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________________ D D D D D -.-. -. -. -. -. -.-. -.-.-.-.-.-.-.-. -.-. -.-.- -.- -.-.-.-....... . . jana sAkSaratA aura rASTra-nirmANa 0 pro0 bI0 ela0 dhAkar3a, (bhU0 pU0 prAdhyApaka arthazAstra, udayapura vizvavidyAlaya, udayapura; 71, bhUpAlapurA, udayapura) zikSA svayaM meM eka varadAna hai / bAlaka eka IzvarIya dena hai| mAnava vikAsa eka mUlabhUta AdhArazilA hai jisa para kisI rASTra kA svarUpa nirbhara karatA hai / vaha vikAsa eka dIrghakAlIna pratriyA hai aura usameM eka vizAla kArya krama antanihita hai| aitihAsika sandarbha meM zikSA mAnava zakti ke unnati kI AdhAra bhUmikA rahI hai| robarTa rise (Robert Richey) ke mata ke anusAra zikSA sAmAjika utthAna kI pramukha bhUmikA rahI hai| bAlaka deza kI sampatti hai usako sa~vAranA aura yogya banAnA eka bar3I manovaijJAnika samasyA hai, jisako vikasita dezoM ne bar3I niSThA se samAdhAna kiyA hai / bAlaka eka nava paudha hai jisako aMkurita, pallavita aura puSpita karanA eka rASTrIya jimmedArI hai, Age ye hI bAlaka deza kA bhaviSya ujjvala karate haiM anyathA dhUmila bhI kara sakate haiN| rASTra kI chavi usI para AdhArita hai| yaha yuga antarrASTrIyatA kA yuga hai, aura pRthakvAdI siddhAnta samayAnukUla nahIM hai|| . robarTa rise kA yaha bhI abhimata hai ki bAlyAvasthA meM hI bAlaka kA jIvana nirmita kiyA jA sakatA hai aura usakI vibhinna supta zaktiyA~ jaise kalA, abhiruci va dhAraNAyeM, utpreraNA va mUlya ko prabhAvita kiyA jA sakatA hai| ina zaktiyoM ke nirmANa meM sAmAjika zaktiyA~ vizeSa dAyitva rakhatI haiN| pratyeka bAlaka kI apanI AzAyeM va apekSAyeM hotI haiM aura ve vibhinnatA liye hue hotI haiM, koI bhautika samRddhi kA icchuka hotA hai yA koI sAmAjika pratiSThA kA, tathA koI rAjanaitika prabhutva athavA vyAvasAyika yogyatA kaa| vaise vartamAna takanIkI yuga meM vikAsa krama ke avasara pracura mAtrA meM upalabdha rahate haiM / ___ bhArata kI ora dRSTipAta kareM to yaha eka prAcIna saMskRti kA deza hai, kintu vartamAna yuga meM isako nirakSaratA va garIbI donoM adhikAMza rUpa meM virAsata meM milI haiM / sAmrAjyavAda ne isako jhakajhorA hai| donoM hI dRSTi se isakI sthiti sammAnajanaka nahIM hai, yaha aucitya hai / doSa-tihAI janasaMkhyA isa deza kI nirakSara hai aura AdhI janasaMkhyA garIbI kI sImA kI rekhA ke nIce hai| adhikAMza bhAratavAsiyoM ke liye jIvana jInA aura jIvana yApana pramukha samasyA banI huI hai| sampannatA kucha taka hI nihita hai, vipinnatA sarvatra hai / kyA ina donoM samasyAoM kA samAdhAna jana sAkSaratA meM vidyamAna hai, yadi hai to isameM atyukti nahIM hai ? garIbI aura nirakSaratA donoM abhinna haiM aura viSAkta cakra se jur3e hue haiM / inako tor3anA nitAnta Avazyaka hai| sahI zikSA hI eka mAtra upAya hai jo jana samudAya meM sAmAjika jAgarUkatA kA saMcAra kara sakatI hai aura samAja kA navIna abhyudaya saMbhAvita ho sakatA hai| jApAna kA jvalanta udAharaNa haimAre samakSa hai| unnIsavIM zatAbdI ke antima varSoM meM mejI yuga se sAkSaratA abhiyAna prArambha kiyA gayA aura usameM itanI gati dI ki rASTra Aja zata-pratizata zikSita hai| zikSA vikAsa aura saMskRti kI dRSTi se eziyA meM sarvocca sthAna ke sAtha, vizva ke pramukhatama dezoM meM apanA sthAna rakhatA hai| jApAna ke
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________________ jana sAkSaratA aura rASTra-nirmANa 113 -.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-................... ....................... . . .... logoM kI saMkalpatA, kriyAtmakatA aura deza-prema eka anukaraNIya udAharaNa prastuta karatA hai| lekhaka ne jApAna meM svayaM anubhava kiyaa| bhArata bhI isa ora unmukha avazya hai| samasyA bhArata meM duharApana kI vyavasthA hai| grAmINa aura zaharI aMcaloM meM mUlyoM tathA jIvana uddezyoM meM bar3A antara hai| samaSTigata jana-cetanA meM bahuta kamI hai| Aja kitane pratizata loga haiM jo deza-prema se prerita haiM aura usake jIvana ke sAtha apanA jIvana milAkara calate haiM, muzkila se bIsa pratizata bhI hoN| vastusthiti yaha hai ki jIvana meM paramparAgata jIvana kI jar3atA adhika dRSTigocara hotI hai, zikSA hI eka mAtra mAdhyama hai jisake dvArA navaparivartana saMbhAvita ho sakatA hai / vartamAna meM jo doSa samAja meM pAye jAte haiM ve kSudra rAjanaitika pariveza ke kAraNa bAharI AvaraNa hai| sAkSaratA Andolana kI kriyAnviti meM atyadhika vyaya samAhita hai| vaha kevala rAjya ke dvArA sambhava nahIM ho sakatA, isameM jana sahayoga bhI pUrA apekSita hai| taba zikSA kArya va Arthika vikAsa donoM samAnAntara rUpa le sakate haiN| zikSAvid je0 DI0 seThI kA yaha abhimata hai ki zikSA eka taTastha tattva nahIM hai apitu tvarita tattva hai| unakI yaha mAnyatA hai ki zikSA paddhati sAmAjika-Arthika tantra kA pratibimba hai| zikSA kI bAdhyatAyeM hI samaya tathA takanIkI kI cunautiyoM kA sAmanA kara sakatI haiN| zikSA eka antarrASTrIya samasyA hai aura yUnesko (Unesco) usase sambaddha hai| zikSA saMkaTa kA arddha vikasita dezoM meM adhika prabhAva hai| bhArata bhI usa saMkaTa se kama prabhAvita nahIM hai, kyoMki vizva kI garIba janasaMkhyA kA cAlIsa pratizata isa deza meM nivAsa karatA hai| garIbI aura nirakSaratA donoM saMlagna hone se Ama dRSTikoNa meM nirAzAvAdI aura niSkriyatA kI bhAvanA adhika ghara kara gaI hai / abhI bhI deza ke bhItarI bhAga prAcIna vyavasthA ke jIte-jAgate udAharaNa prastuta karate haiN| parivartana ke aMza navInatA ko samarzita nahIM kara sake haiN| isa yuga meM rahanA hai to usI pariveza meM jInA par3egA, taba bhArata vizva samudAya meM samucita sthAna prApta kara sakatA hai| gahana kSetrIya yojanA ke mAdhyama se sAkSaratA tathA kAryAtmakatA kA samanvita prayAsa Age ke mArga ko prazasta kara sakatA hai aura vahI loka zikSaNa hai| loka zikSaNa se na kevala ajJAnatA va asAkSaratA hI dUra hotI hai, apitu sambaddha samasyAoM se prerita jAgRti kA saMcAra svAbhAvika hotA hai| saMgaThita jJAna vyaktivizeSa kI vaha zakti hai jisake dvArA apane kriyA-kalApoM meM anavarata sudhAra lAyA jA sakatA hai / kArya-praNAlI kI paridhi itanI vyApaka ho cukI hai ki jIvana kriyA ke vikAsa meM adhika sImA nihita hai| mAnasika vikAsa eka sarvotkRSTa upalabdhi hai jisake dvArA pratibhA ujAgara hotI hai aura jIvana sukhamaya banatA jAtA hai, jisase pUrva kI pIr3hiye vaMcita rahI haiN| yUropiyana punarutthAna aura phrAnsa kI krAnti ne audyogika krAnti tathA lokatantra ko janma diyA hai| vyaktivAda ne gaharI jar3eM jamAI haiM / Aja vyakti vikAsa kI carama sImA kI ora unmukha hai| mAnava mastiSka ne cakita kara diyA hai ki Aja vaha antarikSa meM apanA prabhutva sthApita karane jA rahA hai| bhArata bhI isa zreNI meM A gayA hai / anusandhAna karane vAlI aisI vilakSaNa pratibhAyeM janajIvana se hI ubharatI haiM aura nikhAra pAtI haiM / kisI varga vizeSa kI bapautI nahIM haiM, pratibhAyeM dezavyApI bikharI par3I haiM, AvazyakatA hai supta pratibhAoM ko ubhAranA / rUsa meM aisI pratibhAoM ko sarvAdhika suvidhAyeM upalabdha karAI jAtI haiM aura unako sarvocca sthAna dete haiM / ye deza ke liye varadAnasvarUpa haiN| bhArata kA zikSita bauddhika kSamatA ke stara meM samAna darjA rakhatA hai aura isa deza meM pratibhAyeM bikharI huI haiN| isa prakAra kI sambhAvyatAyeM adhika vikasita va saMyojita hone para rASTra nirmANa sazakta banatA hai| garIbI ke abhizApa se zIghra mukti mila sakatI hai aura rASTra svayaM-sphUrti avasthA kI ora gatimAna hotA hai / isake lie jana zikSA kSetra eka urvara bhUmi hai, jisameM se deza ke mahAna mastiSka prasphuTita hote haiN| dRSTikoNa kisI samudAya ke Arthika abhyutthAna meM vibhinna zaktiyA~ kArya karatI haiN| kriyAtmaka anubhava bAlaka aura
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________________ 114 karmayogI zrI kesarImalajI surANA abhinandana grantha : tRtIya khaNDa bAlikAoM ke jIvana para bahuta asara DAlate haiM aura ve kakSA ke cAradIvArI meM saMbhava nahIM haiN| anaupacArika zikSA pUraka rUpa se bAlaka ke samagra vikAsa ko mukharita karatI hai aura vAstavika jIvana jIne ke liye taiyAra karatI hai| Adhunika yuga meM kisI kArya ke niSpAdana meM kalA athavA takanIkI vikAsa kI AvazyakatA hotI hai tAki ucita vyakti ucita kArya meM juTAyA jA sake, isa prakAra kA sAmaMjasya pUrNa rUpa se apekSita hai| andhAnukaraNa ke kAraNa pacAsa pratizata zikSita berojagAroM ko upayukta kArya nahIM mila pA rahA hai, yaha eka viDambanA hai| pAThya-pustakoM kI zikSA praNAlI vyAvasAyika tantra ko asantulita karatI haiM aura usase tanAvapUrNa sthiti utpanna hotI hai| bhArata bhI isa roga se pIr3ita hai| vartamAna meM briTena ke jAtIya daMge bhI bahuta kucha isa asantulana ke paricAyaka haiN| zikSA kAryakrama kA vistAra aura usameM vibhinnatAyeM vikendrita grAmINa arthavyavasthA se sambaddha honI caahiye| jahA~ vikAsa prakriyAyeM----jaise grAmINa vidyutIkaraNa, laghu siMcAI, grAmINa udyoga, kRSi unnati, svAsthya evaM AvAsIya nirmANa-lAgU kI jA rahI haiM / vahA~ ina kAryoM meM sAkSara va prazikSita yuvaka laga sakeM, yaha hamArA lakSya honA cAhiye / kuzala zrama ko zaharI kSetroM se AyAta nahIM karanA pdd'e| vyAvasAyika zikSA kA prasAra bar3A upayogI ho sakatA hai aura grAmINa vikAsa Atma-nirbharatA kI ora adhika agrasara ho skegaa| skUla va sthAnIya logoM kA paraspara samparka va sahayoga apekSita hai| usake AdhAra para sthAnIya zikSA suvidhAyeM aura pAThya-praNAlI meM vAMchita gati mila skegii| janatantra meM jana sahayoga zikSA prasAra kA abhinna aMga hai| pArasparika sadbhAvanA ke AdhAra para samUce vAtAvaraNa meM sphUti jAgRta hotI hai| vaha yuga samApta ho gayA ki registAna meM janma lene vAlA registAna meM hI mare aura pAnI ke binA tar3ake, jabaki vyAvasAyika sthAnAntaraNa adhika upalabdha hai| zikSA ko sarvAMgINa darjA dene ke liye sAMskRtika tattva kA samucita samAveza honA caahiye| isa dRSTi se naitika zikSA mAnavIya mUlyoM kA ucita poSaNa kara sakatI hai| dharma nirapekSatA kA yaha artha nahIM ki zikSArthI apanI dhArmika bhAvanAoM se dUra haTatA jaave| yaha eka duSkAla hai jisake kAraNa ucchRkhalatA meM vRddhi huI hai| Adhunika gande calacitroM ne asAmAjikatA ko protsAhana diyA hai| jabaki acche va upayogI calacitra, reDiyo prasAraNa, dUradarzana Adi mAdhyama asAkSaratA-nivAraNa meM bar3A yogadAna dete haiN| janasaMkhyA vRddhi eka bhayaMkara samasyA hai| isakA nivAraNa bhI zikSA kA eka viziSTa aMga honA cAhiye / bhAvI bhArata kA svarUpa isa samasyA se bahuta adhika sambaddha hai| samasyAoM ke nivAraNa meM rASTrIya bhAvanA pramukha hai| zikSA ke pAThyakrama aura paddhatiyoM isa lekha se samAviSTa nahIM hai| vizleSaNa bhArata eka vikAsazIla rASTra hai| isakI nItiyoM va kAryakramoM meM jana-kalyANa tathA pragatizIlatA parilakSita hotI hai| jaba kriyAnvayana kI kasauTI ke pakSa para AMzika saphalatA hI prApta kara pAtI hai| kartavyaparAyaNatA aura satyaniSThA vartamAna vAtAvaraNa meM doSamukta nahIM ho sakatI haiN| zikSA sudhAra samayopayogI banAne ke liye kAphI carcAyeM sunane va par3hane meM AtI haiM tathApi koI Thosa pariNAma ubhara kara nahIM AyA hai| maikAle kI zikSA paddhati vizeSa rUpa se naukarazAhI varga ko taiyAra karatI rahI hai jo rASTra ke jana-jIvana se taTastha rahI hai|| isa samaya deza meM zaikSika vyavasthA meM lagabhaga chaha lAkha prAthamika zAlAyeM, cAlIsa hajAra mAdhyamika vidyAlaya, paiMtAlIsa sau mahAvidyAlaya evaM eka sau bIsa vizvavidyAlaya kAryarata haiN| jinameM paitIsa lAkha zikSaka haiM aura kula vyaya tIna hajAra karor3a rupaye haiM / isa mada meM rakSA vyaya se dUsarA sthAna hai| gata tIsa varSoM meM sAkSaratA pratizata meM 16 se 36 pratizata taka vRddhi ho pAI hai| loka-tantra meM pratyeka ko zikSAdhyayana maulika adhikAroM ke antargata jAtA hai lekina vartamAna kI sthiti ko dhImI gati kahanA caahiye| phira bhI jo bhI zikSA dI gaI vaha bahuta kucha ekAMgI rahI hai aura kahA~ taka jIvanopayogI rahI hai, vicAraNIya prazna hai| kyA vartamAna zikSA paddhati ne nirmANAtmaka nAgarikatA kA sRjana kiyA hai ? yaha eka praznavAcaka cinha hai jisako nakArA nahIM jA sktaa| kArla mArksa ne vartamAna zikSA praNAlI para eka kaThora prahAra kiyA hai| usake kathanAnusAra isa paMjIvAdI
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________________ jana sAkSaratA aura rASTra-nirmANa svatantra zikSA praNAlI ne vyakti-vyakti ke bIca meM khAI paidA kara dI hai, varga saMgharSa ko prazraya diyA hai aura samasta mAnava samAja amAnavIya vyavahAra kI ora satata bar3hA jA rahA hai| isase vizva-surakSA va zAnti khatare meM par3a gaI hai / apekSita hai skUlI zikSA to anivArya bane jisameM vAMchita sarvAMgINa vikAsa lakSita rakhA jAya aura jIvanopayogI ho| dUsarI ora ucca zikSA cayanita va vivekapUrNa ho, usameM DigariyoM kI lolupatA pramukhatA na ho| garIba varga ko upayukta suvidhAyeM pradAna kI jA ske| zikSA meM samAyojana lokatantra meM bhI Avazyaka hai / 115 rASTrIya pra zikSA kAryakrama (1978-83) nirakSaratA unmUlana kI dRSTi se eka vizAla kAryakrama deza ke sammukha hai | usake pIche dRr3ha saMkalpatA, rASTrIya bhAvanA aura sAdhana kisa sImA taka upalabdha hai, yaha eka vicAraNIya prazna hai| hara acche kAryakrama ke sAtha pratikriyAvAdI zaktiyA~ svataH janma letI haiM, kArya meM avarodhaka bana jAyA karatI haiM, deza ke liye, janatantra meM eka durbhAgya hai| garIba deza meM ucca zikSA meM jo Adhikya hai vaha eka jaTila prazna hai / janatantra meM samAdhAna AsAna nahIM hai / sAdhanoM kA apavyaya avazya hai / yadi Adhikya para rAzi vyaya kI jAne vAlI prAthamika zikSA para juTAI jAtI to sambhavata: prAthamika zikSA bahuta pahale anivArya ho sakatI thI aura 5 se 14 varSa ke bAlaka ko bhI zikSA suvidhA saba ko upalabdha ho sakatI thI / atirikta ucca zikSita berojagArI kA sAmanA deza ko nahIM karanA par3atA aura mA~ga aura pUrti kA sAmaMjasya banA rahatA / isa prakAra ke apavyaya se tatkAlIna deza ko hAni hotI hai| lAgata lAbha siddhAnta ke AdhAra para sArvajanika rAzi kA AvaMTana adhika hitakara rahatA hai| usa sthiti meM janatA adhika lAbhAnvita ho sakatI thI, yaha merI mAnyatA hai / upasaMhAra vartamAna meM zikSA praNAlI meM deza kI vibhinna zaktiyAM kAryarata haiM, jaise zikSaka, zikSArthI, grAmINa yuvaka, sAmAjika kAryakartA, kAryarata phIlDa karmacArIgaNa, svaicchika saMgaThana tathA rAjya ke zikSA tathA samAja kalyANa vibhAga / mukhya samasyA yaha hai ki apane-apane kArya sampAdana meM kisa sImA taka anuprANita haiM aura rASTrahita ke prati kisa sImA taka samarpita bhAvanA se yogadAna dete haiN| zikSA kAryakrama eka mahAna punIta anuSThAna hai, usI anurUpa Upara se nIce taka kArya kA sampAdana ho to vAMchita saphalatA avazya sambhAvI ho skegii| sudRr3ha, gatizIla va svastha zaikSika saMracanA bhArata ke bhAvI svarUpa ko adhika ujAgara kara skegii| Adarza eka bAta hai aura usakA nirvAha dUsarI bAta hai| zikSaka va skUla para hamArA dhyAna kendrIbhUta honA cAhiye / hamArI pradhAnamantrI zrImatI indirA gAMdhI ke zabdoM meM- "hamArA prayAsa deza meM pratyeka parivAra ko Atmanirbhara banAne kA hai / " yaha eka sundara svapna hai jisako thor3e samaya meM pUrA nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| prArambha to ho cukA hai aura isa uddezya kI prApti kI ora agrasara hai| dUsare zabdoM meM pArivArika svAvalambitA upayogI janazikSA meM antanihita hai| anta meM bhArata rASTra meM eka mijagazIla samAja kA nirmANa ho jisakA lakSya AjIvana zikSA grahaNa karanA ho aura vikAsa mArga meM satata agrasara rhe| asambhava to nahIM kahA jA sakatA / B+0 0 .
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________________ aha paMcahi ThANehi jehi sikkhA na lgbhii| thaMbhA, kohA, pamAeNaM rogeNA'lassaeNa ya // 3 // 1. abhimAna, 2. krodha, 3. pramAda, 4. roga tathA 5. Alasya ina pA~ca kAraNoM se zikSA prApta nahIM ho sktii| aha ahiM ThANehi sikkhAsIle tti vuccaI / ahassire sayA dante na ya mammamudAhare // 4 // nAsole na visIle, na siyA ailolue| akohaNe saccarae sikkhAsIle ti vuccaI / / 5 / / -uttarAdhyayana sUtra, adhyayana 11 1. jo ha~sI-majAka nahIM karatA, 2. jo sadA zAnta rahatA hai, 3. jo kisI kA marma prakAzita nahIM karatA hai, 4. jo azIla-sarvathA AcArahIna na ho, 5. jo vizIla-doSoM se kalaMkita na ho, 6. jo rasalolupa-caTorA na ho, 7. jo krodha na karatA ho, 8. jo satya meM anurakta ho, -ina ATha guNoM vAlA vyakti zikSA prApta karane ke yogya hotA hai|