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________________ zrIsUryanArAyaNa vyAsa padmavibhUSaNa, jyotiSAcArya, DI0 liT. kAlidAsa aura vikrama para eka vicAra aneka vidvAnoM kI mAnyatA ke anurUpa bhAsa kA kAla cANakya aura candragupta kA thA. nATya-kalA ke mArgadarzaka hone ke . kAraNa bhAsa kI kIti usa samaya paryApta rahI hogI. vidizA ke zuMgoM ke zAsana ke samaya se hI kaviyoM kI vANI aura nATya-kalA meM paryApta vikAsa tathA bhASA meM saMskAra ho gayA thA. bhAsakAla kI apekSA paryApta vikAsa vidita hotA hai. saMskRta ko taba lokabhASA kA sammAna sulabha ho gayA thA. pANini ke prayoga utane pracalita nahIM ho pAye the. nATyakalA suvikasita, niyamabaddha nahIM ho pAI thI. abhI taka bhAsa ke pUrvavAsiyoM ke nATaka prakAza meM nahIM Aye haiM. parantu bhAsa ke nATaka vividha bhedoM meM prakAza kA viSaya bana cuke the. isase yaha vidita ho sakatA hai ki isa kalA meM vaha kAla kitanA pragatizIla thA. mekaDaoNnalDa, kItha prabhRti paMDitoM kI yaha mAnyatA ki bharata meM grIsa kI nATya-kalA kA anusaraNa huA hai kyoMki I0 sa0 pUrva tIsarI zatI meM bhArata kA grIsa se vyavahAra hotA thA. selyUkasa ne apanI lar3akI candragupta ko dI thI. TaoNlamI kA bhI AvAgamana banA rahatA thA. tathA eka dUsare ke rAjadUtoM kA vyavahAra jArI thA. AlakjeNDara ke zAsana se bhRgukaccha dvArA-narmadA-patha se sthalamArga dvArA ujjaina se sambandha banA huA thA. vidizA meM svayaM vahA~ kA rAjadUta heliyo Dorasa rahatA thA. yahI nahIM, usane bhAgavata-dharma bhI svIkAra kara liyA thA, yaha vidizA kA garuDa-stambha sAkSI de rahA hai. grIka itihAsa se prakaTa hai ki brAhmaNa loga grIsa ke sAhitya meM anurAga bhI rakhate the. kintu bhArata kA nATya graMtha adhika purAtana hai, bhAsa ke nATakoM meM vizeSa rUpa se unakA anukaraNa pratIta hotA hai. sambhava hai bhAsa kI unnati aura kIrti ne kAlidAsa ko spardhA ke liye bAdhya kiyA ho aura isI ke vaza ho kAlidAsa ne apane nATakoM meM kalA kA pUrNa paripAka batalAyA ho. saMbhavataH kAlidAsa ne bhAsa kA isI kAraNa nAmollekha kara nATyajagat meM abhinava praveza mAlavikAgnimitra ke rUpa meM kiyA ho. aneka aMzoM meM rAjA, nAyikA, upanAyikA, vidUSaka ceTI Adi kI jo samatA bhAsa aura kAlidAsa meM milatI hai aura unakA vikAsa jitanI sundaratA se kAlidAsa-kRti meM milatA hai, utanA bhAsa meM nahIM. vaise bhI bhAsa-kAlidAsa ke kAla meM samatA ko lakSya meM rakhate hue 100-125 varSa kA hI antara lakSita hotA hai. usane apane sAhityika jIvana kA Arambha bhAsa kI kalA ko vikasita kara tathA agnimitra jaise alpa prasiddha yuvarAja kA Azraya lekara kiyA hogA aura kIrtizAlI bana gayA hogA. diGnAga, pravrajyA, bhikSuNI Adi kA ullekha buddhaprabhAva ko prakaTa karatA hai. zuga-kAla taka yaha prabhAva madhya bhArata meM rahA hai. vAsavadattA ke apaharaNa ke samaya pracchannaveSa meM nirgrantha bhikSuoM kA praveza hone laga gayA thA, anyathA, vikrama kI samunnati se kAlidAsa kI kalA ullekharahita nahIM rahatI. astu, yahA~ hamArA abhiprAya tarkoM aura udAharaNoM se vistAra karanA nahIM hai. kAlidAsa kI taraha hI vikrama bhI vidvajjanoM kI vicAra-vizleSaNa kI paridhi meM paribhramaNa kara rahA hai. vikramAditya ke viSaya meM bhI do vicAradhArAe~ haiM. prathama dhArA vikrama ko I0 san pUrva 57 varSa meM svIkAra karatI hai, aura dUsarI dvitIya candragupta ko hI ekAdhikAra pradAna karatI hai. yaha Aja se nahIM zatAbdiyoM pUrva se hai. pichale vidvAnoM ko isa dvaita kA pUrNa jJAna rahA hai, kintu jo loga smitha ko mIla kA patthara mAnakara apanI prajJA ke prayAsa kI paridhi kendrita kara dete haiM unake jJAna kI parapreritAvasthA para kheda prakaTa karanA bhI nirarthaka hai. ye dvitIya candragupta ko chor3akara apane jJAna kI daur3a ko Age kA zrama hI svIkAra nahIM karate. DDITALL Jaille w ine brary.org
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________________ 642 : muni zrIhajArImala smRti-grantha : tRtIya adhyAya Aja se bahuta pUrva 11 vIM zatI meM somadeva ne kathAsaritsAgara kI racanA kI hai. usa samaya somadeva ko do vikrama hone kA pUrNa jJAna thA. yaha graMtha dvitIya vikrama ke pazcAt hI banA hai. usa samaya yadi prathama vikrama kI khyAti na hotI to vaha eka hI kA ullekha kara sakatA thA. use kAlpanika-bhramavistAra kI AvazyakatA kyoM hotI? isa kathAgraMtha ke racanA-kAla meM somadeva yaha spaSTa jAnatA hai ki ujjaina kA vizruta nareza vikrama hai, aura pATaliputra kA anya vikrama bhI hai. ukta kathAgraMtha ke 18 veM lambaka, prathama taraMga meM spaSTa hai (ka) ujjayinyAM sutaH zUro, mahendrAdityabhUpateH / (kha) zrAkramiSyati sadvIpAM pRthivIM, vikrameNa yaH / * mlecchasaMghAn haniSyati / (ga) bhaviSyata evaiSa vikramAdityasaMjJakaH / isa taraha vibhinna sthAnoM para ujjaina ke vikrama kA utkRSTa varNana kiyA hai. Age isI lambaka ke tRtIya taraMga meM vikrama kI vijayayAtrA se vApisa ujjaina pahu~ca jAne para unake senAnI vikramazakti ne una aneka rAjAoM kA, jo svAgatArtha upasthita the, varNana kiyA hai. yaha varNana tatkAlIna sthiti jAnane meM sahAyaka ho sakatA hai: "gauDaH zakti kumAro'yam , karNATo'yaM jayadhvajaH / lATo vijayavarmA'yam kAzmIro'yaM sunandanaH / gopAla: sindhurAjo'yam , bhillo bindhyabalopyavam / nirmukaH pArasIko'yam, napaH praNamati prbho|" ina vividha dezIya narezoM ke praNAma-paricaya ke pazcAt-- samrATa sammAnayAmAsa sAmannAnsainikAnapi / samrATa vikrama ne sAmantoM aura sainikoM kA sammAna kiyA hai. isa prakAra 18 vA lambaka avaMtIpati ke varNana se bharA huA hai. aura ukta graMtha meM cauthI taraMga, evaM saptama lambaka meM svataMtra rUpa se likhA hai ki-'vikramAditya ipyAsIdrAjA pATaliputrake' yAnI pATaliputra meM rAjA vikrama thA. yahAM 'samrAT' zabda kA prayoga nahIM kiyA gayA hai. tathA-'asti pATaliputrAkhyo bhuvo'lakaraNaMpuram, tatra vikramatugAkhyo rAjA' Adi. isa prakAra vikrama ke do hone kI jAnakArI 11vIM zatI ke somadeva ko avazya thI, kSemendra, aura guNADhya bhI yaha jAnate the. ye graMthakAra candragupta dvitIya ke bAda haiM. yadi eka mAtra candragupta dvitIya hI vikrama hotA to inheM ujjaina ke aura pATilaputra ke do vikramoM kI carcA karane kI AvazyakatA nahIM rahatI. ye Aja se saikar3oM sAla pahile utpanna graMthakAra haiM. smitha kI bhrAnti inheM sparza nahIM kara sakatI hai. aura inake ullekha ko mahaja kathA kahakara TAlA nahIM jA sakatA. aisI sthiti meM smitha, hArnela, kItha Adi AdhunikoM kI bhrAnta dhAraNAoM kA koI mUlya nahIM rahatA. vikramAditya ko kevala videzI vidvAnoM kI kasauTI para nahIM lagAyA jA sakatA, usake tathyAnveSaNa ke liye prAcIna sAhitya kA anuzIlana Avazyaka hai. saMskRti ke kathAgraMthoM, kAvyavarNanoM kI taraha hI jaina-sAhitya ke aneka graMthoM meM, jinakI saMkhyA 50 se adhika hai, svataMtra ujjayinIpati vikrama kI vibhinna carcAe~ AI haiM. kAlaka-kathA Adi ko kevala kathA-graMtha kahakara hama upekSita nahIM kara sakate. ina sabhI para tathyAnveSaka dRSTi se vicAra kiyA jAnA jarUrI hai. ye apanA mahattva rakhate haiM tathA itihAsa aura tathya para AdhArita haiM. Jain Education Interational