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________________ jainoM kA sAmAjika itihAsa DA0 vilAsa e0 saMgave mAnada nidezaka, sAhU zodha saMsthAna, kolhApura, ( mahArASTra) adhyayana kA eka upekSita kSetra janoM kA sAmAjika itihAsa mahatvapUrNa hote hue bhI aba taka adhyayana kI dRSTi se lagabhaga pUrNataH upekSita rahA hai| amo taka janoM kA itihAsa rAjanItika yA sAMskRtika dRSTi se hI likhA gayA hai| jainoM ke rAjanItika itihAsa ke antargata (i) rAjAoM, mantriyoM evaM sainyAdhikAriyoM kI prazAsakIya evaM yuddhagata nipuNatAyeM (ii) jainoM dvArA deza ke bhinna-bhinna bhAgoM meM rAjyAzraya ke vivaraNa tathA (iii) rASTra evaM rAjyoM ke rAjanItika sthAyitva yA svAdhInatA saMgrAma meM jaina vyApAriyoM yA sAmAnya jaina samAja dvArA kiye gaye viziSTa yogadAna kA vivaraNa diyA jAtA hai| janoM kA sAMskRtika itihAsa adhyayana ko dRSTi se paryApta vikasita hai| isake antargata bhASA, sAhitya, sthApatya, purAtatva, saMgIta evaM citrakalA ke kSetroM meM janoM dvArA kiye gaye mahatvapUrNa yogadAna kA vivaraNa aura mUlyAMkana kiyA jAtA hai| durbhAgya se, jana vidyA-vizAradoM ne janoM ke sAmAjika itihAsa para samucita dhyAna nahIM diyA hai / janoM ne prAcIna kAla se lekara Aja taka jainadharma kI pratiSThA ko na kevala surakSita hI rakhA hai, apitu use eka jIvanta dharma bhI banAye rakhA hai| isakA kAraNa yaha rahA hai ki unhoMne janadharma dvArA pratiSThita cAritra evaM vyavahAra ke niyamoM kA zraddhApUrvaka avirata rUpa se pAlana evaM pradarzana kiyA hai. isa dRSTi se unake sAmAjika jIvana ke vividha pakSoM kA adhyayana atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai| vastutaH janoM kA itihAsa tabataka pUrNa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA jabataka unakI rAjanItika evaM sAMskRtika kriyAzIlatA evaM saphalatAoM ke sAtha usa samAja ke sAmAjika pakSa kA vivaraNa bhI usameM samAhita na kiyA jaave| jaina : eka mahatvapUrNa alpasaMkhyaka samAja bhArata ke IsAI, buddha, sikha, muslima tathA anya alpasaMkhyaka samudAyoM kI tulanA meM jaina samAja aneka dRSTiyoM se mahatvapUrNa sthAna para AtI hai| 1981 meM prakAzita bhAratIya janagaNanA ke anusAra, bhArata meM vidyamAna chaha pramukha dharmAvalaMbiyoM meM isake anuyAtriyoM ko saMkhyA sabase kama hai| bhArata ko samagra janasaMkhyA meM isako AvAdI kA pratizata lagabhaga 0.6 hai arthAt pratyeka dasa hajAra bhAratIyoM meM 8200 hindU, 1100 muslima, 250 IsAI, 190 sikha, 70 buddha haiM jaba ki jaina kevala 60 hI haiM / inakI janasaMkhyA alpa avazya hai, para ye bhArata ke sabhI prAntoM meM phaile hue haiN| sikhoM ke samAna ye kisI eka kSetra meM saghanatA se nahIM pAye jaate| sikhoM ke samAna na to unakI koI vizeSa vezabhUSA hai aura na hI unakI apanI koI vizeSa bhASA hI hai| isa taraha jaina, vAstava meM, bhAratIya haiM aura isIliye, alpasaMkhyaka hote hue bhI, unheM sarvatra Adara evaM pratiSThA kI dRSTi se dekhA jAtA hai|
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________________ janoM kA sAmAjika itihAsa 339 yaha bhI dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhiye ki jaina samAja gAMvoM kI tulanA meM zaharoM meM hI adhika basatI hai| janagaNanA ke A~kar3oM se patA calatA hai ki nagarI va grAmINa jainoM kI janasaMkhyA kA anupAta lagabhaga 60 : 40 hai| isaliye adhikAMza jaina nagarIkRta haiM / lekina ve phArasI yA yahU~diyoM ke samAna uccataH nagarIkRta nahIM haiN| yaha bhI smaraNIya hai ki jaina samudAya bhArata kA eka prAcInatama samudAya hai| jaina dharma kA astitva bhAratIya itihAsa ke prAramma se hI mAnA jA sakatA hai| unakI yaha prAcInatA bhI unakI vizeSatA hai| yaha tathya bhArata ke anya dhArmika alpasaMkhyakoM para lAgU nahIM hotaa| yahI nahIM, ve zata pratizata bhAratIya caritra ke haiN| ye isa deza ke sahaja nivAsI haiM aura unakI bhASA, dharmasthala, mithaka evaM mahApuruSa --saba isI deza ke haiM / jainoM kI, bhArata se bAhara, kisI anyadharma yA saMsthA se saMbaMddhatA nahIM hai / saMkhyA meM alpa hote hue bhI jainoM kA sadaiva pRthak astitva rahA hai aura apanI vizeSatAoM ke kAraNa unhoMne ise banAye bhI rakhA hai| eka svatantra dharma hone ke nAte, isake anuyAyiyoM kA pavitra vizAla sAhitya hai, darzana hai, aura ahiMsA ke mUlabhUta siddhAnta para AdhArita AcaraNa saMhitA hai| vastutaH janoM kI AcAra-vicAra saraNI ahiMsA kI dhAraNA para hI AdhArita hai| mArata ke aneka dharma ahiMsA ke siddhAnta ko mahatva dete haiM, para jaina usake AdhAra para nirmita niyamoM ke paripAlana ko sarvAdhika mahatva dete haiN| prAcInatA ke atirikta janoM kI eka vizeSatA aura hai-yaha sadA se avicchinna rahI hai| vizva meM bahuta kama samudAya aise hoMge jo itane dIrghakAla taka avicchinna bane raheM hoN| saca muca hI, yaha Azcarya kI bAta hai ki bhUtakAla ke aneka dharmoM aura panthoM kA nAmonizAM nahIM bacA, jaina kaise apanI avicchinnatA banAye hue haiN| unakA yaha sadIrgha astitva unakI vizeSatA hI mAnI jAnI jaahiye| janoM ko atijIvitA jainoM kI sudIrghakAlIna avicchinnatA unakI eka prazaMsanIya saphalatA hai| jaina aura bauddha bhArata meM zramaNa saMskRti ke pramukha stambha rahe haiM ! phira bhI, isa prasaMga meM yaha vicAraNIya hai ki bauddha dharma bhArata meM lupta ho gayA aura anya dezoM meM phailA, para jaina dharma abhI bhI bhArata kA eka jIvanta dharma hai aura saMbhavataH zrIlaMkA kA chor3akara anyatra kahIM nahIM phaila pAyA / jainoM kI isa avicchinna atijIvitA ke aneka kAraNa haiN| (a) sAmAjika saMgaThana jainoM kI atijIvitA kA sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa kAraNa unakI uttama sAmAjika vyavasthA rahI hai| isa saMgaThana kA kendrabindu janasAdhAraNa rahA hai| jaina samudAya paramparAgata rUpa se cAra aMgoM meM vibhAjita haiM -sAdhu yA puruSa tapasvI, sAdhvI yA strI-tapasvI, bhAvaka yA puruSajana evaM zrAvikA yA strI jana / ina sabhI aMgoM meM paraspara meM pragADha sambandha hai| jainoM meM sAdhu aura sAmAnya jana ke liye eka hI prakAra ke brata yA dharma-niyama mAne gaye haiN| yaha avazya hai ki sAdha ko gRhastha kI tulanA unakA pAlana adhika kaThoratA evaM ImAnadArI se karanA par3atA hai| gRhastha kA yaha kartavya hai ki vaha sAdhuoM ke AhAra-vihAra kI pUrI taraha vyavasthA kre| isa dRSTi se sAdhu-saMgha pUrNataH gRhastha samAja para Azrita hai / ina sAdhuoM ne prArambha se hI janoM ke dhArmika jIvana ko niyantrita kiyA hai aura isI prakAra gRhasthoM ne bhI sAdha ke caritra ko uttama banAye rakhane meM apanA yogadAna kiyA hai / isIliye yaha Avazyaka hai ki sAdhu bhautika samasyAoM se pUrNataH vilagita rahe aura vaha apane tapasvI jIvana ke anya stara ko kaThoratA pUrvaka banAye rkhe| yadi sAdhu isa stara ke liye kamajora pramANita hotA hai, to use isa pada se vimukta kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa sambandha meM jarmana vidvAna
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________________ 340 paM0 jaganmohanalAle zAstrI sAdhuvAda grantha [khaNDa eca. jekobI ne sahI kahA hai, "yaha spaSTa hai ki samudAya kA sAmAnya jana jaina saMgaThana meM bauddha saMgaThana ke samAna bAharI, hitaiSI yA saMrakSaka ke rUpa meM nahIM mAnA jAtA thaa| usakI sthiti dhArmika kartavya aura adhikAroM se pUrNataH paribhASita rahI hai| sAmAnya jana evaM sAdhuoM ke bIca kA sambandha atyanta pramAvI thaa| yaha niHsandeha kahA jA sakatA hai ki isa sadRDha samparka ke kAraNa hI jaina sAdhuoM evaM gRhasthoM ke AcAra meM samAnatA AI jisameM kevala guNAtmakatA kA hI aMtara rakhA / isIse jana saMgha ke bhItara koI mUlabhUta parivartana nahIM ho pAye aura yaha bAharI prabhAvoM se do hajAra sAla taka bacA raha skaa| isake viparyAsa meM, bauddhoM meM gRhasthoM ke prati itanI kaThoratA nahIM thI aura unhoMne asAdhAraNa vikAsa patha kA anusaraNa kiyaa| isase vaha apanI janmabhUmi se hI lupta ho gyaa|" (ba) aparivartanIyatA kA saMrakSaNa jainoM kI atijIvitA kA eka anya mahatvapUrNa kAraNa unakI aparivartanIyatA ke saMrakSaNa kI vRtti bhI rahI hai| isa kAraNa hI ve aneka sadiyoM se apanI mUlabhUta saMsthAoM aura siddhAntoM ko dRr3hatA se pakar3e hue haiN| jainoM ke AdhArabhUta mahatvapUrNa siddhAnta Aja bhI lagabhaga jyoM ke tyoM bane hue haiN| yaha saMbhava hai ki gRhastha aura sAdhuoM kI jIvana evaM vyavahAra se sambandhita kucha kama mahatvapUrNa niyama Aja upekSaNIya yA anupayogI ho gaye hoM, phira bhI isa bAta meM zaMkA nahIM hai ki Aja ke jaina samudAya kA dhArmika jIvana tatvataH vaisA ho hai jaisA Aja se do hajAra varSa pUrva thaa| apane siddhAntoM ke prati kaThora lagAva kI yaha pravRtti jaina sthApatyakalA aura mUrtikalA meM bhI pratibimbita hotI hai / jaina mUrtiyoM ke nirmANa kI zailI vastutaH Aja bhI pUrvavat banI huI hai| isaliye parivartana ke prati nizchala asvIkRti kI vRtti jainoM ke liye sudRr3ha surakSA kavaca rahI hai / (sa) rAjyAzraya bhArata ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM prAcIna aura madhyakAla meM aneka rAjAoM ne jainadharma ko saMrakSaNa pradAna kiyaa| isa saMrakSaNa ne nizcitarUpa se janoM kI atijIvitA meM sahAyatA kI hai| gujarAta aura karnATaka to prAcIna kAla se jainoM ke pramAvazIla kSetra rahe haiM kyoMki ina donoM kSetroM meM aneka zAsaka, maMtrI evaM senAdhyakSa svayaM jaina rahe haiN| jaina zAsakoM ke atirikta, aneka jainetara zAsakoM ne bhI jaina dharma ke prati udAra dRSTikoNa rakhA / rAjapUtAnA ke itihAsa se patA calatA hai ki aneka rAjAoM ne jaina siddhAntoM se prabhAvita hokara prANi-badha para pratibaMdha lagA diyaa| aneka rAjAoM ne barasAta ke cAra mahinoM ke liye telaghAnI aura kumhAra ke cake calAne para pratibaMdha lagA diyaa| dakSiNa meM prApta aneka zilAlekhoM se patA calatA hai ki aneka janetara rAjAoM ne jainoM ke prati dhArmika udAratA dikhAI aura dharma-pAlana ke liye savidhAya dii| ina zilAlekhoM meM vijayanagara ke rAjA bukka rAya-prathama kA 1368 I0 kA zilAlekha atyaMta mahatvapUrNa hai / jaba vividha kSetroM ke jainoM ne rAjA se yaha zikAyata kI ki unhe vaiSNavoM ke atyAcAroM se surakSA pradAna kI jAve, taba rAjA ne sabhI sampradAyoM ke netAoM ko bulAkara kahA ki mere liye sabhI saMpradAya samAna haiN| sabhI ko apane dhArmika AcAra pAlana kI svatantratA hai| (da) sAdhu-saMsthA kI pravRttiyAM aneka prasiddha jaina santoM ke vividha prakAra ke kriyAkalApoM ne bhI jainoM kI atijIvitA meM yogadAna kiyA hai| ina kriyAkalApoM ne sAmAnya jana para jaina saMtoM kI vizeSatAoM kI chApa ddaalii| ye santa hI jaina dharma ke samagra bhArata meM phailane ke liye uttaradAyI haiN| zrIlaMkA ke itihAsa se patA calatA hai ki jaina dharma vahA~ bhI phailA / jahA~ taka dakSiNa bhArata kA prazna hai, yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki prAcIna kAla meM pUre dakSiNa bhArata meM jaina sAdhu-saMgha phaile hue the / ve apane dezamASA meM nirmita sAhitya ke mAdhyama se dhIre-dhIre jaina dharma ke naitika siddhAntoM kA dRr3hatApUrvaka |
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________________ jainoM kA sAmAjika itihAsa 341 pracAra karate rahe / jaina santoM kI sAhityaka evaM dharmopadezaka pravRttiyoM ne hindU punarutthAna ke samaya meM bhI dakSiNa meM janoM kI sthiti ko sudRDha banAye rkhaa| kamI-kamI to ye santa rAjanItika ghaTanAoM meM bhI ruci lete the aura AvazyakatA ke anusAra janatA ko mArganirdeza karate the| yaha sujJAta hai ki gaMga aura hoyasala rAjAoM ko naye rAjya kI sthApanA kI preraNA jainAcAryoM ne hI dI thii| ina kriyAkalApoM ke bAbajUda bhI jainAcArya apane tapasvI jIvana ko bhI unnata banAye rakhate the / sAmAnyataH janatA evaM zAsaka jaina sAdhuoM ke prati AsthA evaM Adara bhAva rakhate the| dillI ke musalima zAsaka bhI uttara aura dakSiNa ke vidvAn jaina sAdhuoM kA Adara aura sammAna karate the| isameM koI acaraja kI bAta nahIM hai ki aise aneka prabhAvakArI saMtoM kI vizeSatAoM evaM kriyAkalApoM ne jaina samudAya kI atijIvitA meM sahAyatA kI ho| (ya) cAra dAnoM ko pravRtti alpa saMkhyaka samudAya ko apane astitva kI rakSA ke liye anya logoM kI sadicchA para nirbhara karanA par3atA hai| yaha zubhecchA tabhI prApta ho sakatI hai jaba hama kucha sarvajanopayogI kriyAkalApa kreN| jainoM ne isa dizA meM kAma kiyA aura Aja bhI kara rahe haiN| unhoMne zikSaNa saMsthAyeM kholakara janasAdhAraNa ko zikSita banAne meM yoga diyaa| sArvajanika auSadhAlaya yA cikitsAlaya kholakara logoM kA dukha-darda dUra kiyaa| prArambha se hI jainoM ne AhAra, nivAsa, auSadha aura vidyA ke rUpa meM cAra dAnoM kA siddhAnta banAyA aura usakA pAlana kiyaa| kucha logoM kA kathana hai ki jaina dharma ke pracAra aura prabhAva meM isa pravRtti kA bar3A hAtha hai| isa hetu jahA~ jainoM ko paryApta saMkhyA rahI, vahAM unhoMne bAla Azrama, dharmazAlA, auSadhAlaya aura skUla khole / jainoM ke liye yaha prazaMsA ko bAta hai ki unhoMne zikSA-prasAra ke kSetra meM bahuta kAma kiyA hai| dakSiNa deza meM jaina sAdhu baccoM ko par3hAyA karate the| isa sandarbha meM DA0 altekara ne sahI likhA hai ki varNamAlA ke jJAna ke pahale baccoM ko zrI gaNezAya namaH ke mAdhyama se gaNeza ko namaskAra karanA cAhiye / hinduoM ke liye yaha ucita hI hai, lekina dakSiNa meM Aja yaha paramparA hai ki zrI gaNezAya namaH ke pahale 'OM namaH siddha" kA jaina vAkya kahA jAtA hai / isase yaha patA calatA hai ki jaina sAdhuoM ne sAmAnya zikSA para apanA itanA prabhAva DAlA ki hinduoM ne ise, jainadharma ke avanamana kAla ke bAda bhI, cAlU rkhaa| Aja bhI jainoM meM cAra dAna kI pravRtti sAre bhAratavarSa meM dekhI jA sakatI hai| vastutaH kisI rASTrIya evaM paropakArI kArya meM sahAyatA ke mAmale jaina kabhI kiso se pIche nahIM rahate / (ra) anya dharmAvalaMbiyoM se madhura saMbaMdha jainoM kI atijIvitA kA eka anya mahatvapUrNa kAraNa yaha bhI hai ki unhoMne hinduoM evaM anya jainetaroM ke sAtha madhura aura ghaniSTha samparka banAye rkhaa| pahale yaha socA jAtA thA ki jaina dharma buddha yA hindU dharma kI eka zAkhA hai / lekina aba yaha sAmAnyataH mAna liyA gayA hai ki jainadharma eka svatantra aura viziSTa dharma hai aura yaha hinduoM ke vaidika dharma jitanA hI purAnA hai| jaina, bauddha evaM hindU dharma bhArata ke tIna pramukha dharma haiN| inake anuyAyI sadaiva eka-dUsare ke sAtha rahe haiM / isaliye yaha svAbhAvika hai ki unakA eka-dUsare para prabhAva pdd'e| ina tInoM hI dharmoM meM isIliye nimna bAtoM ke saMbaMdha meM lagabhaga samAna vicAra pAye jAte haiM : (i) mukti aura punarjanma (ii) pRthvI, svarga aura naraka kA varNana (iii) dharma guruoM yA tIrthaMkaroM kA avatAra
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________________ 342 paM0 jaganmohanalAla zAstrI sAdhuvAda grantha [khaNDa bhArata se bauddhadharma ke vilopana ke pazcAt jaina aura hindU paraspara meM aura nikaTa aaye| yahI kAraNa hai ki sAmAnya sAmAjika jIvana meM jana aura hindUoM meM koI antara hI nahIM mAlUma hotA / isa tathya se yaha nahIM samajhanA cAhie ki jaina hinduoM ke aMga haiM yA jaina dharma hindU dharma ko zAkhA hai| vAstava meM, yadi hama jaina dharma hindU dharma kI tulanA kareM to patA calA hai ki inameM antara bahuta hai| inameM jo eka rUpatA hai, vaha sAmAnya jIvana-paddhati kI vizeSa bAtoM ke sambandha meM hI hai| yadi acchI taraha dekhA jAve, to donoM ke vibhinna utsavoM ke uddezya bhI bhinna hI hote haiN| yaha spaSTa hai ki jaina aura hinduoM ke aneka sAmAjika aura dhArmika vyavahAroM meM maulika antara hai| ye antara Aja taka bane hae haiN| isake sAtha hI, hameM yaha bhI svIkAra karanA par3egA ki jainoM ke aneka sAmAjika aura dhArmika vyavahAroM meM janetara tatvoM kA bhI samAharaNa bhI hotA rahA hai| aisI bAta nahIM hai ki yaha prakriyA andharUpa meM apanAI gaI ho| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki jainoM ko janetara tatvoM kA samAharaNa jaTila paristhitiyoM ke sAtha samAyojana ke liye karanA par3A thA / yaha unake surakSA yA atijIvana ke liye svecchayA svIkRti ke rUpa meM mAnA gyaa| lekina aisA karate samaya yaha dhyAna rakhA gayA ki isa prakriyA se dhArmika vyavahAroM kI zuddhatA para vizeSa prabhAva na paDe / somadeva ke samAna madhya yuga ke dakSiNa dezIya jainAcAryoM ne laukika paramparAoM aura vyavahAroM ko apanAne kI taba taka svIkRti dI jaba taka unase samyaktva kI hAni aura bratoM meM dUSaNa na ho pAve / laukika paraMparAoM ke pAlana kI svIkRti se jainoM ke do lAma hue / jaina aura hinduoM ke sambandha sadaiva madhura rhe| saMbhavataH iso kAraNa ve aneka viSama evaM jaTila paristhitiyoM meM bhI sadiyoM se inheM surakSita banAye huye haiN| vAstava meM jainoM ne sadaiva hI na kevala hinduoM se api tu anya alpasaMkhyakoM se bhI sadaiva acche saMbaMdha banAye rakhane ke saMkalpabaddha prayatna kiye| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaba jaina zAsaka ke rUpa meM rahe, unhoMne kabhI bhI jainetara samudAyoM ko trAsa nahIM diyaa| isake viparIta, janetara zAsakoM dvArA jainoM ke satAye jAne ke aneka udAharaNa milate haiM / zodha ke pramukha kSetra prAcIna kAla se lekara aba taka jainoM kA avirata sAtatya bhArata meM unake sAmAjika itihAsa kA eka mahatvapUrNa pahalU hai / isaliye hamAre liye na kevala yaha Avazyaka hai ki hama unakI atijIvitA ke pramukha kArakoM kI chAna bIna kareM, api tu hameM una kArakoM para bhI dhyAna, adhyayana aura zodha karanI hogI jinase jaina bhaviSya meM bho atijIvita raha skeN| isa dRSTi se hameM bhArata ke vibhinna kSetroM ke jaina aura bahasaMkhyaka samudAya ke bIca vartamAna saMbaMdhoM kI prakRti aura AyAmoM para zodha to karanI hI hogii| yahI nahIM, isI AdhAra para bhaviSya ke saMbaMdhoM se saMbaMdhita nIti bhI hameM nirdhArita karanI hogii| isake atirikta, dakSiNa rAjasthAna, pazcimI madhya pradeza, uttarI gujarAta, dakSiNI mahArASTra uttarI karnATaka ke samAna jaina bahula kSetroM meM jainoM ke sAmAjika jIvana ke vividha AyAmoM kA adhyayana karanA hogA jisase jana jIvana paddhati evaM unakI samAjika saMsthAoM kA ekIkRta svarUpa hameM jJAta ho ske| yahI nahIM, bambaI, kalakattA, ahamadAbAda, dillI, indaura, jayapura, baMgalora Adi bar3e-bar3e nagaroM ke jainoM kA bhI, uparyukta AdhAroM para vaijJAnika rIti se adhyayana karanA hogaa| isake sAtha hI, una kuTaMboM ke vizeSa yogadAnoM kA vizleSaNAtmaka adhyayana mI karanA hogA jinhoMne jana jIvana paddhati ko prabhAvita aura samRddha kiyA hai / isI prakAra hameM una parivAroM evaM vyaktiyoM ke yogadAna kA vizleSaNAtmaka adhyayana karanA hogA jinhoMne bhArata ke vibhinna kSetroM meM Arthika, rAjanItika, evaM sAMskRtika jIvana ko nayA vistAra diyA hai| janoM ke dvArA sthApita aura saMcAlita zikSA, svAsthya evaM samAja kalyANa kI saMsthAoM ke bhAratIya samAja ke liye yogadAna kI dRSTi se bhI yaha adhyayana karanA sAmAnya jana ke hita meM hogaa|