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________________ jaina dharma aura usakA bharatIya sabhyatA aura saMskRti ko yogadAna DaoN0 camanalAla jaina Aja bhAratIya itihAsa meM jaina aura bauddha dharma kA ullekha IsA se 6vIM zatI pUrva kI dhArmika krAnti ke rUpa meM sAtha-sAtha AtA hai| ataH adhikAMza meM yaha dhAraNA bana gaI hai ki uparyukta donoM dharmoM kA prAdurbhAva sAtha huA thaa| parantu vartamAna kAla meM hone vAle anusaMdhAnoM ke AdhAra para tathA jaina granthoM kI prAmANika chAnabIna me yaha tathya spaSTa ho gayA hai ki jaina dharma bauddha dharma se kAphI pUrva kA dharma hai| usake 24 tIrthaMkaroM meM se do-nemanAtha aura pArzvanAtha -kA honA itihAsa ne svIkAra kara hI liyA hai, anya tIrthakaroM ko bhI zanaiH zanaiH svIkAra kiyA jA rahA hai / gyArahaveM tIrthaMkara zreyAMzanAtha jinake nAma para sAranAtha nAma calA A rahA hai tathA mahAbhArata kAla meM nemanAtha kA honA sarvasvIkRta ho cukA hai| pArzvanAtha kA janma IsA pUrva 8vIM sadI meM kAzI meM honA aura gahana tapasyA meM lIna hone ke pazcAt pUrNa jJAna kI prApti kara "nirgrantha" dharma (jaina dharma kA pUrvarUpa) kA pracAra kara sau varSa ke lagabhaga Ayu meM mokSa prApti kA ullekha suprasiddha bhAratIya itihAsakAra zrI Ara0 sI0 maja madAra' ne bhI kiyA hai / Rgveda va sAmaveda meM bhI jIniyoM ke prathama evaM bAIsaveM tIrthakara zrI RSabhadeva va ariSTanemi kA ullekha AyA hai| abhI hAla kI eka khudAI meM hastinApura meM prApta avazeSa bhI bhagavAn RSabhadeva kI mAnyatA kI puSTi karate haiM / sindhu ghATI ke utkhananoM aura vahA~ kI mUrtiyoM tathA lipyAkSaroM ko par3he jAne ke uparAnta isa dharma kI prAcInatA usa kAla taka svIkAra kI jAne lagI hai| kucha vidvAna to pahale hI isa dharma ko vaidika dharma se bhI pUrva kA prAcIna dharma hone kI sambhAvanA ko svIkAra karate the| ata: jaina dharma nirvivAda hI eka svatantra dharma hai aura isakA anya dharmoM ke mUlodgamoM se koI sambandha nahIM hai| chaThI zatAbdI IsA pUrva kI sthiti meM bhagavAn mahAvIra kA jo ullekha itihAsa meM AtA hai vaha isaliye ki unhoMne tatkAlIna cintanIya sAmAjika aura dhArmika sthiti meM use eka navIna paryAvaraNa meM prastuta kiyaa| usa samaya deza meM aneka vicAradhArAeM kAma kara rahI thiiN| jaise-devatAvAda, jar3avAda aura adhyAtmavAda / ye dhArAeM kevala karmakANDoM, vitaNDAvAdoM aura bAhya camatkAroM se lipta thiiN| bhAvanAe saMkIrNa ho cukI thIM, dharma ke nAma para hiMsA, vilAsitA aura zithilAcAra bar3ha rahA thaa| mAMsa, madirA aura maithuna meM sAdhAraNa janatA vyasta thI, strI manuSya kI bhogavastu bana cukI thI, janatA pravRtti mArga para bahuta Age bar3ha cukI thii| yajJa-havana, dAna-dakSiNA se devI-devatAoM ko brAhmaNoM aura purohitoM dvArA kharIdA jA sakatA thaa| karmakANDoM aura vizvAsoM ne manuSya ko AtmavizvAsa aura puruSArtha se hIna banA kara devatAoM kA dAsa banA diyA thaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne isa dazA se ubArane ke nimitta manuSya kA darjA devatAoM se bhI ucca batAyA aura use unnati kara paramAtmA taka banane kA upadeza diyA / unhoMne batAyA ki manuSya kA duHkha-sukha devatAoM ke adhIna nahIM varan usakI apanI vRttiyoM ke adhIna hai / ataH use karma karane meM sAvadhAna rahanA cAhiye / acche karma karane para manuSya vikAsa patha para agrasara ho paramAtmapada ko prApta kara sakatA hai| yaha vikAsa nijI bhAvoM ke atirikta bAhya dravya, kSetra aura kAla para bhI nirbhara karatA hai| nijI bhAva aura bAhara kI sthiti kI pratikUlatA meM jIva kA patana aura anukUlatA meM utthAna hotA hai| ataH yaha manuSya ke liye Avazyaka hai ki vaha apane bhAvoM meM sudhAra ke sAtha deza 1. R.C. Majumdar : Ancient India, 1952 Edition, Chapter V, p. 176. 2. U~ svAti na indro vRddhazravAH svatinaH pUSAvizvavedA svatInastAkSyo ariSTanemi svAstino bRhaspatidadhAtu, Rgveda, adhyAya 6, varga 16, sUtra 22 3. sAmaveda adhyAya 25, mantra 19 Encyclopaedia of Religion, Vol II. pp. 199-200; Vol VII. p. 472 4. Eng : jaina itihAsa kalA aura saMskRti
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________________ nApiyAkA jana kAla kA bhI sudhAra kare / isa prakAra loka-sevA aura sudhAra meM hI apanA sudhAra evaM kalyANa hai / manuSya kA sarvocca dharma hai ki vaha jIvoM ko samAna samajhakara unake prati dayA kA vyavahAra karatA rhe| bar3oM ke prati zraddhA kA evaM buroM, durbuddhi aura durvyavahAriyoM ke prati cikitsaka ke samAna vyavahAra karanA Avazyaka hai / ekAnta paddhati ke dRSTikoNa ke kAraNa vyakti haThI, ahaMkArI, saMkIrNa vicAroM vAlA aura manomAlinyamaya hotA jAtA thaa| isIliye bhagavAna mahAvIra ne ekAnta paddhati kI kar3I AlocanA kI tathA anekAntavAda kA poSaNa kiyA, jisake anusAra pratyeka bAta ko udAra aura vibhinna dRSTikoNoM se samajhane kA upadeza diyaa| unakA kathana thA "vastu ke kaNa kaNa ko jAno, taba usake svarUpa ko kho|' isase vicAra ke kSetra meM mahiSNutA aaii| isa prakAra anekAntavAda ke mUla meM hai--satya kI khoja / satya ko vibhinna dRSTikoNoM se jAnakara syAdvAda ke kathana dvArA jIvana ke dharAtala para utaranA yahI unakA vaiziSTya hai| yaha eka AdhyAtmika yA bauddhika krAnti thii| isI kAraNa ise bhAratIya itihAsa meM bauddhika krAnti ke nAma se pukArA gayA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ko indriyoM para vijaya karane ke kAraNa "jina" kahA gayA aura inake dharma ko tathA usake anuyAyiyoM ko jAna . kahA jAne lgaa| isa krAnti kA bhAratIya itihAsa para vyApaka prabhAva pdd'aa| bhAratIya sabhyatA aura saMskRti kA koI aMga aisA nahIM hai jo jaina dharma ke prabhAva se acha tA rahA ho / ata: yahAM hama saMkSepa meM usakA digdarzana karanA Avazyaka samajhate haiN| rAjanaitika prabhAva :-jana dharma bauddha dharma kI apekSA tIvratA se phailanA prArambha huaa|' uttara meM kannauja, gAndhAra valkha se lekara dakSiNa meM siMhaladvIpa taka, pazcima meM sindha, surASTra se lekara pUrva meM aMga, baMga taka sabhI sthAnoM aura jAtiyoM meM vaha dharma, vyApta ho gyaa| na kevala bhArata meM varan bhArata ke bAhara ke dezoM meM bhI yaha dharma phailaa| mahAvaMza' nAmaka bauddha graMtha se pratIta hotA hai ki 437 I0 pUrva meM siMhaladvIpa ke rAjA ne apanI rAjadhAnI anuruddhapura meM jaina mandira va maTha banavAye the jo 400 varSa taka kAyama rhe| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samaya se lekara IsA kI prathama zatI taka madhya eziyA aura laghu eziyA ke aphagAnistAna, IrAna, IrAka. philistIna, sIriyA, madhya sAgara ke nikaTavartI yUnAna, mizra, IthopiyA (Ethopia) aura evIsIniyA Adi dezoM se jana zramaNoM kA sambandha va samparka barAbara banA rahA / yUnAnI lekhakoM ke kathana se siddha hotA hai ki pAyethogorasa (Pythegorse), peraho (Pyrrha). DAyajinesa (Diogenes) jaise yanAnI tattvavettAoM ne bhArata meM Akara jana zramaNoM se zikSA-dIkSA grahaNa kI thii| sikandara mahAna ke sAtha jAne vAle jaina RSi kalyANa ke pazcAt saikar3oM jana zramaNoM ne ukta deza meM samaya-samaya para jAkara apane dharma kA pracAra kiyA aura vahAM para apane maTha banAkara rahate rhe| kucha vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki prabhu IsA ne inhIM zramaNoM se jo ki philistIna meM maTha banAkara bahuta bar3I saMkhyA meM raha rahe the, adhyAtma vidyA ke rahasya ko sIkhA thaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samaya meM hI bimbasAra, ajAtazatra, udayana, zatAnika, prasenajita aura vaizAlI ke licchavI zAsaka jaina dharma ke samarthaka bane / vaizAlI (videha) meM usa samaya bhI bahuta bar3I saMkhyA meM jaina the| usake uparAnta mahArAjA nandavarddhana jo kaliMga se jina mati magadha meM lAye the, jana dharma ke acche upAsaka hue / ziza nAga aura nanda rAjAoM ne bhI jana dharma ko apnaayaa| candragasta maurya na kevala jaina dharma ke anuyAyI the varan apane jIvana ke antima dinoM meM vaha jaina bhikSu ho gaye the| unhoMne bhadravAha ke sAtha akAla ke samaya jana bhikSa ke rUpa meM dakSiNa kI ora prasthAna kiyA thaa| samprati, zIlasaka maurya aura vahadratha bhI jana dharma ke anayAyI the| jana samrAT aila khAravela ne usa mUrti ko jo mahArAjA nandavarddhana dvArA le jAI gaI thI, 275 varSa uparAnta puSyamitra zaga ko parAsta kara vApisa kaliMga meM lAkara puna: vahA~ para sthApita kiyaa| isI samrAT ne zakoM aura yUnAnI rAjA manendra ( meneDara) ko parAsta kara deza ko videziyoM se mukta kiyaa| yahIM yavana samrAT manendra apane antima jIvana meM janadharma meM dIkSita ho gaye the| kSatrapa samrATa nahapAna vikramAditya jo jaina dharma meM dIkSita hokara bhUtavali nAmaka digambara jaina AcArya bana gaye the, ne SaTa kharADAgama zAstra kI 1. R.C. Majumdar : Ancient India, Chap. V, page 178. 2. Prof. Buhler- An Indian sect of the Jainas, page 37 3. (A) Dr. B.C. Lav-Historical Gleanings, page 42. (B) Sir williams James-Asiatic Researches, Vol. III, page 6. (C) Mogathenes-Ancient India, page 104. (da) bA0 kAmatA prasAda-digambaratva bhora digambara muni, pR 111-13, 243 4. paM0 sundara lAla-hajarata IsA aura IsAI dharma, pa0 22. 5. vIra--varSa 2, pRSTha 446-446. 118 AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana anya
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________________ racanA kii|' kaniSka, hubiSka aura vAsadeva Adi zaka rAjAoM ke samaya meM bhI jaina dharma kI mAnyatA bahuta thii| rudrasiMha, amoghavarSa, jayasiMha, siddharAja sabhI ne jaina dharma ko pramukha mAnyatA pradAna kii| gujarAta kA pratApI zAsaka kumArapAla jinake AcArya hemacandra jaise jaina vidvAna gurU rahe, jaina dharma ke ananya upAsaka the| Apane apane zAsana meM sampUrNa sAmrAjya se mAMsa, madirA Adi kA niSedha karA diyaa| dakSiNa meM to jaina dharma aura tIvratA se phailaa| vahA~ ke kadamba, cera, cola, pAMDya, gaMga, hoyasAla Adi rAjavaMzoM meM aneka prasiddha jana zAsaka hue| yahAM ke jana senApati aura daMDanAyaka jase zrI vijaya, cAmuDarAya, gaMgarAja aura halla ne bhI bhAratIya itihAsa ko kAphI prabhAvita kiyA |kevl cAmuMDarAya, jinhoMne 84 yuddha lar3akara virUda pada prApta kiyA thA, ne zravaNabelagolA kI prasiddha 57 phITa U~cI eka patthara ko bAhubalI kI mUrti nirmita karAkara bhAratIya saMskRti ko apUrva yogadAna diyaa| mevAr3a ke sacce bhakta bhAmAzAha jinhoMne atula dhana-rAzi dekara haldI ghATI ke yuddha meM apanA jauhara dikhAyA thA, jana hI the| akabara ke zAsana kAla meM isa dharma ke mAnane vAloM kI saMkhyA karor3a se bhI adhika thii| akabara ke samaya meM jana vidvAna harivijaya sUri, bijayasena sUri, bhAnucandra upAdhyAya unake darabAra meM rahe the| isa prakAra jana samrAT, vidvAn va paMDita vibhinna rUpa se bhAratIya itihAsa ko sadaiva prabhAvita karate rahe haiN| 2. sAmAjika prabhAva :-sAmAjika kSetra meM jIvana kA koI aisA AyAma nahIM jise jaina dharma ne prabhAvita na kiyA ho| pArivArika jIvana, rahana-sahana, bhojana, vastra, khAna-pAna, Amoda-pramoda, striyoM kI sthiti aura anya samAja ke varga sabhI ko jana dharma kA yogadAna rahA hai| parivAra meM prAtaH snAna kara nitya niyama se pUjana va svAdhyAya karane mandira meM jAnA, sAyaM ko rAtri hone se pUrva bhojana kara usake uparAnta mandira meM AratI kara dhArmika pravacana Adi sunanA-isa prakAra kI vyavasthA se unhoMne jIvanakrama ko niyaMtrita kara diyA / mAMsAhAra niSedha, binA chanA jalapAna niSedha aura anya khAna-pAna ke niyama jahA~ dhArmika aura sAmAjika dRSTi se Avazyaka haiM vahA~ svAsthya kI dRSTi se bhI paramAvazyaka aura lAbhakArI haiM / striyoM ko bhI puruSoM ke samAna adhyayana, svAdhyAya aura bhajanapajana kA adhikAra pradAna kara unheM bhI puruSoM ke samAna mAnyatA pradAna kara samAja meM ucca sthAna dilaayaa| jAti vyavasthA ke bandhanoM ko tyAga kara sabhI jAti ko pUjana, dharma aura anya sabhI prakAra kI samAna suvidhA pradAna kara eka varga dvArA dUsare varga ke zoSaNa ko rokaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke saMdeza, "jo tuma ho vaha dUsarA hai"-"svarUpa dRSTi se AtmA eka hai, arthAt samAna hai"-'samasta jIvoM ko apane samAna samajho"-se unhoMne vibhinna jAtiyoM se ucca aura nIca, mahAnatA aura hInatA kI bhAvanA nikaalii| "janma se koI na brAhmaNa hai aura na zUdra" yahI mahAvIra kA samabhAva samAja meM krAMti lAthA / itanA hI nahIM "pratyeka AtmA paramAtmA bana sakatI hai"isa sandeza se Apane sabhI varga aura jAti ke logoM ko pragati kI ora bar3hane ko agrasara kiyaa| mahAvIra kI sadaiva yaha dRSTi rahI ki Adarza samAja kaisA ho| isa hetu hI Apane niraparAdhI ko daNDa na denA, asatya na bolanA, corI na karanA, na cora ko kisI prakAra kI sahAyatA denA, svadAra-saMtoSa ke prakAza meM kAma bhAvanA para niyantraNa rakhanA, AvazyakatA se adhika saMgraha na karanA, vyaya-pravRtti ke kSetra kI maryAdA karanA, jIvana meM samatA, saMyama, tapa aura tyAga vRtti ko vikasita karanA Adi niyamoM ko pracArita kiyA / bhagavAn mahAvIra kI yaha sAmAjika krAnti hiMsaka na hokara ahiMsaka hai, saMgharSamUlaka na hokara samanvayamUlaka hai| ataH sAmAjika kSetra meM isakA paryApta yogadAna rhaa| 3. dhArmika prabhAva-dhArmika dRSTi se jaina dharma ne bhAratIya samAja ko sabase adhika yogadAna diyaa| kyoMki usa samaya dharma meM aneka kurItiyA~ vyApta thiiN| dharma upAsanA kI nahIM pradarzana kI vastu ho gayA thA, yajJoM meM pazuoM kA balidAna taka dhArmika kriyA bana cukA thaa| ataH una kurItiyoM ko dUra karane hetu bhagavAn mahAvIra ne pracalita upAsanA paddhati kA tIvra zabdoM meM khaNDana kiyaa| unhoMne batAyA ki Izvara ko prApta karane ke sAdhanoM para kisI varga vizeSa kA adhikAra nahIM hai| use pratyeka vyakti binA dharma, varga yA liMga ke bheda ke mana kI zuddhatA aura AcaraNa kI pavitratA ke AdhAra para prApta kara sakatA hai| isa nimitta kevala apanI kaSAyoM-krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha kA tyAga Avazyaka hai| itanA hI nahIM Apane pratyeka vyakti ko svayaM Izvara banane meM samartha ghoSita kara janatA ke hRdaya meM zakti, AtmavizvAsa aura Atmabala kA teja bharA / Apake pramukha dArzanika siddhAnta jinakA bhAratIya darzana para prabhAva par3A, nimna haiM : (ka) ahiMsA mArga :-bhagavAn mahAvIra kA kathana, "kisI bhI prANI kA ghAta mata karo", "jisa prakAra tumheM duHkha-sukha kA anubhava hotA hai, usI prakAra dUsare prANI bhI duHkha-sukha kA anubhava karate haiM ataH jo tumheM apane lie nahIM rucatA ho, usakA vyavahAra dUsare ke prati mata kro| isIlie sadA ahiMsA ke pAlana meM satarka raho," unake ahiMsA dharma kA mUlAdhAra hai| vAstava meM ahiMsA hI jaina 1. bA0 kAmatA prasAda-digambaratva aura digambara mani, pR. 120 jaina itihAsa kalA aura saMskRti 119
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________________ darzana kI AdhAra bhUmi hai / satya, acaurya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha sabhI isI ke aMga haiM ! bhagavAn ke isa upadeza se prabhAvita ho janatA hiMsA se ghRNA karane lgii| sabhI dharmoM ne ahiMsA ke isa siddhAnta ko apnaayaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne to ahiMsA kA prayoga samagra jIvana ke lie batAyA-cAhe sAmAjika, Arthika yA rAjanaitika koI-sA kSetra kyoM na ho| sAmAjika kSetra meM U~ca-nIca kA bhedabhAva tyAgakara samatA kI bhAvanA se jIvana ko santulita kiyA / Arthika jIvana ko ucita rUpa se saMcAlita karane hetu parigraha ko maryAdA banA kara calanA batAyA tathA rAjanaitika jIvana ko ThIka prakAra saMcAlita karane hetu kara-grahaNa siddhAnta meM yaha batAyA ki rAjA ko prajA se utanA hI lenA cAhie jo ucita ho / isa hetu unhoMne bhauMre ke phUla se rasa grahaNa ke siddhAnta ke anusAra kara lene ko apanAne kA samarthana kiyA hai| Adhunika yuga meM mahAtmA gAMdhI ne ahiMsA ke isI siddhAnta ko grahaNa kara aura usakA prayoga kara sampUrNa vizva ko prabhAvita kiyA hai| (kha) aparigraha :- aparigraha kA artha hai-parigraha para dRr3hatA ke sAtha uttarottara saMyama rkhnaa| yaha vAstava meM ahiMsA kA hI eka aMga hai| Apake isa siddhAnta ko apanAne se samAja meM vyApta aneka kurItiyAM samApta hone lgeNgii| svecchA se sampatti ke adhigrahaNa para saMyama rakhane se sAmAjika nyAya aura upabhoga-vastuoM ke samAna vitaraNa kI samasyA suljhegii| isa siddhAnta ko pUrNa rUpeNa apanAne se varga-saMgharSa samApta ho jAegA aura zanaiH-zanaiH eka vivekazIla samAja kI racanA ho jaaegii| Apake isa siddhAnta ko hama sAmyavAda ke nAma se bhI pukAra sakate haiM / (ga) anekAntavAdaH-usa samaya aneka mata-matAntara pracalita hone ke kAraNa ve ekAMgI satya ko hI sampUrNa satya samajhate the| saba kA dAvA thA ki jo kucha hamArA kathana hai vahI saccA hai aura saba jhUThe haiN| anekAnta dvArA Apane pratyeka vastu ko ThIka samajhane ke liye use vibhinna dRSTiyoM se dekhanA aura pRthak-pRthak pahaluoM se vicAra karanA batA kara sarvAMgINa satya kA svarUpa btaayaa| isa siddhAnta ne samAja meM sahiSNutA utpanna kI / dUsaroM ke dRSTikoNa ko samajhane kI pravRtti bhI logoM meM AI / vAstava meM yaha siddhAnta jo syAdvAda bhI kahA gayA hai, bhAratIya darzana ko jaina dharma kI anUThI dena hai| (gha) karmavAda - bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahA-tuma jaisA karoge vaisA phala pAoge / koI bhagavAn tumheM duHkha-sukha nahIM detA kintu pUrvabaddha karmoM kA pratiphala tumheM samaya Ane para apane Apa mila jAtA hai / isa prakAra yaha karma siddhAnta hameM batAtA hai ki apane bhAgya ke nirmAtA hama svayaM haiM / ataH sadaiva zubha AcAra-vicAra rakho jisase karma tumhArI AtmA ko malina na kara sake / ina karmoM kA nAza karane se hI AtmA paramAtmA bana sakatI hai| isameM kisI kI dayA kI AvazyakatA nhiiN| tuma svayaM svAvalambI bano aura nara se nArAyaNa bana jaao| isa prakAra Apane karmavAda ke dvArA AtmasvAtantrya kA pATha par3hAyA / isa siddhAnta ne bhI bhAratIya samAja aura darzana ko bahuta bar3I mAtrA meM prabhAvita kiyA / Aja Apa pratyeka bhAratavAsI ko karma siddhAnta kA alApa gAte huye pAte haiN| (Ga) gaNavAda :-usa samaya samAja meM ucca-nIca kI gaNanA jAti se hI hotI thii| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne batAyA-"manaSya jAti eka hai| yaha kevala guNa haiM jo manuSya ko U~cA-nIcA banAte haiN|" ataH Apake isa siddhAnta se samAja meM anAcAra paidA karane vAle vyaktiyoM ko kaThora AghAta lagA / aba se zramaNa saMgha meM zUdroM aura brAhmaNoM sabako barAbara kA darjA diyA jAne lgaa| isa siddhAnta se janatA meM acche guNa vAlA banane kI bhAvanA bhI vyApta hone lgii| isa prakAra dhIme-dhIme samAja meM zAnti sthApita ho gii| inake atirikta Apane saMyama, satya, dayA, kSamA, zUratA aura asteya Adi jo siddhAnta prastuta kiye ve bhI anupama haiN| 4. Arthika prabhAva :-bhagavAna mahAvIra svayaM eka rAjA ke putra the aura artha kI upayogitA ko bhI bhalI-bhA~ti jAnate the| ataH unhoMne yaha nizcita mata janatA ke samakSa prastuta kiyA ki sacce jIvanAnanda ke liye AvazyakatA se adhika saMgraha kadApi ucita nhiiN| AvazyakatA se adhika saMgraha se vyakti lobha-vRtti meM phaMsa jAtA hai aura samAja kA zeSa aMga usa vastu-vizeSa se vaMcita raha jAtA hai| isakA pariNAma yaha hotA hai ki samAja meM do vargoM kA nirmANa ho jAtA hai-prathama sampanna varga aura dUsarA vipanna varga / aba jaba donoM ke svArthoM meM TakarAva AtA hai to una donoM meM saMgharSa prArambha ho jAtA hai| isa bAta ko kArla mArksa ne varga-saMgharSa kA nAma diyaa| unhoMne isakA samAdhAna eka hiMsaka krAnti meM batAyA / parantu bhagavAn mahAvIra ne isa Arthika asamAnatA ko dUra karane hetu aparigraha kI vicAradhArA prastuta kara varga-saMgharSa utpanna hone kA avasara na de, use mUla se hI samApta kara diyaa| jaba varga hI nirmita na hoMge to saMgharSa bhI na hogaa| isa prakAra Apane use jar3a se hI samApta kara diyaa| Apane vastu ke prati mamatvabhAva ko chor3akara samabhAva kA siddhAnta prastuta kiyA, jisase jaba samabhAva mana meM AegA taba eka rASTra dUsare rASTra ko har3apane kA prayAsa na kregaa| phira vaha kisI ko apane adhIna rakhane kI bhAvanA na kregaa| saba hI svatantra rUpa se apane vyaktitva kA vikAsa kreNge| isa prakAra kI sarvahitakArI bhAvanA se nizcaya hI vizvazAnti ko bala milegaa| isa aparigraha ke Ane se samAja meM zoSaNa vRtti samApta ho jaaegii| pArasparika avizvAsa, IrSyA, dveSa, chala-kapaTa, dukha-dAridraya zoka-santApa, lUTa-khasoTa Adi sabakA pramukha kAraNa parigraha vRtti hai| isase bacane para aura parimita 120 AcAryaratna zrI vezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana anya
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________________ parigraha se samAja meM se inheM kama kiyA jA sakatA hai / Apake Arthika siddhAntAnusAra zAsaka ko bhI, jaisA ki ahiMsA siddhAnta meM Upara likhA gayA hai, bhauMre ke phUloM se rasa grahaNa ke samAna janatA se yathAvazyaka hI kara lenA caahie| isa kara grahaNa aura rAjya va samAja kAryoM para vyaya hetu dUsarA udAharaNa Apa sUrya kA dete haiM / jisa prakAra sUrya vasundharA se vASpa ke rUpa meM phala (kara) letA hai aura bAda meM megha ke rUpa meM sabako vitarita kara detA hai usI prakAra zAsaka ko janatA se kara ekatrita karanA cAhie aura janahitArtha binA apane parAye ke bheda ke lagA denA caahie| ataH ApakA samatA aparigraha Adi kA siddhAnta Arthika kSetra meM krAnti laayaa| 5. sAhityika prabhAva ko dena :-sAhityika kSetra meM jaina sAhitya kA eka mahattvapUrNa yogadAna hai| ise kaI navIna bhASAoM ke nirmANa meM pramukha yogadAna dene vAlA kahA jA sakatA hai| isa dharma ke adhikAMza prArambhika lekhakoM ne pracalita bhASA meM apane siddhAntoM va granthoM kI racanA kii| isI kAraNa saMskRta se prAkRta aura usase apabhraMza kA janma huaa| bAda meM zaurasenI apabhraza se hindI, gujarAtI Adi bhASAoM aura arddha-mAgadhI apabhraza se pUrvI hindI kA janma huaa| __ jaina sAhitya bahu AyAmI, bahuraMgI aura bahukSetrIya kahA jA sakatA hai| uttarI bhArata meM paMjAba, bihAra se lekara sudUra laMkA taka jaina sAhitya aura dharma kA pracAra huaa| prAcInakAla ke digambara sAhityakAroM meM kundakunda, umAsvAmi, samantabhadra, pUjyapAda, akalaMka, vidyAnandina, mANisyanandina, vIrasena, jinasena, guNabhadra aura somadeva pramukha haiN| kundakunda ne pravacanasAra, samayasAra, niyamasAra, paMcAstikAya, rayaNasAra, unupekkhA Adi pramukha graMtha likhe / Apa jaina sAhitya ke kIrtistambha haiN| Apake bAda umAsvAmi nAmaka AcArya ne saMskRta meM tattvArthasUtra aura aneka grantha race / Apako AdhyAtmavizArada kahA jA sakatA hai| samantabhadra aura akalaMka dakSiNa aura uttara donoM ke sAMskRtika sandhi patroM ke rUpa meM smaraNIya haiN| samantabhadra ne lagabhaga samasta deza kI yAtrA kara aneka graMtha race jinameM ratnakaraNDazrAvakAcAra sabase prasiddha aura mahattvapUrNa hai| pUjyapAda ne 37 kalAoM aura vijJAnoM kI carcA kara apanI bahumukhI pratibhA kA paricaya diyA / akalaMka AThavIM zatI meM eka uccakoTi ke naiyAyika huye jinakI samatA karane vAle isa bhUmi para bahuta kama huye haiN| havIM zatI meM vIrasena haye jinake ziSya jinasena ne dakSiNa meM apUrva granthoM kI racanA kii| AcArya jinasena kA vaddhaM mAna purANa, pArvAbhyudaya mahApurANa, harivaMza purANa aura Adi purANa tathA jayadhavala TIkA viziSTa kRtiyAM haiM / somadeva kI yazastilaka aura nIti bAkyAmRta kramazaH sAhitya aura rAjanIti kI mahopalabdhiyAM haiN| inake atirikta zivArya ko bhagavatI ArAdhanA, puSpadanta bhUtavali kA SaTkhaNDAgama, guNadhara kA kasAyapAhur3a, nimalasUri kI upacariyama, guNabhadra kI uttarapurANa bhI isa kAla kI pramukha kRtiyAM haiN| zvetAmbara sampradAya ke graMthoM meM 11 aMga, 12 upAMga, 6 cheda sUtra aura 10 prakIrNaka sarvaprasiddha grantha haiN| inake adhikAMza grantha pramAgadhI (zaurasenI mizrita) bhASA meM haiN| ina granthoM para aneka AcAryoM ne bhASya TIkAya Adi likhI haiN| inake atirikta jaina-dharma ke nIrthakara tathA rAma, kRSNa Adi 63 zalAkApuruSoM ke Upara bhI aneka grantha aura kAvya likhe gye| caritra aura kathAoM ke mAdhyama se bhI jainAcAryoM ne vibhina caritroM kA varNana dene ke sAtha AcAra, vicAra, karmavrata, upavAsa, Adi ko spaSTa karane hetu paryApta granthoM kI racanA kI hai| vRhatakathAkoza, AkhyAnamaNikoza, yazodhara caritra, zrIpAla caritra. kuvalayamAlA, sugandha dazamI, yazastilaka campU, jIvandhara campU, candraprabhu caritra, gadya cintAmaNi, tilaka manjarI, kAlakAcArya kathAnaka, uttamA caritra, campakA zreSTha grantha hai| anya racanAoM meM pAlagopAla kathAnaka, samyakta kaumadI, antarakathA saMgraha, kathA mahodadhi va kathA ratnAkara Adi aneka granthoM dvArA bhAratIya sAhitya aura samAja ko prabhAvita kiyA hai| ___ dharmatara viSayoM para bhI jaina sAhityakAroM va AcAryoM ne paryApta kAma kiyA hai / jyotiSa, gaNita aura Ayurveda ke aneka grantha unake dvArA race gaye / sUryaprajJapti, candraprajJapti, jyotiSkaraNa para malayagirI kI TIkAyeM mahattvapUrNa haiN| haribhadra sUri, naracandra, harSakIrti, mahAvIrAcArya, zrIdharAcArya aura rAjAditya ke jyotiSa aura gaNita ke grantha bhAratIya sAhitya kI anUThI dena haiM / vyAkaraNa, alaMkAra, chanda, nATaka, zakuna-vicAra aura saMgIta Adi para bhI jainAcAryoM ne abhUtapUrva kAma kiyA hai| devanandi kA jainendra vyAkaraNa, hemacandra AcArya kA siddha hemazabdAnuzAsana, dezI nAma mAlA aura dvAzraya mahAkAvya, sAdhu sundara gaNi kA dhAturatnAkara, trivikrama kA prAkRta zabdAnuzAsana, koza kSetra meM dhanamAla kA pAialacchI nAma mAlA, dhanaMjaya kI nAma mAlA, dharasena kA vizvalocana koza, hemacandra kA abhidhAna cintAmaNi, nAma mAlA, alaMkAra kSetra meM hemacandra kA kAvyAnuzAsana vAgbhaTTAlaMkAra tathA ajitasena kA alaMkAra cintAmaNi, chanda ke kSetra meM ratnamaMjUSA, jayakIrti kA chandAnuzAsana, hemacandra kA dvandonuzAsana, nATya kSetra meM rAmacandra sUri aura guNacandra gaNi kA nATya darpaNa, saMgIta meM abhayacandra kA saMgItasAra anupama kRtiyAM haiN| jaina itihAsa, kalA aura saMskRti
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________________ dravir3a bhASAoM ke sAhitya ko samRddha karane meM bhI jaina AcAryoM kA prazaMsanIya yogadAna rahA hai| tamila bhASA ke 18 nIti pranthoM kurala aura nAlaDivAra, pA~ca mahAkAvyoM meM zilappadikArama, valayApati aura cintAmaNi tathA pAMcoM laghu kAvya prasiddha jaina grantha haiN| telugU ke nannayamaTTa kA mahAbhArata bhI acchA grantha hai| karnATaka sAhitya para to jainadharma kA sarvadhika prabhAva rahA hai| Adi purANa aura bhArata ke lekhaka mahAkavi pampa, nannanAgavarmA, kozIrAja, rAjaditya, zrIdharAcArya kIrtivarmA, jagachala, maMgarasa, siMhakIrti Adi jaina sAhityakAra prAcIna kAla se madhyakAla taka jaina sAhitya kA sRjana karate rahe / 12 vIM sadI meM AcArya hemacandra ne saskRta, prAkRta, zaurasenI, rAjasthAnI, apabhraMza Adi bhASAoM meM aneka graMtha racakara apanI sarvatonmukhI pratibhA kA paricaya diyA hai| bAda meM madhyayuga meM hI rAjazekhara kA prabandha koza, vimalasri kA padmacaritra, vikrama kA nemadUta, mAlavasundari kathA, yazodharA caritra Adi pramukha kRtiyAM racI gii| usake uparAnta 1581 meM hindI ke vidvAnoM meM gauravadAsa, rAyamala, nainasukha, samayasundara, kRSNadAsa, banArasIdAsa, bhagavatIdAsa, kaviratna zekhara, bhUdharadAsa, daulatarAma, mahopAdhyAya rUpacandra, paM0 ToDaramala Adi saikar3oM kavi hue| ina vidvAnoM aura kaviyoM ke granthoM ko adhyayana kara prakAza meM lAne kA uttaradAyitva Adhunika vidvAnoM aura zodhakartAoM kA hai| 6. kalAzAstrIya prabhAva-kalA ke kSetra meM bhI jainadharma ne paryApta yoga diyaa| prAcInakAla meM IsA se chaThI zatI pUrva ke uparAnta prApta mUtiyoM aura anya aitihAsika pramANa isa tathya kI puSTi karate haiN| udayagiri aura khaNDagiri kI jaina guphAyeM khujarAoM, zatrujjaya, giranAra ke mandira, deulavAr3A ke jinAlaya, hammArapura kumbhariyA, zrI rANakpura tIrtha kA 1444 stambhoM vAlA vizAlakAya jinAlaya, lodavA mandira isameM vizeSa ullekhanIya haiN| zatrujjaya parvata para : vizAla durga haiM jinameM choTe bar3e 3 sahasra jinAlaya aura 25 sahasra se Upara pratimAyeM haiM / giranAra parvata ke jaina tIrtha ke saikar3oM mandiroM meM samrAT kumArapAla, mahAmantrI vastupAla-tejapAla aura saMgrAmasaunI kI Ta'ka zilpa kI dRSTi se vizeSa varNanIya haiM / AbU parvata para deulavAr3A meM vimaladaMDa nAyaka kA AdinAtha jinAlaya, laudanA (jaisalamera) kA pArzvanAtha mandira, gvAliyara kI pratimAyeM, ur3IsA kI hAthI guphAyeM, dakSiNa bhArata kI gomaTezvara kI bAhuvali kI 57 phuTa U~cI pratimA saMsAra meM adbhuta aura Azcaryajanaka haiM / inake atirikta mathurA, bihAra meM causA meM prApta mUrtiyAM, lalitapura devagar3ha kI mUrtiyAM, bihAra meM pArzvanAtha kI mUrtiyAM, dakSiNa bhArata kI aneka mUrtiyAM, jainadharmazAlAyeM, kIrtistambha mAnastambha stUpa, pAvApurI, rAjagiri, sonAgiri kI pahAr3iyoM meM bane jaina mandira aura mahAvIra jI, padmapurI (jayapura) ke jaina mandira bhI kalA kI adbhuta kRtiyAM haiN| vAstava meM pUrNa jaina mandira meM kalA kI dRSTi se aneka sthAna darzanIya hote haiM / una para vibhinna prakAra kI kalAkArI dhyAna se dekhane yogya hotI hai / jaise-sIr3hiyA, zRgAra caukI, parikoSTha, siMhadvAra, pratolI, nija mandira dvAra, mUlagambhArA aura usakI vedikaa| kalA ke kAma meM adhikAMza jainadharma kathAoM kA bhAva aMkita kiyA hotA hai| sthApatya kI dRSTi se jaina mandira sarvAMgapUrNa hote haiN| inakA adhyayana karanA jahA~ Anandamaya hai vahA~ bhAratIya saMskRti ko bhI apAra lAbhakArI hogaa| saMkSepa meM hama kaha sakate haiM ki jainadharma aura mahAvIra saMskRti kA, bhAratIya itihAsa, usakI sabhyatA aura saMskRti ko apUrva bogadAna hai / bhAratIya jIvana kA koI kSetra aisA nahIM hai jisa para jaina saMskRti kA prabhAva dRSTigata na hotA ho| bhagavAn mahAvIra kA saMdaza bhagavAn mahAvIra ke sandeza aura unake laukika jIvana ke saMbaMdha meM adhika se adhika jAnakArI prApta karane kA bhI hamAre liye hI nahIM samasta saMsAra ke liye vizeSa mahattva hai| 'ahiMsA paramo dharmaH' kA sandeza unakI anubhUti aura tapazcaryA kA pariNAma thaa| mahAvIra ke jIvana se mAlUma hotA hai ki kaThina tapasyA karane ke bAda bhI ve zuSka tApasI athavA prANiyoM ke hita-ahita se udAsIna nahIM ho gaye the| dUsaroM ke prati unakI AtmA snehA aura sahRdaya | rhii| isI sahAnubhUtipUrNa svabhAva ke kAraNa jIvana ke sukha-dukha ke bAre meM unhoMne gaharAI se socA hai aura isa viSaya meM socate hue hI ve vanaspati ke jIvoM taka pahuMce haiN| unakI sUkSma dRSTi aura bahumUlya anubhava, jisake AdhAra para ve ahiMsA ke Adarza para pahuMce, sAdhAraNa jijAsA kA hI viSaya na rahakara vaijJAnika adhyayana tathA anusaMdhAna kA viSaya honA caahie| rASTrapati DA. rAjendra prasAda vaizAlI-abhinandana-grantha pR0 106 se sAbhAra AcAryaratna zrI vezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana prantha 122