAnya hindU paramparA aura jaina paramparA meM sambandha madhura aura sauhArdapUrNa hI the| punaH jagadambI mandira ke usa phalaka kI, jisameM kSapaNaka apane virodhI ke Akroza kI sthiti meM bhI hAtha jor3e hue haiM, vyAkhyA jaina zramaNa kI sahanazIlatA aura sahiSNutA ke rUpa meM bhI kI jA sakatI hai| anekAMta aura ahiMsA ke pariveza meM pale jaina zramaNoM ke lie samanvayazIlatA aura sahiSNutA ke saMskAra svAbhAvika haiM aura inakA prabhAva khajurAho ke jaina mandiroM kI kalA para spaSTa rUpa dekhA jAtA hai| sandarbha laM 49 1. dAraceDIo ya sAlabhaMjiyAo ya bAlasvae ya lomahattheNaM pamajjai - rAjapraznIya ( madhukaramuni), 200 2. harivaMzapurANa, 29/2-5 3. (a) AdipurANa, 6/181 . (ba) khajurAho ke jaina mandiroM kI mUrtikalA, ratneza varmA, pR. 56 se 62 prabodhacandrodaya, aMka 3/6 (a) puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 26 (ba) ghUrtAkhyAna, haribhadra (sa) yazastilakacampU ( hanDikI ), pR. 249-253